298

WASHING MACHINE MANAGEMENT OF BEES, ETC.

that, if you know any thing further respecting this discovery, you will communicate the same through the medium of your valuable Magazine; or if Mr. Spilsbury should see this, perhaps he would be kind enough to say something of it, as f, and numbers of my brother chips, would be very glad to hear more about it. If it really per forms what your first volume states it does, it must be a very curious invent tion indeed.

#Iam, Sir, yours respectfully, to vorrido AN OLD TANNER. I

"P.S. My atten attention has been more particularly drawn to this subject lately, in consequence of my having been informed by a friend, that a patent Machine for Tauning had been some, where exhibited in Lambeth, but that was the extent of the information I

could get. Whether it was Mr. Spils bury's or not, or any thing further, I could not learn.

viloid borebror, so it. spon WASHING MACHINE--EXPLANATION.

SIR A Correspondent, signed Islington, in Number 89, page 78, desires a further explanation of my Washing Instrument, described at page 424 of your third volume of the Mechanics Magazine. 987

"

Jud MANAGEMENT OF BEES. 90 0

the inquiry concerning the best meagain agitate thod of managing Bees, I think the following may be noticed:

It is the common practice to place the hives where the sun has the greatest influence,--such as beneath main in the same situation during the a south wall, and to let them rewinter. For the summer this is all right; but as the winter approaches, the hives should be placed where the sun never appears. It is not so much the degree of cold that injures the bees as the variations. Under a south wall the sun is sometimes powerful, e even in the depth of winter thus the bees are roused into action, and are ill prepared to meet the extreme cold of the night. Besides, when lying in a torpid state, which they do during the coldest weather, the bees do not require so much food; and I am led to believe that the cold is not so excessive during the night where the sun has not shone during the day; but even al lowing the reverse, still I think that as the degrees of cold are less varíable, the north side of a house or wall is the preferable situation during the winter. Nor should the bees be removed into the sun until the trees have so far shot forth their buds that they may find a sufficient repast.

I think those hints may be useful to those who would wish to become practical apiarists. My knowledge of the matter is theoretical; but I have friends who follow the practice, -00 DETS I am, Sir,

Your obedient servantib moitos ou des Tone on sites. H

The points, CD, rest t'upon the bottom and opposite side of a wash-tub, which is the frustrum of a rectangular pyramid standing upon its lesser base. The washer's brush rests upon the curved part, AB, and by so doing gives a great support and strength to the body of the washer. So much water is put into the tub as to allow part of the flutes to be above water. Dip the linen in the water, and soap it upon the dry part of the board then with both hands rub the linen upon the flutes. By this method the washer is enabled to do double the work, compared with the ausual method of rubbing one hand against the other. The flutes also tend to keep the lather suspended until the dirt is removed; conserator A Friend to Truth," and quently there will be a saving of from "John Gast, Shipwright. The soap. first of these Letters hardly deserves an answer his talents resemble his trade; and unless he makes a better use of them, are likely to remain stationary Next in order comes A Friend to Truth. He appears

P

no Your humble servant, Jepld RD BURTON. Cottingham, July 18th, 1825.bom-r

A: die.. 8028 21970s 1992 26
CASE OF THE SHIPWRIGHTS.
Lami astra oli

SIR,The insertion of my Letter in Number 96, published June 25th, has produced replies from Mode

