sustaining State officers' power under prohibition law to seize foreign liquors held by importer with intent to violate the law; Ward v. The State, 31 Md. 287, 288, 1 Am. Rep. 56, 57, sustaining State license tax on non-residents selling merchandise in Baltimore; Commonwealth v. Huntley, 156 Mass. 240, 242, 30 N. E. 1129, 1130, 15 L. R. A. 842, 843, reviewing cases, and Waterbury v. Newton, 50 N. J. L. 539, 541, 14 Atl. 607, 608, reviewing cases, sustaining law prohibiting sale of oleomargarine made in imitation of butter, though brought from another State; Commonwealth v. Intoxicating Liquors, 172 Mass. 315, 52 N. E. 389, sustaining law regulating liquor traffic; People v. Walling, 53 Mich. 269, 271, 18 N. W. 810, 811, collecting cases, sustaining State tax on wholesale importation of liquor from other States; State v. Addington, 77 Mo. 116, holding State regulations of traffic in oleomargarine not unconstitutional in absence of Federal legislation; Ex parte Robinson, 12 Nev. 276, 28 Am. Rep. 802, and Ex parte Asher, 23 Tex. App. 673, 5 S. W. 96, reviewing cases, sustaining State law taxing drummers and travelling merchants; Phelps v. Racey, 60 N. Y. 15, 19 Am. Rep. 142, sustaining law prohibiting the possessing certain kinds of game at specified seasons, though brought from other States; State v. Norris, 78 N. C. 445, sustaining license tax for privilege of selling commercial fertilizers; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Mayer, 28 Ohio St. 529, reviewing cases, sustaining State tax on gross receipts of telegraph company; McGuinness v. Bligh, 11 R. I. 97, sustaining recovery of money paid for imported liquors illegally sold, though in original packages; City Council v. Ahrens, 4 Strob. L. 258, holding ordinance regulating the keeping of spirituous liquors not interference with congressional power over commerce; Austin v. State, 101 Tenn. 569, 48 S. W. 307, reviewing cases, holding State law prohibiting sale of cigarettes valid; Lincoln v. Smith, 27 Vt. 335, sustaining State prohibition law; Jones v. Hard, 32 Vt. 490, holding contraband certain imported gin, not in original packages; State v. O'Neil, 58 Vt. 164, 2 Atl. 592, holding constitutional a State statute authorizing seizure of liquors held for unlawful purpose by an express company. Cited also in Passenger Cases, 7 How. 470, 497, 12 L. 780, 792, dissenting opinions, majority holding State laws taxing alien passengers arriving in New York and Massachusetts, unconstitutional; arguendo, in Munn v. Illinois, 94 U. S. 125, 24 L. 84, sustaining State law regulating warehouses, though used by persons engaged in interstate commerce; Brown v. Houston, 114 U. S. 631, 29 L. 260, 8 S. Ct. 1096, collecting cases, in general discussion, holding State tax applicable to coal imported from another State; Bowman v. Chicago, etc., Ry., 125 U. S. 510, 522, 523, 31 L. 716, 720, 8 S. Ct. 707, 713, dissenting opinion, majority holding statute unconstitutional prohibiting importation of liquors from other States; Leisy. v. Hardin, 135 U. S. 134, 135, 136, 137, 146, 147, 150, 158, 160, 34

VOL. IV - 39

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Notes on U. S. Reports.

