Hune, Mr. his natural history of religion, the best
commentary on the polytheism of the ancients,
12, note. His difficulty, as to the extent of the
Imperial palace at kooie, resolved, 32, note.
Charges the most refined and philosophic sects
with intolerany, 81, note.

Hungary, establishment of the Huns in, 553. State
of, under the emperor Charlemane, 892. Terror
excited by their first approach to Europe, 1021.
Their character, 1023.

Huwades, John, his exploits against the Turks,
1917. His defence of Eeigra le, and death, 1220.
Huneric, the son of Genseri, king of the Vandals,
persecutes his catholic subjects, 612. His cruelty
to the cathols of Tipasa, 015.
Hs, their original seat, and their conquests, 419.
Their decline, 420. Their emigrations, 421.
Their victories over the Goths, 422, 423.
Huns, they drive other barbarous tribes before
them, upon the Roman provinces, 491. Their
establishment in Hungary. 553. Character of
their king Attila, 554, Their invasion of Persia,
535. The empire of, extinguished by the death
of Attila, 377)

Hunting of wild beasts, when a virtue, and when
a vice, 37. Is the school of war, 417.
Hypatia, the female philosopher, murdered in the
church at Alexandria, 821.
Hyparius, sedition of, at Constantinople, 666.

I and J

Jacobites of the east, history of the sect of, 838.
James, St., his legendary exploits in Spain, 202.
Janitaries, first institution of those troops, 1175.
Iberian and Caspian gates of mount Cancasus,
Cistinguished, 680. The Iberian gates occupied
by Cabades king of Persia, 1b.
Idarius, his account of the inisfortunes of Spain by
an irruption of the barbarous nations, 525.
Idolatry ascribed to the agency of dæmons, by the
primitive christians, 182. Derivation of the
term, and its successive applications, 333, note,
Jerom, his extravagant representation of the de
Vasta ion of Pannonia by the Goths, 433. His
inluence over the widow Paula, 604.
Jerusalem, its situation, destruction, and profana-
tion, 350 Pilgrimages to, and curious relics
preserved there, ib. Abortive attempts of the
emperor Julian to rebuild the temple, 357.

a magnificent church erected there to the
Virgin Mary by Justinian, 676. The vessels of
the temple brought from Africa to Constantino-
ple by Belisarius, 694. Is conquered by Chos-
roes II. king of Persia, B06. Insurr ction of the
monks there, 828.

- the city conquered by the Saracens, 949.
Great resort of pilgrims to, 1064. Conquest of,
by the Turks, 1065.

Is taken from the Turks by the Egyptians,
1085. Is taken by the crusaders, 1067. 1
erected into a kingdom under Godfrey of Bou-
illon, 6. Succession of its christian princes, 1098.
Is pillaged by the Carizmians, 1104.
Jerusalem, New, described according to the ideas
of the primitive christians. 186.
Je was, Portuguese, persecute the eastern chris-
tians, 838. Their labours in, and expulsion from,
Abyssinia, 844.

Je, an obscure, unsocial, obstinate race of men,
177. Review of their history, 178. Their reli-
gion is the basis of christianity, 179. The pro
Inises of divine favour extended by christianity to
all mankind, ib. The immortality of the soul not
inculcated in the law of Moses, 185. Why there
are no Hebrew gospels extant, 199. Provoked
the persecutions of the Roman emperors. 205.

those of a more liberal spirit adopted the
theological system of Plato, 309. Their condition
under the emperors Constantine and Constan-
tius, 336. Abortive attempt of Julian to rebuild
the temple of Jerusalem, 337.

miraculous conversion of a number of, at
Minorca, 472, note. Persecution of, in Spain,
617.

- are persecuted by the catholics in Italy,
655. And by Cyril at Alexandria, 821. How
plagued by the emperor Justinian, 832.

- those in Arabia subdued by Mahomet, 921,
Assist the Saracens in the reduction of Spain.
965.

- massacres of, by the first crusaders, 1072.
Jezdegerd, king of Persia, is said to be left guar-
dian to Theodosius the Younger, by the emperor
Arcadius, 540. His war with Theodosius, 543.
Igilium, the small island of, serves as a place of
refuge for Romans who flew from the sack of
Rome by Alaric, 517,

Ignatius, bishop of Antioch, the christian fortitude
displayed m his epistles, 213.
Ikshidites, the Saracen dynasty of, 991.
Illustris, the title of, how limited in the times of
Roman simplicity, and how extended when
Constantinople became the seat of empire, 240,

241.

Illyricum described, 9.
Images, introduction of, into the christian church,
675. The worship of, derived from paganism,
ib.
Are condemned by the council of Constan
tinople, 878. The adoration of, justified by pope
Gregory II., 880. And sanctified by the second
council of Nice, 887.
Imperator, in the Roman history, explained, 25.
The imperial prerogatives, 26. The court,
7. The sense of this appellation altered by long
use, 132.

note.

Incarnation, theological history of the doctrine of.

816.

Incest, natural, and arbitrary, distinguished, 768.
India, account of the christians of St. Thomas in,
838. Persecution of, by the Portuguese, ib.
Indictions, the memorable æra of, whence dated,

168, note. The name and use of, in the middle
ages, whence derived, 252.
Indulgences, in the Romish church, the nature of,
explained, 1070,

Ingundis, princess of Austrasia, is married to
Hermenegild prince of Botica, and cruelly
treated by his mother Goisvintha, 616.
Inheritance, paternal, subject to parental discre
tion among the Romans, 65. The Roman law
of, 770. Testamentary dispositions of property,
771. The Voconian law, how evaded, ib.
Injuries, review of the Roman laws for the redress
of, 773.

Innocent III. pope, enjoyed the plenitude of papal
power, 1103.

Inquisition, the first erection of that tribunal, 1103.
Institutes of Justinian, an analysis of, 763.
Interest of money, how regulated by the Roman
law, 773.

Joan, pope, the story of, fictitious, 895, note,
John, principal secretary to the emperor Honorius,
usurps the empire after his death, 545.
John, the almsgiver, archbishop of Alexandria, re-
lieves the Jewish refugees when Jerusalem was
taken by the Persians, 807. His extraordinary
liberality of the church treasure, 842.
Jehn, bishop of Antioch, artives at Ephesus after
the meeting of the council, and, with his bishops,
decides against Cyril, 823. Coalition between
him and Cyril, 824.