"" 66

1 CASE OF THE SHIPWRIGHTS.

to be not exactly a shipwright; but
we may call him a carpenter, if we
may judge by his chips and a tale
bearer, according to his own story,
His reply forms no extenuation o
palliates nothing but, on the con-
trary, develops more fully the igno
rance and self-willed obstinacy of the
operative shipwright, in striving to
gain an ascendaney totally at vari-
ance with their calling and station.
The object of their ambition, accord-
ing to this writer, or tale-bearer, is
to be no longer men dependent upon
their masters, the medium through
which they derive employment from
the public, but to make their mas-
ters entirely subservient to their will.
Last in order comes John Gast,
Shipwright" to whose letter I shall
proceed to reply, less from respect
for him, than for a set of men who,
I firmly believe, are grossly misled,
and might, and can do well, if they
only follow the dictates of their
Own
minds. John Gast premises, by
stating, that shipowners have not
suffered loss by the combination of
shipwrights for increased wages, and
as, by his showing, wages did not
form the bone of contention, but a
matter of right founded upon recipro-
city-such as employing men whom
they consider best qualified for their
contract work. This explanation,
so vastly intelligible, might do for the
London stationer, Moderator
but what will your readers think
when I assert, without fear of con-
tradiction, that carpenters have been,
by these Union men, continued so,
with as much pertinacity as the ab-
admit,

299

subject, should like to see them maintaining superiority; but the car penters of America, I grieve to say, leave them behind an immeasurable distance; and on the Continent, work has been done (barring the ornamental) equal to the work of the river Thames in durability, if not altoge ther so pleasing in appearance, Practice, according to one of the soundest axioms of political economy, leads to perfection and we may, ere long, from the obstinacy of our own workmen, see those of our Continental neighbours surpass our wishes and expectations. Hitherto repairs, to any considerable extent, could not be effected abroad without losing the privileges of British regis ters; but the Legislature has granted a great relief, by suffering repairs, to any extent, to be accomplished abroad, for the space of two years; a measure which the evidence on the combination laws rendered highly expedient. But I will hot pollute your pages by making quotations from evidence so disgraceful to the operative mechanics.Next coines a violent tirade against shipowners, because reference was made to the wages workmen obtain. Shipowners; according to Mr. John Gast, get from seventy to ninety hundreds a year, and that through the mental and play sical acquirements of the operative ships wrights. He might, in his zeal for first causes, have stated with equal truth, that they gained this sum per annum through the mental and physi cal acquirements of the tool-manufac turers. I, as a shipowner, know of none who have made money through

sence of actual cation this instrumentality.Some few; by hot po possess

their talent, connexion, and information, have made money as shipown

conduct, coupled his glaring mis- ers; but for one that has been suc

cessful, ten have been the reverse. But further, it is said, shipowners 9, any f tudio gut 14

with other regulations as to hours, according to John Gast, justifies by no means, any complaint from a shipowner. We have also a piteous story about at tending to dock ships, without being paid for their fides work, this, to use homely language, is like the boy quarrelling with his bread and but ters We have next an exordium upon the superiority of workmanship in the river Thames. T, as a British

We have read t the evidence, and can see no pretence whatever for thus cha racterising it. On the contrary, we think that, in general, it does great credit to the intelligence and good sense of the men; displaying, of course, much of the blunt homeliness of expression common to their walk of life, but nothing of which they have the least occasion to be ashamed ofEDIT.

300

STEAM NAVIGATION-STANDARD OF MEASUREMENT.

are a mercenary class, and inimical to the interest of the working or operative mechanics. If patronizing every institution which has for its object the diffusion of knowledge amongst them, aiding genius in the means of maturing and bringing to light the fruits of the mind, display a mercenary spirit, I am bound to plead guilty. I look forward to the diffusion of knowledge as the best and surest source of securing the comforts of the labouring class, as it will enable them to think and to act with discretion, instead of suffer ing the disgrace of being led by such individuals as those to whom they now yield obedience. {༔བྷྲན 237137

