6. "All is not gold that glitters,”="All that glitters is not gold.” This proposition is really O, though it has the form of E. It really means that at least some thing that glitters is not gold.

7. "If mercury be heated, it will expand": conditional, affirmative, assertory, universal, real.

8. "All men are rational, but all are not wise": this sentence is a combination of the two propositions—(1) ‘All men are rational' (A), and (2) ‘All men are not wise' (O).

9.

"Gravity as well as heat can produce motion": a combination of the two propositions, (1) ‘Gravity can produce motion' (A), and (2) 'Heat can produce motion' (A).

Examples for Solution,

Treat the propositions1 given below as follows:—

I.-Describe the logical characters of each of them.

II. Give the contradictory, the contrary or subcontrary, and the subalternant or subalternate of each of them.

III.-State the relation of the predicate to the subject in each of the affirmative propositions.

IV. In the case of a disjunctive proposition, state the hypothetical propositions, one or other of which is equivalent to it.

1. Every pure substance consists of similar moleculcs.

2. Some animals have no power of locomotion.

3. Sensations are passive states of the mind.

4. Nothing is annihilated.

5. All metals except one are solid.

6. Benevolence is a virtue.

7. Only the virtuous are happy.

8. Certain metals are ductile.

10. Uneasy rests the head that wears a crown.

1 Most of the propositions given here are taken from Ganot's Popular Natural Philosophy, Roscoe's Chemistry, and Reid's Inquiry, exactly in the form in which they are expressed by the authors. They are kept in that form in order that students may acquire the habit of describing the characters of propositions as they actually occur in the works of authors, instead of the contracted and artificial propositions of the Logician.

11. None were there.

12. None but sensations can resemble sensations.

13. Metals conduct heat and electricity.

14. Oxygen is a colourless, invisible gas, possessing neither taste

nor smell.

15. Hydrogen is the lightest body known.

16. Matter is indestructible.

17. Most of the acids are soluble in water.

18. All acids contain hydrogen and always contain also oxygen. 19. The passage of water to the state of ice, and the return of the latter to the liquid state, are physical phenomena.

20. The mass of a body is the quantity of matter contained in the body.

21. The elementary atoms can unite with each other to form compounds, but cannot be destroyed by any known process. 22. If molecular attraction were the only force acting upon the small particles of which bodies are composed, they would come into complete contact.

23.

All bodies are extended, impenetrable, divisible, porous, compressible, and elastic.

24. Strictly speaking, impenetrability only applies to the atoms of

bodies.

25. Divisibility, porosity, compressibility, and elasticity do not apply to atoms, but only to bodies or aggregates of atoms. Two portions of matter cannot simultaneously occupy the same portion of space.

26.

27. Compressibility is both a consequence and a proof of porosity. 28. Both rest and motion are either absolute or relative.

29. Bodies are either opaque or transparent.

30. If a small quantity of manganese di-oxide be mixed with the potassium chlorate, the oxygen is given off from the chlorate at a much lower temperature.

31. Oxygen can be prepared by heating powdered potassium chlorate in a small thin glass flask.

32. All the elements with the single exception of fluorine combine with oxygen to form oxides.

33. Sulphur exists in three modifications.

34. Many organic bodies are completely decomposed and charred

by strong sulphuric acid.

35. Phosphorus does not dissolve in water, alcohol, or ether. 36. Arsenic is sometimes found in the free state, but more frequently combined chiefly with iron, nickel, cobalt, and sulphur.

37. Truly these ideas seem to be very capricious in their agreements and disagreements.

38. Motion is either rectilinear or curvilinear.

39. Each kind of motion is either uniform or varied.

40. Matter cannot change its own state of motion or of rest. 41. A power is a force which tends to produce motion.

42. The surfaces of bodies are never perfectly smooth.

43. Without friction on the ground neither man nor animals, neither ordinary carriages nor railway ones, could move. 44. If all impeding causes were removed, a body once in motion would continue to move for ever.

45. Some brutes are sensible of honor and disgrace.

46. Hardness and softness are neither sensations, nor like any sen

sations.

47. A sensation can only be in a sentient being.

48. No man can conceive any sensation to resemble any known qualities of bodies.

49. If we trust to the conjectures of men of great genius in the operation of nature, we have only the chance of going wrong in an ingenuous manner.

50. If dry chlorine gas be passed over silver nitrate, silver chloride is formed, oxygen is given off, and a white crystalline substance produced, which, on analysis, is found to be nitrogen peroxide.

51. If nitrogen monoxide gas (or laughing gas) be brought under a pressure of about 30 atmospheres at 0° C. or if it be cooled down to - 86° C. under the ordinary pressure, it forms a colourless liquid.

52. If this liquid be cooled below - 115o C., it solidifies to a transparent mass.

53. If carbon were not present in the earth, no single vegetable or

animal body such as we know could exist.

54. If a piece of lime be held in the oxyhydrogen flame, it becomes strongly heated and gives off intense light,

55. The ignition of phosphorus takes place by slight friction, or by a blow, and even the heat of the hand may cause this substance to ignite.

56. The number of the metals is much larger than that of the

non-metals.

57. The atmosphere is the gaseous envelope encircling the earth. 58. If a series of electric discharges be passed through pure oxygen, the gas becomes diminished in volume by about one-twelfth, and is partly transformed into ozone.

59. If we would know the works of God, we must consult themselves with attention and humility.

60. I know that I know.

61. Consciousness is an actual and not a potential knowledge. 62. If mediate knowledge be in propriety a knowledge, consciousness is not co-extensive with knowledge.

63. Where two, three, or more mental states are confounded, we are conscious of them as one.

64. Without memory our mental states could not be held fast, compared, distinguished from each other, and referred to self. 65. The theory of ideas is, indeed, very ancient, and hath been very universally received.

66. Common sense holds nothing of philosophy, nor needs her aid. 67. To attend accurately to the operations of our mind, and make them an object of thought, is no easy matter, even to the contemplative, and to the bulk of mankind is next to impossible.

63. He must either be a fool, or want to make a fool of me, that would reason me out of my reason and senses.

69. If philosophy contradicts herself, befools her votaries, and

deprives them of every object worthy to be pursued or en

joyed, let her be sent to the infernal regions from which she must have had her origin.

70. To reason against any of these kinds of evidence is absurd, nay to reason for them is absurd.

71. We must either admit the conclusion or call in question the

premises.

72. Ideas seem to have something in their nature unfriendly to other existences.

73. If one set of ideas makes a covenant, another breaks it, and a third is punished for it, there is reason to think that justice is no natural virtue in the ideal system.

74.

The smell of a rose is a certain affection or feeling of the mind. 75. Some tastes and smells stimulate the nerves and raise the

spirit.

76. That such a noise is in the street, such another in the room about me; that this is a knock at my door, that a person walking upstairs,—is probably learned by experience.

77. The parallelism of the eyes in general is the work of nature. 78. If a man hath lost the sight of one eye, he very often loses the habit of directing it exactly to the object he looks at.

79. A miniature painter or an engraver sees very near objects better than a sailor.

80. That we see objects single with two eyes, as well as that we see objects erect by inverted images, is attributed by Bishop Berkeley and Dr Smith entirely to custom.

81. If two visible appearances have the same visible place, they are incapable of distinction, and we see the objects single or one object only.

82. A just interpretation of nature is the only sound and orthodox philosophy.