John, of Apri, patriarch of Constantinople, his
pride, and confederacy against John Cantacu-
zene, 1158.

John, of Brienne, emperor of Constantinople,

1133.

John, of Cappadocia, prætorian prefect of the
east, under the emperor Justinian, his character,
672. Is disgraced by the empress Theodora,
and becomes a bishop, 673. Opposes the African
war, 685. His fraud in supplying the army with
bread, 687

Jahn Comments, emperor of Constantinople, 867.
John Damascenus, St. his history, 878, note,
John of Lycopolis, the hermit, his character, and
oracular promise to the emperor Theodosius the
Great, 459.

John, the Monophysite bishop of Asia, is employed
by the emperor Justinian to root out pagans and
heretics, 832.

John X11, pope, his flagitious character, 896.
John XXIII. pope, his profligate character, 1271.
John, St. the evangelist, reveals the true sense of
Plato's doctrine of the Legos, 310.

John the Sanguinary, seizes the Gothic treasures
in Picenum, and obliges Vitiges to raise the siege
of Rome, 707.

John Zimi ces, murders the Greek emperor Nice-
phorus, and succeeds him, 861. His eastern
victories, 993. Defeats Swatoslaus, czar of Rus-
sia, 1029.

Iona, one of the Hebride islands, its ancient mo-
nastic eminence, 603.

Jonas, renegado of Damascus, story of, 945.
Jordan, character of his work, De Originibus Sela-
ticis, 1020, note.

Joseph the Carisinian, governor of Berzem, kills
the sultan Alp Arslan, 1000,

Josephus, the mention of Jesus Christ in his history,
a forgery, 211, note. His opinion, that Plato de-
rived knowledge from the Jews, controverted,
309, note,

Jovian is elected emperor by the troops of Julian,
on their retreat from Assyria, 381, 382. His
treaty with Sapor king of Persia, 383. His
death, 388.

Jovians and Herculians, new bodies of guards in-
stituted to supersede the praetorian bands, 151.
Jetinian of Verona, his punishment by a Roman
synod, for heresy, 486.
Joinus reduces the Alemanni, who had invaded
Gaul, 399, 400.

- account of his revolt against the emperor
Honorius in Germany, 524.
Jovins, prætorian pratect under the emperor Ho-
norius, succeeds Olympius as his confidential
minister, 512. His negociations with Alaric ob-
structed, 513. Deserts Honorius, and goes over
to Alaric, and the new emperor Attalus, 514.
Irene, her marriage with the Greek emperor Leo.
853. Her ambition, and barbarity to her son
Constantine, ib. Restores images to public de-
votion, 887.

Ireland was first colonized from Scotland, 403.
Derivation of the name of its tutelar saint, Pa-
trick, 600, note.

Isaac 1. Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople,

864.

Gallienus, 112.

677.

by Belisarius, 700. Siege of Rome by the Goths,
701. Invasion of Italy by the Franks, 708. Re-
volt of the Goths, 734. Expedition of the eunuch
Narses, 741. Invasion of, by the Franks and
Alemanni, 744. Government of, under the ex-
archs of Ravenna, 745. Conquests of Alboin
king of the Lombards in, 783. Distress of, 787.
How divided between the Lombards and the
exarchs of Ravenna, 788.

Italy, growth of the papal power in, 879. Revolt
of, against the Greek emperors, 880. The ex-
archate of Ravenna granted to the pope, 885.
Extent of the dominions of Charlemague there,
891. The power of the German Caesars destroy-
ed by the rise of the commercial cities there, 897.
Factions of the Guelphs and Ghibelines, 898.
Conflict of the Saracens, Latins, and Greeks in,
1032.

- revival of Greek learning in, 1208. Authors
consulted for the history of, 1975, note.
Jubilee, popish, a revival of the secular games, 77,
note, 1255. The return of, accelerated, 1255.
Jude, St. examination of his grandsons before the
tribunal of the procurator of Judæa, 212.
Judgments of God, in the Salic laws, how deter-
mined, 628.

Judgments, popular, of the Romans, displayed, 777.
Julia Domna, wife of the emperor Severus, her
character, 51. Her death, 56.

Julian, the nephew of Constantine the Great, his
education, 274. His dangerous situation on the
death of his brother Gallus, 276. Is sent to
Athens, where he cultivates philosophy, 277. Is
recalled by Constantius, ab. Is invested with
the title of Cæsar, 278. Is appointed to the
government of Gaul, 285. His first campaign,
ib. Battle of Strasburg, 286. Reduces the
Franks at Toxandria, 287. His three expedi-
tions beyond the Rhine, 988. Restores the cities
of Gaul, b. His civil administration, 289. His
account of the theological calamities of the em-
pire under Constantius, 330. Constantius grows
jealous of him, 333. The Gaulish legions are
ordered into the east, 334. Is saluted emperor
by the troops, 335. His embassy and epistle to
Constantius, 336. His fourth and fifth expedi-
tions beyond the Rhine, 337. Declares war
against Constantius, and abjures the christian
religion, 338. His march from the Rhine into
Illyricum, 339. Enters Sirmium, ib. Publishes
apologies for his conduct, 340. His triumphant
entry into Constantinople on the death of Con-
stantius, 341. His private life and civil govern-
ment, ib. His reformations in the imperial
palace, 343. Becomes a sloven to avoid foppery,
ib. Erects a tribunal for the trial of the evil
ministers of Constantius, 344. Dismisses the
spies and informers employed by his predeces-
ser, 345. His love of freedom and the republic,
ib. His kindnesses to the Grecian cities, 346.
His abilities as an orator, ib. And as a judge,
347. His character, ib. His apostacy accounted
for, 348. Adopts the pagan mythology, ib.
His theological system, 350. His initiation into
the Eleusinian mysteries, and his fanaticism, ib.
His hypocritical duplicity, 351. Writes a vin-
dication of his apostacy, 352. His edict for a
general toleration, ib. His pagan superstitious
zeal, 358. His circular letters for the reforma-
tion of the pagan religion, 354. His industry in
gaining proselytes, 355. His address to the
Jews, 356. History of his attempt to rebuild the
temple at Jerusalem, 357. Transfers the revenues
of the christian church to the heathen priests,
359. Prohibits christian schools, ib. Obliges the
christians to reinstate the pagan temples, 360.
Restores the sacred grove and temple of Daphne,
361. Punishes the christians of Antioch for
burning that temple, 36. His treatment of the
cities of Edessa and Alexandria, 363. Banishes
Athanasius, 364. The philosophical fable of his
Cesars, delineated. 366. Meditates the conquest
of Persia, 367. Popular discontents during his
residence at Antioch, ib. Occasion of writing
his Mesopogon, 368. His march to the Euphrates,
369. He enters the Persian territories, 371. In-
vades Assyria, 373. His personal conduct in
this enterprise, 374. His address to his discon-
tented troops, 375. His successful passage over
the Tigris, 376. Burns his fleet. $78. His re-
treat and distress, 379. His death, 381. His
funeral, 386.