SIRAs Steam Navigation has lately become of great national inportance, any contribution, towards its improvement, however small, may be considered a desideratum; it is with this idea that I venture to submit to you a few remarks on the subject, All your Correspondents that have e written on this subject hitherto, strongly object to the use of paddle wheels. Now, in my opinion, the fault lies in the mode of constructing and applying them, and not in the paddie wheels themselves; as I will endeavour to prove. The common method of applying paddle wheels to steam vessels, is to place them close to their sides, by which their power of propelling the vessel is considerably retarded by the quantity of water the vessel displaces constantly running to restore the

to have four ficats fixed to it at right angles to each other; let these two parts be fixed on the shaft, about three feet from the vessel's side, in such a manner that the floats shall be at an angle of 45 degrees from each other; by which means, I imagine, the paddle wheels would lose none of their propelling power; which is not the case at present. Should I be in error, I shall be glad to be corrected by any of your more able correspondents. I am aware it may be said, that the additional width of the paddle boxes would make the vessel appear cumbersome; but, as I think it must be allowed that steam vessels do not, nor ever can, appear

handsome, I hope this will not be considered an obstacle.

I am, Sir,
Yours truly,

vated sine eis: RabFARDEV.I Rotherhithe. wars to lenoncib sift

rhlo sit at ed side wen edi

so unde 2912 ati 9761979: STANDARD OF MEASUREMENT,

SIR, I read the Letter from Mr. Pasley, in the 73d Number of your Magazine, and am well convinced of the importance of an invariable and natural standard of measurement; and for establishing such a one, the following plan has suggested itself to my mind: am ignorant, if the rays of the sun be admitted through a small aperture into a dark room, whether the shadow will move through the same space, in any given time, at all seasons of the year; but if that be the case, can there, Mr. any Editor, be any more natural or more certain mode of forming a standard of measurement, than by taking the space passed over by the shadow in any certain time; say that passed over in one

equilibrium; add to this the effect the a yard. From that mea

produced by the ridiculous practice of crowding a number of floats upon the wheels, and the loss of power must be considerable. I think these evils might be remedied, if the following plan were adopted. Let the paddle wheels be made in two parts, each two-thirds the width of the common ones now in use; each part

shall

and from that measure of length, sure all others might be derived; measures of capacity might also be constructed.нT IZV or 2TZIH eam Sir,o wor&

Your obedient servant, 412

« +16[pɛ=d&#978) 1630,90 W1b69%) scite 10 RON 99 EMILLA:79-7

HINTS TO PREVENT THE EXTENSION OF FIRES, ETC.

AQUADRATURE OF THE CIRCLE. O SIR,I have to thank you for the favour of insertion granted to Les Egaremens" of an untaught philosopher in that old wild-goose chase, the Quadrature of the Circle; but as that was an attempt by geometrical means, and as mechanics, considered as a body, may be supposed to possess a more competent knowledge of arithmetic, than of the higher branch of mathematies, perhaps the follow ing attempt at approximation, in arithmetical terms, may be agreeable to some of your readers. Bag of Let the side of a square equal,94, its area shall be 94 Jam

6

Let the side of this square be made the diagonal of a new square and the new shall be to the old as 1..2; therefore its area shall be 8836

4418.

2

301

distance (say twenty yards) of each other, and in situations where they were afterwards destroyed by the fire, although the very premises where they stood were more than a hundred yards from the spot where the conflagration first began; I beg to suggest a hint, which, if adopted by the fire offices and others, might in future arrest the progress of the devouring element, till the engines can be brought to act, which gehe rally takes up a considerable time. The plan is simply this Let the offices supply the proprietors of such premises as are ensured with them (or oblige them to supply them selves) with a hose, conductor, &es which should always be kept hanging against the wall over the pump, or in the nearest convenient place in sight, and which should be examined from time to time, that it might not get out of order. In case of fire in any of the surrounding warehouses or manufactories, this apparatus should be fixed on the pump, which two or three men might work; and if no more can be done than preventing the flames communicating

Let the diameter of a circle equal from one part to another, or to other

,759 its area shall be

To b9975mos ilow we bar

buildings, a great object would still be accomplished. It is very certain, that if such a plan could have been adopted at the late fire, to which I have alluded, it must have prevented the destruction of many thousand pounds worth of property. It would certainly have saved Margaret Chapel, and the coachmaker's and upholsterer's premises, on the south of this most destructive fire; to say nothing of lessening the terror and dismay of the neighbouring inhabi