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L. 141, 142, 145, 146, 149, 150, 10 S. Ct. 693, 694, 697, 698, 701, 702, dissenting opinion, collecting and reviewing cases, majority holding sales in original packages of liquors brought from other States not subject to State regulation, incidentally in O'Neil v. Vermont, 144 U. S. 367, 36 L. 468, 12 S. Ct. 706, dissenting opinion, majority dismissing case because no Federal question involved; Scott v. Donald, 165 U. S. 102, 41 L. 646, 17 S. Ct. 273, dissenting opinion, majority holding South Carolina dispensary act unconstitutional; Rhodes v. Iowa, 170 U. S. 427, 430, 42 L. 1096, 1097, 18 S. Ct. 669, 670, dissenting opinion, reviewing cases, majority holding State regulation of transportation of liquors inapplicable to liquors from other States; Radford v. Thornell, 81 Iowa, 714, 45 N. W. 891, sustaining State court's authority to abate liquor nuisance on property belonging to assignee in bankruptcy appointed in another State; Kansas v. Winters, 44 Kan. 728, 729, 25 Pac. 237, 238, 10 L. R. A. 619, and n., reviewing cases, arguendo, discussing effect of State prohibition statute on sales of liquor from other States; Crow v. Missouri, 14 Mo. 327, 331, dissenting opinion, majority holding certain license laws unconstitutional; State v. Lord, 66 N. H. 479, 29 Atl. 556, holding enactment of "Wilson Bill," made State prohibition law applicable to imported liquor; Wynehamer v. The People, 13 N. Y. 450, concurring opinion, holding State prohibition law not an infringement of congressional power to regulate commerce. See good discussion of this subject in 35 Am. Dec. 333, note; valuable notes in 52 Am. Dec. 333 and 335, 59 Am. Rep. 279, note; and note reviewing cases, in 27 Am. St. Rep. 564.

Distinguished in Walling v. Michigan, 116 U. S. 461, 29 L. 696, 6 S. Ct. 460, where tax law discriminated against liquors brought from other States; Bowman v. Chicago, etc., Ry., 125 U. S. 476, 477, 479, 31 L. 704, 705, 8 S. Ct. 694, 695, holding State law against importation of intoxicating liquors unconstitutional. Overruled in Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U. S. 115, 124, 34 L. 134, 137, 10 S. Ct. 686, 689, holding congressional power exclusive, and sale in original packages by consignee of liquor from other States not subject to State regulation; Schollenberger v. Pennsylvania, 171 U. S. 12, 18 S. Ct. 761, reviewing cases, denying right of State to exclude oleomargarine from importation. Denied in American Fertilizing Co. v. Board of Agriculture, 43 Fed. 612, 11 L. R. A. 181, and n., holding law requiring license to sell commercial fertilizers unconstitutional; In re Minor, 69 Fed. 235, holding State law requiring license to retail cigarettes violated exclusive constitutional grant to Congress to regulate commerce; McLaughlin v. South Bend, 126 Ind. 473, 26 N. E. 186, 10 L. R. A. 358, holding void an ordinance requiring license fee from commercial agents selling goods in other States by sample. Distinguished in State v. North, 27 Mo. 482, holding tax law discriminating against products of other States unconstitutional. Denied in Durkee v. Moses, 67 N. H. 117, 23 Atl. 793, 794, holding un

constitutional a statute making penal the taking of orders to deliver in New Hampshire, liquors in another State; O'Neil v. Vermont, 144 U. S. 335, 36 L. 457, 12 S. Ct. 698, incidentally referring to Pierce v. New Hampshire, as overruled; New York v. Roberts, 171 U. S. 676, 19 S. Ct. 74, dissenting opinion, majority sustaining State taxes on foreign corporations; Commonwealth v. Gagne, 153 Mass. 209, 26 N. E. 450, 10 L. R. A. 444, reviewing cases, referring to Peirce v. New Hampshire, as overruled; Commonwealth v. Huntley, 156 Mass. 248, 30 N. E. 1132, 15 L. R. A. 845, dissenting opinion, majority sustaining legislation against sale of imported oleomargarine.

Naturalization.- The Constitution, entitling citizens of each State to all the privileges and immunities of citizens of the several States, semble, that the constitutional grant to Congress to establish uniform naturalization laws was exclusive, per Taney, C. J., p. 585.

Cited, arguendo, to this point, in Passenger Cases, 7 How. 556, 12 L. 817, dissenting opinion, majority holding State laws taxing newlyarrived aliens, unconstitutional.

Constitutional law.- Federal government is supreme within its powers, but its acts are void beyond. So, also, the acts of the States are void when they exercise a power inhibited to them or delegated to the Federal government, per McLean, J., p. 588.