Julian, count, offers to betray Spain into the hands
of the Arabs, 963. His advice to the victorious
Turks, 964.

Julian, the papal legate, exhorts Ladislaus, king

of Hungary and Poland, to breach of faith with
the Turks, 1217. His death and character, 1219.
Julius, master general of the troops in the eastern
empire, concerts a general massacre of the
Gothic youth in Asia, 433.

Jurisprudence, Roman, a review of. 752. Was
polished by Grecian philosophy, 758. Abuses
of, 778.

the elder, his military promotion, 658. His
elevation to the empire, and character, 659. His
death, 660.

Justin 11. emperor, succeeds his uncle Justinian,
779. His firm behaviour to the ambassadors of
the Avars. 780. His abdication, and investiture
of Tiberius, as his successor, 785.
Justin Martyr, his decision in the case of the
Ebionites, 180. His extravagant account of the
progress of christianity, 202, Occasion of his
own coversion, 203.
Justina, the popular story of her marriage with
the emperor Valentinian examined, 413. Her
infant son Valentinian II. invested with the im-
perial ensigns, on the death of his father, ib. Her
contest with Ambrose archbishop of Milan, 449.
Flies from the invasion of Maximus, with her
son, 451.

tentate who was crowned by a priest, ib. Confers
the empire of the west on Anthemius, 591. His
armament against the Vandals in Africa, 592.
Murders Aspar and his sons, 646.

Leo II. emperor of Constantinople, 851. His
edicts against images in churches, 877. Revolt
of Italy, 881.

Leo IV. emperor of Constantinople, 852.
Leo V. emperor of Constantinople, 854.
Leo VI. the philosopher, emperor of Constanti-
nople, 859. Extinguishes the power of the

senate, 1004.

Leo, bishop of Rome, his character, and embassy
from Valentinian III. to Attila, king of the
Huns, 576. Intercedes with Genseric, king of
the Vandals, for clemency to the city of Rome,
581. Calls the council of Chalcedon, 827.
Leo III, pope, his miraculous recovery from the
assault of assassins, 889. Crowns Charlemagne
emperor of the Romans, ib.

Justinian, emperor of the east, his birth and pro-
motion, 658. His orthodoxy, 659. Is invested
with the diadem by his uncle Justin, 660. Mar-
ries Theodora, 669. Patronizes the blue faction
of the circus, 665. State of agriculture and
manufacture in his provinces, 667. Introduces
the culture of the silk-worm, and manufacture of
silk, into Greece, 669. State of his revenue, 670.
His avarice and profusion, ib. Taxes and
monopolies, 671. His ministers. 672. His pub-
lic buildings, 673. Founds the church of St.
Sophia at Constantinople, 674. His other public
works, 675. His European fortifications, 676.
His Asiatic fortifications, 678. He suppresses
the schools of Athens, 681. And the consular
dignity, 683. Purchases a peace from the Per-
sians, 684. 792. Undertakes to restore Hilderic
king of Carthage, 634. Reduction of Africa, 692.
His instructions for the government of, 2h. His
acquisitions in Spain, 696. His deceitful nego-
ciations in Italy, 698. Weakness of his empire,
713. Receives an embassy from the Avars, 718.
And from the Turks, 719. Persian war, 724.
His negociations with Chosroes, 730. His alli-
ance with the Abyssinians, 731. Neglects the
Italian war under Belisarius, 736. Settles the
government of Italy under the exarch of Ra-
venna, 745. Disgrace and death of Belisarius,
748. His death and character, ib. Comets and
calamities in his reign, 749. His Code, Pan-
dects, and Institutes, 752. His theological cha-Leo, the Jew proselyte, history of his family, 1256.
racter, and government, 830. His persecuting Leonas, the quastor, his embassy from Constan-
spirit, 831. His orthodoxy, 832. Died a here- tius to Julian, 338.
tic, 833.

Justinian II. emperor of Constantinople, 849.
Justinian, the son of Germanus, his conspiracy
with the empress Sophia, and successes against
the Persians, 786.

Juvenal, his remarks on the crowded state of the
inhabitants of Rome, 509.

K

Khan, import of this title in the northern parts of
Asia, 417. 491.

King, the title of, conferred by Constantine the
Great on his nephew Hannibalianus, 260,
Kindred, degrees of, according to the Roman civil
law, 770.

Knighthood, how originally conferred, and its ob-
ligations, 1075.

Koran of Mahomet, account and character of, 912.
Koreish, the tribe of, acquire the custody of the
Caaba at Mecca, 907. Pedigree of Mahomet.
909. They oppose his pretensions to a prophetical
character, 917. Flight of Mahomet, 918. Battle
of Beder, 920. Battle of Ohud, 921. Mecca sur-
rendered to Mahomet, 922.

L

Labarum, or standard of the cross, in the army of
Constantine the Great, described, 295.
Labco, the civilian, his diligence in business and
composition, 758. His professional character,
759.
Lactantius, difficulties in ascertaining the date of
his Divine Institutions, 290, note. His flattering
prediction of the influence of christianity among
mankind, 293. Inculcates the divine right of
Constantine to the empire, ib.
Ladislaus, king of Hungary and Poland, leads an
army against the Turks, 1217. His breach of
faith with them, ib.