302 THE FINCH-LANE PERPETUAL MOTION EXPLAINED, ETC.

mended, and which I am glad to see is
likely to be carried into effect I take
the liberty now to propose that the
site of the intended London Univer-
sity (which, according to one of the
Resolutions of the late Meeting at
the City of London Tavern, is des-
tined to a central situation) should
be fixed in some part of the line of
the projected opening f from Fleet
Market to the Great North Road.
Whenever that heap of rubbish, and
receptacle for thieves and depreda-
tors, the purlieus of Saffron Hill,
shall be cleared of its present build-
ings and population, what a favour
able opportunity will it present for
the erection of buildings for public
purposes, upon a unity of design,
and scale of splendour, that will do
honour to the metropolis! nommo
I am, Sir,
egitilsup
Your r obedient servant,
C. D.
JBsa Jasibodo OY

THE FINCH-LANE PERPETUAL

YHI MOTION EXPLAINED,

SIR, I observed some time back in your excellent Work, a supposed refutation of what was stated to be a Perpetual Motion, by a man in Finch Lane. This man stated that he could stop the machine (merely a ball hanging to a long spring), and that it would set itself agoing again without his interference. The machine certainly did this, and at first puzzled me a good deal; and the reason of my writing to you now about it, is to expose the imposition in the proper manner. I may here remark that the man has shown considerable ingenuity, (as I believe the idea to be quite new,) though he certainly is an impostor. It was not till I had visited him twice that I smelt the rat? Below the ball was an orifice, and through this, the air from with out the room was conducted imme. diately upon the ball, which it set in motion, and continued to accelerate, until it had received, by continually passing over the hole, the full effect of the stream of air. The weather being warm, and yet observing a fire in the room on both my visits, was what led me to the discovery; and on

endeavouring to keep open the door by which entered the man interfered; but I did so long enough to lessen considerably the motion of the ball, by partly destroying the current of air through the hole. This proved the correctness of my conjecture. vd 9 As I dare say the same man is car rying on his mechanical profession in some place to which your Maga zine may find access; this communi cation may perhaps save many heads a few hours hard thinking about this perpetual motionismer level I

& remain, Sirg1697g ef noit Your obedient servants of si 10 1916519 ei ti NON-PERPETUURSW 9 10 910m ai baiw ed es 889!

DIFFERENT APPEARANCE OF OBJECTS AT HIGH AND LOW WATER. АЯЧА Емойнок

SIR,-Your Correspondent, J. R. paged e 245, vok ismay perhaps find an answering the following Reflect tions, &c.cof/MrCassinils. noitqie -nism Lamy Sir,monno M .M ni boos Yours respectfully enoit -Juegqrib noies500 BMW Dedi Albany Road.vilsoitos dw 19 02.9d lliw od tod Jesup

TF Laval. at St.

ons on the Haums made by

St. Pilon, and other neighbouring Mountains, before Is the Royal Academy of Sciences dat Paris By MJ CASSINI, unliv/Ded 224, 1708. bidsdong out to 9t6mites The height of St Pilon above the surface of the sea being found by observations

481 fathoms, an may be made into the observations of the apparent depression of the horizon of the sea, made by F. Laval on that mountain. The greatest apparent depression of the horizon of the sea was observed on the 25th of June, 1705, at 3 in the afternoon, to be 5745 the weather then being hazy, and the wind north-west the smallest was found on the 26th of June, in the morning, to be 561906, the sky being every clear, and othe wind south-westerly, Taking, therefore, a medium between these two observstions, which differ b 45" from each other, we shall find the mean apparent depression to be 56′ 52av

emirer, to be

Supposing now the semidiameter of the earth to be 3271600 fathoms,