The Circuit Court properly declined to wrest petitioners from the custody of the state officers in advance of trial in the state courts. Ex parte Crouch, 112 U. S. 178, applied.

RALPH W. DRURY and John Dowd were indicted in the Court of Oyer and Terminer for the county of Allegheny, Pennsylvania, on two counts, the first charging them with murder, and the second with manslaughter, in the homicide of one William H. Crowley, September 10, 1903. They were admitted to bail in the sum of $5,000 each, and having been subsequently surrendered, obtained a writ of habeas corpus from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Western District of Pennsylvania. The case on the hearing was thus stated by Acheson, J., holding the Circuit Court:

"On September 10, 1903, Ralph W. Drury was a commissioned officer of the United States Army, of the rank of second lieutenant, and had under his command a detachment of twenty enlisted men, of whom John Dowd was one, stationed at Allegheny Arsenal, in the city of Pittsburg, in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, this arsenal being a subpost of Ft. Niagara, N. Y. From time to time before September 10, 1903, some copper down spouts and eave troughs had been stripped from some of the buildings on the arsenal grounds and the material stolen, and other depredations, such as the breaking of window lights, had been committed on the arsenal property. Lieut. Col. Robertson, the commanding officer at Ft. Niagara, on the occasion of an inspection of Allegheny Arsenal, in July, 1903, had directed Lieutenant Drury to use his best endeavors to stop the depredations, and to that end ordered him to establish a patrol of the guards day and night upon the arsenal grounds, and to apprehend and arrest any person or persons committing depredations on the arsenal property. Shortly before 10 o'clock on the morning of September 10, 1903, having received word that some persons were stealing copper from one of the buildings on the arsenal grounds, Lieutenant Drury took John Dowd, then on guard duty, and another private soldier (each of the latter being armed with a rifle and ammunition), and, passing out of

the arsenal grounds through the gate on Butler street, the three proceeded by way of Butler street and Almond alley towards the Allegheny Valley Railroad. Drury informed the two men of the reported stealing of copper and instructed them to continue down Almond alley and to arrest any person coming from the arsenal. Drury himself left Almond alley at the corner of Willow street and went by Willow street to Fortieth street (which runs along, but outside of, the arsenal wall), and proceeded down Fortieth street to its foot, where were congregated three or four half-grown boys or young men, among whom was William H. Crowley, aged about 19 or 20 years. These persons fled in different directions when they saw Lieutenant Drury approaching. Crowley ran from the foot of Fortieth street away from the arsenal property in the direction of Forty-first street, keeping on or near the Allegheny Valley Railroad. When he was about one hundred yards from the arsenal wall Crowley was shot by Dowd, who aimed and fired his rifle at Crowley. At the time of the shooting, Drury, Dowd, and Crowley were all off the grounds belonging to the United States. Each one of the three then stood either upon a street of the city, on the Allegheny Valley Railroad, or on private property. The rifle ball struck Crowley's left thigh, inflicting a mortal wound from which he died on the evening of the same daySeptember 10, 1903.

"Thus far the facts are not open to dispute under the testimony. But as to the circumstances attending the shooting of Crowley the evidence is conflicting and leads to opposite conclusions of fact as one or other version of the affair given by the witnesses is accepted. Dowd testifies, and the petitioners have produced other evidence tending to show, that as Crowley fled he was called on several times by Dowd, who followed him, to halt, with warning that unless he halted Dowd would fire; that Crowley did not halt, but continued his flight, and to prevent his escape behind or through a lumber pile Dowd fired, and that Drury did not order Dowd to fire, and was not connected with the shooting save by the fact that he ordered the

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arrest of any person coming from the arsenal. On the other hand, two witnesses who were present (Mrs. Long and Miss Terwillerger) testify that before the shot was fired Crowley stopped, turned around facing the pursuing soldier (Dowd), threw up his hand, said, 'Don't shoot,' 'I will come back,' or 'I will give up,' and that just then Lieutenant Drury said 'Fire!' and Dowd fired the shot that killed Crowley. The testimony of at least one other witness tends to corroborate the account of the transaction given by the two named women as above recited. It is not for me to say whether or not the witnesses who have testified thus on the part of the Commonwealth are mistaken.

"In view of all the evidence herein, should this court interfere to prevent the trial of the petitioners upon the indictment in the state court, take the petitioners out of the custody of the authorities of the State, and discharge them finally without trial by any civil court in the regular administration of justice? This is the question which confronts me." 129 Fed. Rep. 823.

The court entered an order discharging the writ and remanding petitioners to the custody of the warden of the jail of Allegheny County, and from that order this appeal was allowed and prosecuted.