Ladislaus, king of Naples, harasses Rome during
the schism of the papacy, 1270.,
Latus, prætorian præfect, conspires the death of
Commodus, and confers the empire on Pertinax,

39.

Laity, when first distinguished from the clergy,
195.

Lampadius, a Roman senator, boldly condemns the
treaty with Alaric the Goth, 497.
Lance, Holy, narrative of the miraculous discovery
of, 1084.

Land, how assessed by the Roman emperors, 253.
How divided by the barbarians, 629. Allodial,
and Salic, distinguished, 630. Of Italy, how
partitioned by Theodoric the Ostrogoth, 649.
Laodicea, its ancient splendour, 20.
Lascaris, Theodore, establishes an empire at Nice,
1128. His character, 1141.
Lascaris, Theodore 11. his character, 1142.
Lascaris, Janus, the Greek grammarian, his cha-
racter, 1211.

Latin church, occasion of its separation from the
Greek church, 1107. Corruption and schism of,
1201. Reunion of, with the Greek church, 1206.
The subsequent Greek schism, 1214.
Latium, the right of, explained, 15.
Laura, in monkish history, explained, 607.
Law, review of the profession of, under the empe-
rors, 245.

Laes of Rome, review of, 752. Those of the kings,
ib. Of the twelve tables, 753. Of the people.
754. Decrees of the senate, and edicts of the
prætors, 755. Constitutions of the emperors, ib.
Their rescripts, 756. The three codes of, ib.
The forms of, ib. Succession of civil lawyers,
757. Reformation of, by Justinian, 760. Abo-
lition and revival of the penal laws, 775.
Lazi, the tribe of, in Colchos, account of, 727.
Le Clerc, character of his ecclesiastical history,
816, note.
Legacies and inheritances taxed by Augustus, 65.
How regulated by the Roman law,771.
Legion, in the Roman army under the emperors.
described, 5. General distribution of the legions,
7. The size of, reduced by Constantine the
Great, 247.

Leo of Thrace is made emperor of the east, by his
master Aspar, 590. Was the first christian po-

Lo IV. pope, his reign, 987. Founds the Leonine
city, ib.

Leo IX. pope, his expedition against the Normans
of Apulia, 1037. His treaty with them, 1038.
Leo, archbishop of Thessalonica, one of the re-
storers of Greek learning, 1010.

Leo, general of the east, under the emperor Arca-
dius, his character, 534.

Leo Pilatus, first Greek professor at Florence, and
in the west, his character, 1209.

Leonine city at Rome founded, 987.
Leontius is taken from prison, and chosen emperor
of Constantinople, on the deposition of Justinian
II. 849.

Leovigild, Gothic king of Spain, his character, 615.
Revolt and death of his son Hermenegild, 616.
Letters, a knowledge of, the test of civilization in
a people, 87.

Lewis the Pious, emperor of the Romans, 893.
Lewis II. emperor of the Romans, 893. His epistle
to the Greek emperor Basil I. 1032.
Libanius, his account of the private life of the em-
peror Julian, 342. And of his divine visions,
351. Applauds the dissimulation of Julian, ib.
His character, 368. His eulogium on the empe
ror Valens, 432.

Liberius, bishop of Rome, is banished by the em-
peror Constantius, for refusing to concur in de-
posing Athanasius, 324. 327.

Liberty, public, the only sure guardians of, against
an aspiring prince. 24.
Licinius is invested with the purple by the emperor
Galerius, 163. His alliance with Constantine the
Great, 170. Defeats Maximin, ib. His cruelty,
ib. Is defeated by Constantine at Cibalis, 172.
And at Mardia, i5. Peace concluded with Con-
stantine, 173. Second civil war with Constan-
tine, 174. His humiliation, and death, 176.

fate of his son, 259. Concurred with Con-
stantine in publishing the edict of Milan, 292.
Violated this engagement by oppressing the
christians, 294. Cæcilius's account of his vision,
296.

Lieutenant, imperial, his office and rank, 25.
Lightning, superstition of the Romans with refer-
ence to persons and places struck with, 136.
Limigantes, Sarmatian slaves, expel their masters,
and usurp possession of their country, 263. Ex-
tinction of, by Constantius, 281.
Literature, revival of, in Italy, 1208.
use and abuse of, 1213.
Lithuania, its late conversion to christianity, 1031.
Litorius, count, is defeated and taken captive in
Gaul by Theodoric, 567.

Ancient,

Liutprand, king of the Lombards, attacks the city
of Rome, 882.

Liutprand, bishop of Cremona, ambassador to Con-
stantinople, ceremony of his audience with the
emperor, 1002.

Logos, Plato's doctrine of, 309. Is expounded by
St. John the evangelist, 310. Athanasius con-
fesses himself unable to comprehend it, 311.
Controversies on the eternity of, 312.
Logothete, great, his office under the Greek empe-

rors, 1001.

Lombardy, ancient, described, 9. Conquest of, by
Charlemagne, 884.

Lombards, derivation of their name, and review of
their history, 714, Are employed by the emperor
Justinian to check the Gepida, 715, Actions of
their king Alboin, 20. They reduce the Ge-
pida, 781. They overrun that part of Italy now
called Lombardy, 783. Extent of their kingdom,
788. Language and manners of the Lombards,
ib. Government and laws, 790.
Longinus, his representation of the degeneracy of
his age, 23. Is put to death by Aurelian, 123,

- is sent to supersede Narses, as exarch
of Ravenna, 782. Receives Rosamond, the
fugitive queen of the Lombards, 784.
Lothaire 1. emperor of the Romans, 893.
Louis VII. of France is rescued from the treachery
of the Greeks by Roger, king of Sicily, 1049. Un-
dertakes the second crusade, 1091. His disastrous
expedition, 1094.

Louis IX. of France, his crusades to the Holy
Land. 1105. His death, 1106. Procured a valu-
able stock of relics from Constantinople, 1134.
Lucian, the severity of his satire against the heathen
mythology, accounted for, 12.

Lucian, count of the east, under the emperor Ar-
cadius, his cruel treatment by the præfect Rufi-
nus, 475.
Lucian, presbyter of Jerusalem, his miraculous
discovery of the body of St. Stephen, the first
christian martyr, 471.