Cited and applied in Swift v. Sutphin, 39 Fed. 633, 636, 640, note, reviewing cases, and In re Barber, 39 Fed. 645, reviewing cases, holding unconstitutional, State laws barring sale of imported dressed meat by requiring inspection of animal shortly before killing. Cited also in Munn v. People, 69 Ill. 102, 103; sustained in Munn v. Illinois, 94 U. S. 113, 24 L. 77, dissenting opinion, majority sustaining State regulation of warehouses doing interstate business.

The power to tax is common to the Federal and State governments, may be exercised by the latter in all cases not exclusively delegated to the former, and, in some cases, by both without producing conflict of jurisdiction, per McLean, J., p. 588.

Cited and followed in People v. Naglee, 1 Cal. 236, 52 Am. Dec. 316, sustaining State license tax on foreigners for privilege of working gold mines; Ex parte Crandall, 1 Nev. 308, 311, sustaining State capitation tax on passengers carried out of the State by stage companies. Cited also in Passenger Cases, 7 How. 534, 12 L. 807, dissenting opinion, majority holding State laws taxing newly-arrived aliens unconstitutional.

Constitutional laws.- State enactments forbidding sales of liquors in quantities less than prescribed amounts without licenses, to be granted only when the officers empowered to grant the same deem it to be for the public good, are police laws, and not regulations of commerce, and as such are constitutional, though the

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Notes on U. S. Reports.

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amount of importations be reduced by them, per McLean, J., pp. 588, 589, 591, 592, 594, 596; per Daniel, J., p. 617; per Woodbury, J., pp. 628, 629, 630, and per Grier, J., pp. 631, 632.

Citing cases have very widely indorsed and followed this holding: Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S. 658, 659, 31 L. 209, 8 S. Ct. 295, reviewing cases, sustaining law prohibiting sale of intoxicating liquors; United States v. New Bedford Bridge, 1 Wood. & M. 428, F. C. 15,867, denying Federal jurisdiction to punish for obstructing river under State authority; Kansas v. Bradley, 26 Fed. 290, collecting cases, Kohn v. Melcher, 29 Fed. 435, In re Hoover, 30 Fed. 55, Dorman v. The State, 34 Ala. 244, 248, Woods v. The State, 36 Ark. 38, 38 Am. Rep. 23, State v. Allmond, 2 Houst. 635, Jones v. People, 14 Ill. 197, Bepley v. State, 4 Ind. 265, 58 Am. Dec. 629, Moore v. Indianapolis, 120 Ind. 493, 22 N. E. 427, Santo v. The State, 2 Iowa, 194, 63 Am. Dec. 494, State v. Stucker, 58 Iowa, 498, 12 N. W. 483, Carleton v. Rugg, 149 Mass. 553, 14 Am. St. Rep. 447, 22 N. E. 55, 5 L. R. A. 195, Commonwealth v. Gagne, 153 Mass. 208, 26 N. E. 450, 10 L. R. A. 443, reviewing cases, State v. Searcy, 20 Mo. 491, and Board of Excise v. Barrie, 34 N. Y. 668, collecting cases, sustaining State legislation restricting or prohibiting sales of intoxicating liquors; People v. Naglee, 1 Cal. 244, 52 Am. Dec. 322, sustaining State license tax on foreign gold miners as a police regulation; Ex parte Campbell, 74 Cal. 23, 5 Am. St. Rep. 421, 15 Pac. 319, sustaining power of city to pass ordinance restricting sale of intoxicating liquor; Perdue v. Ellis, 18 Ga. 588, holding valid a municipal ordinance requiring license for sale of liquor; Jamieson v. Indiana, etc., Oil Co., 128 Ind. 578, 28 N. E. 83, 12 L. R. A. 659, sustaining State regulation of pressure to be employed in transportation of gas through pipes; Fuller v. Chicago, etc., R. R., 31 Iowa, 210, sustaining law requiring railroad to post schedules of fares and prescribing penalty for non-compliance; Keller v. State, 11 Md. 533, 534, 535, 69 Am. Dec. 229, 230, 231, sustaining right of State to tax venders of domestic lager beer; Cohen v. Jarrett, 42 Md. 578, 579, holding State license tax on liquor vendors valid; Commonwealth v. Intoxicating Liquors, 172 Mass. 315, 52 N. E. 389, collecting cases, sustaining State legislation regulating transportation of liquor; Whitney v. Township Board, 71 Mich. 244, 39 N. W. 44, sustaining law prohibiting sale of liquor within one mile of soldiers' home; State v. Ludwig, 21 Minn. 205, sustaining ordinance prohibiting sale of liquor even by licensed dealers on certain days; Butler v. Chambers, 36 Minn. 72, 1 Am. St. Rep. 641, 30 N. W. 309, holding valid State law regulating sale of oleomargarine; State v. Addington, 12 Mo. App. 227, collecting cases, holding constitutional a law prohibiting manufacture and sale of oleaginous substances for food; Tredway v. Riley, 32 Neb. 501, 49 N. W. 270, sustaining constitutionality of State law prohibiting manufacture and sale of liquor; State v. Ah Chew, 16 Nev. 55, 40 Am. Rep. 489, sustaining law prohibiting