Mr. Assistant Attorney General Purdy for appellants:

United States officers and other persons held in custody by state authority for doing acts which they are authorized or required to do by the Constitution and laws of the United States are entitled to be released from such custody, and the writ of habeas corpus is the appropriate remedy for that purpose. In re Neagle, 135 U. S. 1; In re Waite, 81 Fed. Rep. 359; Ohio v. Thomas, 173 U. S. 276; § 761 Rev. Stat.

The petitioners upon this appeal are entitled to have this court examine the evidence and determine the facts in this case, and to decide whether or not these petitioners are entitled to be discharged from the custody of the warden. Storti v. Massachusetts, 183 U. S. 138, 143.

Only a few minutes before his death Crowley had committed

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Argument for Appellants

a felony within the arsenal grounds, a place under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, over which crime and the place where it was committed the courts of the United States had exclusive jurisdiction.

In the absence of any specific law upon the subject, the petitioners were charged with the duty of arresting persons guilty of stealing Government property under their custody. At the time of the homicide there existed a specific law of the United States under which these petitioners were acting in making Crowley's arrest. § 161 Rev. Stat.; Campbell v. Thayer, 88 Fed. Rep. 102, 106.

As to the responsibility of officers of the army in command of a post or station for the security of all public property in their custody or under their control, see §§ 739, 740, 764 and 766 of the Army Regulations for 1901.

If the laws of the United States imposed upon these petitioners the duty to arrest Crowley for the felony which he had committed, they were justified in making use of whatever force was necessary for the purpose of performing such duty, even to the extent of firing upon Crowley, if in no other way he could be apprehended. Rex v. Geo. Howarth, 3 Moody's Crown Cases, 207; The Queen v. Dadson, 2 Denison's Crown Cases, 35; Regina v. Murphy, 3 Crawford & Dix's Circuit Cases, 20; 1 East's Pleas of the Crown, 298; 1 Hale, 481; Rex v. Finnerty, 1 Crawf. & Dix's C. C. 167; 1 Hawkins, 881; 1 Russ. Crimes, 666; 3 Wharton on Crim. Law, § 2927; 1 Bishop Crim. Pro. § 159; 2 Bishop New Crim. Law, § 648; Conraddy v. People, 5 Parker (N. Y.), 234, 241; Commonwealth v. Long, 17 Pa. Super. Ct. 641, 647.

The petitioner Dowd was justified, under all the facts and circumstances of the case, in firing upon the felon Crowley for the purpose of effecting his arrest, and that the court of Oyer and Terminer of Allegheny County is without jurisdiction to try the petitioners on the indictment which has been found against them in that court. Brish v. Carter et al., 57 Atl. Rep. (Md.) 210; Olson v. Leindecker, 97 N. W. Rep. (Minn.) 972;

Brooks v. State, 39 S. W. Rep. (Ga.) 877; People v. Glennon, 74 N. Y. Supp. 794; Kirk & Son v. Garrett, 84 Maryland, 383; People v. Hochstin, 73 N. Y. Supp. 626; Stapely v. Commonwealth, 6 Binney (Pa.), 316; Brooks v. Commonwealth, 61 Pa. St. 352; United States v. Fuellhart, 106 Fed. Rep. 911.

The evidence is conclusive that Crowley was wounded while fleeing from arrest. Even though Dowd used more force in attempting to make the arrest than he was warranted in using under the law, nevertheless since he was engaged in performing a duty imposed upon him by a law of the United States, the state courts are without jurisdiction to call him to account for the excessive use of force in performing a duty which the Federal laws commanded. Ex parte Jenkins, 2 Wall. Jr. 543; In re Neagle, supra; In re Waite, 81 Fed. Rep. 359.

There was no appearance for the appellee.

MR. CHIEF JUSTICE FULLER, after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.

In Baker v. Grice, 169 U. S. 284, 290, an appeal from the final order of the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District of Texas, in habeas corpus, it was said:

"The court below had jurisdiction to issue the writ and to decide the questions which were argued before it. Ex parte Royall, 117 U. S. 241; Whitten v. Tomlinson, 160 U. S. 231. In the latter case most of the prior authorities are mentioned. From these cases it clearly appears, as the settled and proper procedure, that while Circuit Courts of the United States have jurisdiction, under the circumstances set forth in the foregoing statement, to issue the writ of habeas corpus, yet those courts ought not to exercise that jurisdiction by the discharge of a prisoner unless in cases of peculiar urgency, and that instead of discharging they will leave the prisoner to be dealt with by the courts of the State; that after a final determination of the case by the state court, the Federal courts will even then generally leave the petitioner to his remedy by writ of error from