Lucilian, governor of Illyricum, is surprised,
and kindly treated, by Julian, 339. His death,

388.

Lucilla, sister of the emperor Commodus, her at
tempt to get him assassinated, 35.
Lucius II. and III. popes, their disastrous reigns,
1245.

Lacrine lake described, with its late destruction,
505, note.

Lacultan villa in Campania, its description and
history, 600.

Lupercalia, the feast of, described, and continued
under the christian emperors, 592.
Lapicinus, the Roman governor of Thrace, op-
presses the Gothic emigrants there, 425. Rashly
provokes then to hostilities, 426. Is defeated by
them, ib.

Lastral contribution in the Roman empire, ex-
plained, 255.

Luther, Martin, his character, as a reformer, 1018.
Lurury, the only means of correcting the unequal
distribution of property, 22.

Lygians, a formidable German nation, account of,

131.

Lyons, battle of, between the competitors Severus
and Albinus, 47.

M

Macedonius, the Arian bishop of Constantinople,
his contests with his competitor Paul, 328. Fatal
consequences on his removing the body of the
emperor Constantine to the church of St. Ara-
cius, 329. His cruel persecutions of the catholics
and Novatians, ib. His exile, 830.
Macrianus, prætorian præfect under the emperor
Valerian, his character, 107.
Macrianus, a prince of the Alemanni, his steady
alliance with the emperor Valentinian, 401.
Macrinus, his succession to the empire predicted
by an African, 55. Accelerates the completion
of the prophecy, ib. Purchases a peace with
Parthia, 82.

Madayn, the capital of Persia, sacked by the Sara-
cens, 938.

Maonius of Palmyra assassinates his uncle Odena-
thus, 121.

Masia, its situation, 10.

Magi, the worship of, in Persia, reformed by
Artaxerxes, 79. Abridgment of the Persian
theology, ib. Simplicity of their worship,
Ceremonies and moral precepts, ib. Their
power, ib.

Magic, severe prosecution of persons for the crime
of, at Rome and Antioch, 392.
Magnentius assumes the empire in Gaul,

Death of Constans, 269. Sends an embassy to
Constantius, ib. Makes war against Constan-
tius, 270. Ís defeated at the battle of Mursa,
271. Kills himself, 973.
Mahmud, the Gaznevide, his twelve expeditions
into Hindostan, 1053. His character, 1054.
Mahomet, the prophet, his embassy to Chosroes II.
king of Persia, 808.

his genealogy, birth, and education, 909,
His person and character, 910. Assumes his
prophetical mission. 911. Inculcated the unity
of God, ib. His reverential mention of Jesus
Christ, 912. His Koran, ib. His miracles, 913.
His precepts, 914. His hell, and paradise, 915.
The best authorities for his history, 916. .
Converts his own family, ib. Preaches publicly
at Mecca, 917. Escapes from the Koreishites
there, 918. Is received as prince of Medina, 919.
His regal dignity, and sacerdotal office, i
Declares war against infidels, ib. Battle of
Beder, 920. Battle of Ohud, 921. Subctues the
Jews of Arabia, ib. Submission of Mecca to
him, 922. He conquers Arabia, 923. His sick-
ness and death, 925. His character, 996. His
private life, 927. His wives, ib. His children.
928. His posterity, 932. Remarks on the great
spread and permanency of his religion, 933.
Mahomet, the son of Bajazet, his reign, 1191.
Mahomet 11. sultan of the Turks, his character,
1923. His reign, 1204. Indications of his hostile
intentions against the Greeks, ib. He besieges
Constantinople, 1228. Takes the city by storm.
1236. His entry into the city, 1237. Makes it
his capital, 1238. His death, 1241.
Mahometism, by what means propagated, 966,
Toleration of christianity under, ib.
Majorian, his history, character, and elevation to
the western empire, 584. His epistle to the
senate, 585. Ilis salutary laws, ib. His pre
parations to invade Africa, 587. His fleet de
stroyed by Genseric, 588. His death, ib.
Malaterra, his character of the Normans, 1056.
Malek Shah, sultan of the Turks, his prosperous
reign, 1061. Reforms the eastern calendar, ik
His death, 1062.

Mallius Theodorus, the great civil honours to which
he attained, 245, note.
Mamalukes, their origin and character, 1106. Their
establishment in Egypt, ib.
Mamaa, mother of the young emperor Alexander
Severus, acts as regent of the empire, 60 Is
put to death with him, 68. Her conference w
Origen, 21.
Mamgo, an Armenian noble, his history, 147.
Man, the only animal that can accommodate
self to all climates, 86, note.
Mancipium, in the Roman law, explained.
Manicheans are devoted to death, by the edict f
Theodosius against heretics, 447.
Manuel Comnenus, emperor of Constantinopl
868. He repulses the Normans, 1049. But f
in his scheme of subduing the western emp
1050. His ill-treatment of the crusaders, 109
Maogamaicha, a city of Assyria, reduced

destroyed by the emperor Julian, 373.
Marble, the four species of, most esteemed by the
Romans, 70, note.

Marcellinus, Count of the sacred largesses tade

the emperor Constans in Gaul, assists the usurp

tion of Magnentius, 268. His embassy to Con-
stantius, 200. Was killed in the battle of Mursa,
973.

Marcellinus, his revolt in Dalmatia, and character,
589. Joins the emperor Anthemius, and expels
the Vandals from Sardinia, 592. His death,
593, 594.

Marcellinus, son of the prafect Maximin, his
treacherous murder of Gabinius king of the
Quadi, 411.

Marcellus, the centurion, martyred for desertion,
005.

Marcellus, bishop of Rome, exiled to restore peace
to the city, (09.
Marcellur, bishop of Apamea in Syria, loses his
lite in destroying the pagan temples, 465.
Marcia, the concubine of the emperor Commodus,
a patroness of the christians, 230,
Marcian, senator of Constantinople, marries the
empress Pulcheria, and is acknowledged em-
peror, 565. His temperate refusal of the de-
inands of Attila the Huni, ib.

Marcianapolis, the city of, taken by the Goths, 98.
Marcomanni are subdued and punished by Marcus
Antoninus, 94. Aliance inade with, by the
emperor Gallienus, 103.