sale of opium; State v. Turner, 18 S. C. 106, and State v. Berlin, 21 S. C. 295, 53 Am. Rep. 679, sustaining legislature's power to regulate sale of liquor; Ex parte Lynn, 19 Tex. App. 295, sustaining local option law; Ex parte Asher, 23 Tex. App. 673, 5 S. W. 96, reviewing cases, sustaining State tax on demurrers; Lincoln v. Smith, 27 Vt. 335, holding State prohibition law valid.

Cited also in Passenger Cases, 7 How. 519, 522, 524, 526, 546, 12 L. 801, 803, 804, 812, dissenting opinion, majority holding State law taxing newly-arrived alien passengers unconstitutional; arguendo, in Coleman v. Tennessee, 97 U. S. 531, 24 L. 1127, dissenting opinion, majority denying Tennessee court's jurisdiction to try defendant for murder after conviction and sentence by court-martial; Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U. S. 129, 140, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 154, 155, 158, 34 L. 139, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 10 S. Ct. 691, 695, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, dissenting opinion, collecting and reviewing cases, majority denying constitutionality of State law prohibiting sale of liquors imported from other States; Rhodes v. Iowa, 170 U. S. 427, 42 L. 1096, 18 S. Ct. 669, dissenting opinion, collecting cases, majority holding State restrictions on transportation of liquors inapplicable to liquors in transitu from other States; United States v. Hopkins, 82 Fed. 539 collecting cases, defining limits of State authority to affect interstate commerce under police powers; Beebe v. The State, 6 Ind. 536, dissenting opinion, majority holding certain prohibition law unconstitutional; Wynehamer v. The People, 13 N. Y. 479, dissenting opinion, majority holding certain legislation restricting liquor traffic unconstitutional; Lawton v. Steele, 119 N. Y. 236, 16 Am. St. Rep. 818, 23 N. E. 879, 7 L. R. A. 137, and n., sustaining law prohibiting setting of nets in certain waters and providing for their destruction in cases of violation; McCullough v. Brown, 41 S. C. 262, 278, 279, 19 S. E. 478, 485, 23 L. R. A. 426, 432, 434, dissenting opinion, majority denying constitutionality of South Carolina dispensary law; State v. Downer, 21 Wis. 278, holding legislation prohibiting sale of liquor within power of a State. See valuable note on this subject in 35 Am. Dec. 331, 42 Am. Rep. 457, note; note reviewing cases in 57 Am. Rep. 747.

Distinguished in Lin Sing v. Washburn, 20 Cal. 580, denying constitutionality of Chinese capitation tax.

Police powers.- Under pretense of a police regulation States cannot counteract the commerce power of Congress, per McLean, J., p. 592.

Cited in Munn v. People, 69 Ill. 103, sustained in Munn v. Illinois, 94 U. S. 125, 24 L. 84, dissenting opinion, majority sustaining State law regulating warehouses doing interstate business.

The word “import," in a commercial or other sense, means goods or other articles brought into this country from abroad, per McLean, J., p. 594.