Marcus elected bishop of the Nazarenes, 180,
Mardia, battle of, between Constantine the Great
and Licinius, 172.

Margus, battle of, between Diocletian and Carinus,
139.

Margus, bishop of betrays his episcopal city into
the hands of the Huns, 536.
Maria, daughter of Eudamon of Carthage, her
remarkable adventines, 552.
Mariana, his account of the misfortunes of Spain,
by an irruption of the barbarous nations. 525.
Marinus, a subaltern officer, chosen emperor by
the legions of Masia, 95.

Marn the armourer, a candidate for the purple
among the competitors against Gallienus, his
character, 110.

Mark bishop of Arethusa, is cruelly treated by the
emperor Julian, 360,

Maronga, engagement there between the emperor
Julian and Sapor king of Persia, 379.
Maronites of the east, character and history of,

839.

Marotia, a Roman prostitute, the mother, grand-
mother, and great grandmother, of three popes,
895.
Marriage, regulations of, by the Roman laws, 766.
Of Roman citizens with strangers, proscribed by
their jurisprudence, 1003.
Martel, Charles, duke of the Franks, his character,
977. His politic conduct on the Saracen invasion
of France, ib. Defeats the Saracens, ib. Why
he was consigned over to hell flames by the cler-
By, 978.

Martin, bishop of Tours, destroys the idols and
Pagan temples in Gaul, 463. His monkish in-
stitutions there, 603.

Martina marries her uncle, the emperor Heraclius,
847. Endeavours to share the imperial dignity
with her sons, 16. Her tate, 848.
Martinianus receives the title of Cæsar from the
emperor Licinius, 176.
Martyrs, primitive, an inquiry into the true his-
tory of, 205. The several inducements to mar-
tyrdom, 218. Three methods of escaping it,
£19. Marks by which learned catholics distin-
guish the relics of the martyrs, 216, note. The
worship of, and their relics, introduced, 470.
Mary, Virgin, her immaculate conception, bor-
rowed from the Koran, 912.
Mascesel, the persecuted brother of Gildo the
Moor, takes refuge in the imperial court of Ho
norius, 480. Is intrusted with troops to reduce
Gildo, ib. Defeats him, 481. His suspicious

death, ib.
Master of the offices, under Constantine the Great,
his functions, 249.

Maternus, his revolt and conspiracy against the
emperor Commodus, 36.
Matthew, St. his gospel originally composed in
Hebrew, 199, note. 817, note.
Maurice, his birth, character, and promotion to the
eastern empire, 786. Restores Chosroes II. king
of Persia, 798. His war against the Avars, 801.
State of his armies, 802. His abdication and
death, 803, 804.
Mauritania, ancient, its situation and extent, 11.
Character of the native Moors of, 548.
Marentius, the son of Maximian, declared em-
peror at Rome, 161. His tyranny in Italy and
Africa, 165. The military force he had to op-
pose Constantine, 166. His defeat and death,
169. His politic humanity to the christians, 229.
Marimian, associate in the empire with Diocle-
tian, his character, 140. Triumphs with Dio-
cletian, 150. Holds his court at Milan, 151. Ab-
dicates the empire along with Diocletian, 155.
He resumes the purple, 161. Reduces Severus,
and puts him to death, 16. His second resigna-
tion, and unfortunate end, 163, 164. His aver-
sion to the christians accounted for, 224.
Marimilianus, the African, a christian martyr, 225.
Mazimin, his birth, fortune, and elevation to the
empire of Rome, 67. Why deemed a persecutor
of the christians, 221.
Marimin is declared Cæsar, on the abdication of
Diocletian, 158. Obtains the rank of Augustus
from Galerius, 163. His defeat and death, 170.
Renewed the persecution of the christians after
the toleration granted by Galerius, 230.
Mazimin, the cruel minister of the emperor Va-
lentinian, promoted to the præfecture of Gaul,

394.

Marimin, his embassy from Theodosius the
Younger, to Attila king of the Huns, 561.
Marimus and Balbinus elected joint emperors by
the senate, on the deaths of the two Gordians, 72.

Maximus, his character and revolt in Britain, 441.
His treaty with the emperor Theodosius, 442.
Persecutes the Priscillianists, 447. His invasion
of Italy, 451. His defeat and death, 452.
Marimus, the pagan preceptor of the emperor
Julian, initiates him into the Eleusinian mys-
teries, 350. Is honourably invited to Constanti-
nople by his imperial pupil, 354. Is corrupted
by his residence at court, 355.
Marimus, Petronius his wife ravished by Valen-
tinian III. emperor of the west, 578. His cha-
racter and elevation to the empire, 379, 580.
Mehodes, the Persian general, ungratefully treated
by Chosroes, 721.

Mecca, its situation and description, 903. The
Caaha, or temple of, 907. Its deliverance from
Abralah, 909. The doctrine of Mahomet op-
posed there, 917. His escape, 918. The city of,
surrendered to Mahomet, 922. Is pillaged by
Abu Taher, 990.

Medina, reception of Mahomet there, on his flight |
from Mecca, 918.

Megalesia, the festival of, at Rome, described, 36,

note.

Meletians, an Egyptian sect, persecuted by Atha-

nasius, 320.

Melitene, battle of, between the eastern emperor
Tiberius, and Chosroes king of Persia, 795.
Melo, citizen of Bari, invites the Normans into
Italy, 1035.

Memphis, its situation and reduction by the Sara-
cens, 953.

Merovingian kings of the Franks in Gaul, origin
of, 568. Their domain and benefices, 630.
Mervan, caliph of the Saracens, and the last of
the house of Ommiyah, his defeat and death,
879.
Mesopotamia, invasion of, by the emperor Julian,
371. Described by Xenophon, ib,
Messala, Valerius, the first præfect of Rome, his
high character, 243, note.
Messiah, under what character he was expected
by the Jews, 179. His birth day, how fixed by
the Romans, 338, note.

Metals and money, their operation in improving
the human mind, 88.

Metellus Numidicus, the censor, his invective
against women, 60, note.
Metius Falconius, his artful speech to the emperor
Tacitus in the senate on his election, 128.
Metrophanes of Cyzicus, is made patriarch of Con-
stantinople, 1215.

Metz, cruel treatment of, by Attila king of the
Huns, 570,

Michael I. Rhangabe, emperor of Constantinople,

854.

Constantine the Great, and his successors, 254.

note.

Monks have embellished the sufferings of the pri-
mitive martyrs by fictions, 215.

- character of, by Eunapius, 470. By Rutilius,
480. Origin and history of, 602. Their industry
in making proselytes, 604. Their obedience, ib.
Their dress and habitations, 605. Their diet, ib.
Their manual labour, 606. Their riches, ib.
Their solitude, 607. Their devotion and visions,
ib. Their division into the classes of Canobites
and Anachorets, ib.

suppression of, at Constantinople, by Con-
stantine V. 879.
Monophysites of the east, history of the sect of, 838.
Monothelite controversy, account of, 833.
Montesquieu, his description of the military go-
vernment of the Roman empire, 77. His opinion
that the degrees of freedom in a state are mea-
sured by taxation, controverted, 252.
Montius, quæstor of the palace, is sent by the
emperor Constantius, with Domitian, to correct
the administration of Gallus in the east, 275.
Is put to death there, ib.

Moors of Barbary, their miserable poverty, 693.
Their invasion of the Roman province punished
by Solomon the eunuch, 696.
Morea is reduced by the Turks, 1240.
Morosini, Thomas, elected patriarch of Constan-
tinople by the Venetians, 1126.
Moseilama, an Arabian chief, endeavours to rival
Mahomet in his prophetical character, 935.
Moses, the doctrine of the immortality of the soul
not inculcated in his law, 185. His sanguinary
laws compared with those of Mahomet, 919.
Mosheim, character of his work De rebus Chris-
tianis ante Constantinum, 816, note.
Moslemah, the Saracen, besieges Constantinople,
973.

Motassem, the last caliph of the Saracens, his wars
with the Greek emperor Theophilus, 988. Is
killed by the Moguls, 1168.

Mouroufle, usurps the Greek empire, and destroys
Isaac Angelus, and his son Alexius, 1121. Is
driven from Constantinople by the Latins, 1122.
His death, 1128.

Mousa, the son of Bajazet, invested with the king-
dom of Anatolia, by Tamerlane, 1186. His
reign, 1191.

Mozarabes, in the history of Spain, explained, 970.
Municipal cities, their advantages, 15.
Muratori, his literary character, 125, note.
Mursa, battle of, between the emperor Constan-
tius, and the usurper Magnentius, 71.
Musa the Saracen, his conquest of Spain, 965.
His disgrace, 966. His death, 967.

Michael 111. emperor of Constantinople, 856. Is
defeated by the Paulicians. 1015.
Michael IV. the Paphlagonian, emperor of Con-
Michael
Stantinople, 803.

nople, 863.

Calaphates, emperor of Constanti-

Michael VI. Stratioticus, emperor of Constanti-
nople, 864.

Michael VII. Parapinaces, emperor of Constanti-
nople, 865.

Milan, how the imperial court of the western em-
pire came to be transferred from Rome to that
city, 151.

-famous edict of Constantine the Great, in
favour of the Christians, published there, 292.

- St. Ambrose elected archt ishop of that
city, 448. Tumults occasioned by his refusing a
church for the Arian worship of the empress
Justina and her son, 449.

- revolt of, to Justinian, 706. Is taken and
destroyed by the Burgundians, 708.

41.

-- is again destroyed by Frederic I, 898.
Military force, its strength and efficacy dependent
on a due proportion to the number of the people,
Military officers of the Roman empire at the time
of Constantine the Great, a review of, 246.
Millennium, the doctrine of, explained, 185.
Mingrelta. See Colchos.

Minority, two distinctions of, in the Roman law,
477, note.

Miracles, those of Christ and his apostles, escaped
the notice of the heathen philosophers and his-
torians, 204. Account of those wrought by the
body of St. Stephen, 471.
Miraculous powers of the primitive church, an in-
quiry into, 187.

Misttheus, chief minister and father-in-law of the
third Gordian, his character, 76.
Misopogon of the emperor Julian, on what occasion
written, 368.

Missorium, or great golden dish of Adolphus king
of the Visigoths, history of, 521.
Moaziyah, assumes the title of caliph, and makes
war against Ali, 931. His character and reign,
ib. Lays siege to Constantinople, 972.
Modar, prince of the Amali, seduced by the empe-
ror Theodosius, turns his arms against his own
countrymen, 437.

Moguls, primitive, their method of treating their
conquered enemies, 557. Reign and conquests
of Zingis, 1164. Conquests of his successors,
1167. See Tamerlane.

1190.

Muta, battle of, between the forces of the emperor

Heraclius and those of Mahomet, 924.
Mygdonius, river, the course of, stopped by Sapor
king of Persia, at the siege of Nisibis, 267.

N

Narbonne is besieged by Theodoric, and relieved
by count Litorius, 567.

Nacoragan, the Persian general, his defeat by the
Romans, and cruel fate, 729.
Naissus, battle of, between the emperor Claudius
and the Goths, 115.

Naples is besieged and taken by Belisarius, 700.
Extent of the duchy of, under the Exarchs of
Ravenna, 788.

Narses, his embassy from Sapor king of Persia to
the emperor Constantius, 281.
Narses, king of Persia, prevails over the preten-
sions of his brother Hormuz, and expels Tiridates
king of Armenia, 147. Overthrows Galerius, ib.
Is surprised and routed by Galerius, 148. Ar-
ticles of peace between him and the Romans, 149.
Narses, the Persian general of the emperor Mau-
rice, restores Chosroes II. king of Persia, 798.
His revolt against Phocas, and cruel death, 806.
Narses, the eunuch, his military promotion, and
dissension with Belisarius, 70. His character
and expedition to Italy, 741. Battle of Tagina,
742. Takes Rome, 743. Reduces and kills Teias,
the last king of the Goths, 744. Defeats the
Franks and Alemanni, 745. Governs Italy in
the capacity of exarch, ib. His disgrace, and
death, 782.
Naulobatus, a chief of the Heruli, enters into the
Roman service, and is made consul, 106.
Navy of the Roman empire described. 7.
Nazarene church at Jerusalem, account of, 179.
Nazarius, the pagan orator, his account of mira-
culous appearances in the sky in favour of Con
stantine the Great, 297.

Nebridius, prætorian præfect in Gaul, is maimed
and superseded, by his indiscreet opposition to
the troops of Julian, 338.
Negroes of Africa, evidences of their intellectual
inferiority to the rest of mankind, 407.
Nectarius is chosen archbishop of Constantinople,

447.

manni, 400.

Mohaukas the Egyptian, his treaty with the Sara-
cen Amrou, 954.
Monarchy defined, 24. Hereditary, ridiculous in
theory, but salutary in fact, 67. The peculiar
objects of cruelty and of avarice under, 252.
Monastic institutions, the seeds of, sown by the
primitive Christians, 191. Origin, progress, and
consequences of, 602.

Money, the standard and computation of, under

Nero persecutes the christians as the incendiaries of
Rome, 210.

Nerva, emperor, his character, and prudent adop
tion of Trajan, 30.
Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, his cha-
racter, 822. His heresy concerning the incarna-
tion, ib. His dispute with Cyril of Alexandria,
823. Is condemned, and degraded from his
episcopal dignity, by the council of Ephesus,
824. Is exiled, 825. His death, 826. His opi-

nions still retained in Persia, 836. Missions of
his disciples in the East Indies, 837.
Nevers, John, count of, disastrous fate of him and
his party at the battle of Nicopolis, 1176.
Nice becomes the capital residence of sultan Soli-
man, 1062. Siege of, by the first crusaders, 1080.
Nicephorus I. emperor of Constantinople, 854.
His wars with the Saracens, 934. His death,

1021.

Nicephorus II. Phocas, emperor of Constantino-
ple, 861. His military enterprises, 992.
Nicephorus III. Botoniates, emperor of Constanti-
nople, 866. Was raised to the throne by sultan
Soliman, 1062.

Origen declares the number of primitive martyrs |
to be very inconsiderable, 216. His conference
with the empress Mammæa, 221. His memory
persecuted by the emperor Justinian and his
clergy, 832.

Orleans besieged by Attila king of the Huns, and
relieved by Etius and Theodoric, 570.
Osius, bishop of Cordova, his great influence with
Constantine the Great, 298. Prevails on Con-
stantine to ratify the Nicene creed, 317. Is with
difficulty prevailed on to concur in deposing
Athanasius, 324.

Osrhorne, the small kingdom of, reduced by the
Romans, 83.

Ossian, his poems, whether to be connected with
the invasion of Caledonia by the emperor Seve-
rus, 52. Is said to have disputed with a christian
missionary, 22, note.

Nicholas V. pope, his character, 1212. How in-
terested in the fall of Constantinople, 1998.
Nicomedia, the court of Diocletian held there, and
the city embellished by him, 151. The church
of, demolished by Diocletian, 225. His palace
fired, 246.

Nicopolis, battle of, between sultan Bajazet, and
Sigismond king of Hungary, 1176.
Nika, the sedition of, at Constantinople, 666.
Nineveh, battle of, between the emperor Hera-
clius, and the Persians, 813.
Nisibis, the city of, described, and its obstinate de-
fence against the Persians, 267. Is yielded to
Sapor by treaty, 383.

Nizam, the Persian vizir, his illustrious character,
and unhappy fate, 1062.
Noah, his ark very convenient for resolving the
difficulties of Mosaic antiquarians, 86,
Nobilissimus, a title invented by Constantine the
Great to distinguish his nephew Hannibalianus,
260.

Noricum described, 9.

Normans, their settlement in the province of Nor-
mandy in France, 1034. Their introduction to
Italy, 1035. They serve in Sicily, ib. They
conquer Apulia, 1036. Their character, ab.
Their treaty with the pope, 1038.
Novatians are exempted by Constantine the Great,
in a particular edict, from the general penalties
of heresy, 307. Are cruelly persecuted by Ma-
cedonius bishop of Constantinople, 329.
Novels of Justinian, how formed, and their charac-
ter, 763.

Noureddin, sultan, his exalted character, 1096.
Nubia, conversion of, to christianity, 843.

Numerian, the son of Carus, succeeds his father in
the empire, in conjunction with his brother Cari-
nus, 136.
Numidia, its extent at different æras of the Roman
history, 11.

825, note.

Obedience, passive, theory and practice of the
christian doctrine of, 295.

Obelisks, Egyptian, the purpose of their erection,
279.

Oblations to the church, origin of, 195.
Obligations, human, the sources of, 772. Laws of
the Romans respecting, ib.
Odenathus, the Palmyrene, his successful opposi-
tion to Sapor king of Persia, 108. Is associated

in the empire by Gallienus, 110, 111. Character
and fate of his queen Zenobia, 120.
Odin, the long reign of his family in Sweden, 89,
note. His history, 96.

Odoacer the first barbarian king of Italy, 598. His
character and reign, 600. Resigns all the Roman
conquests beyond the Alps to Euric king of the
Visigoths, 618. Is reduced and killed by Theo-
doric the Ostrogoth, 648.

Ohud, battle of, between Mahomet and Abu So-
phian prince of Mecca, 921.

Olga, princess of Russia, her baptism, 1030.

Olive, its introduction into the western world, 21.
Olybrius is raised to the western empire by count|
Ricimer, 596.

Olympic games compared with the tournaments of
the Goths, 1075.
Olympiodorus, his account of the magnificence of
the city of Rome, 503. His account of the mar
riage of Adolphus king of the Visigoths with the
princess Placidia, 521.

Olympius, favourite of the emperor Honorius,
alarms him with unfavourable suspicions of the
designs of Stilicho, 498. Causes Stilicho to be
put to death, 499. Ilis disgrace, and ignominious
death, 512.
Omar, caliph of the Saracens, 929. His character,
936. His journey to Jerusalem, 949.
Ommiyah, elevation of the house of, to the office
Why not the
of caliph of the Saracens, 931.
objects of public favour, 978. Destruction of,

979.
Oracles, heathen, are silenced by Constantine the
Great, 331.

Orchan, emir of the Ottomans, his reign, 1172.
Marries the daughter of the Greek emperor
Cantacuzene, 1174.
Ordination of the clergy in the early ages of the
church, an account of, 302.

Orestes is sent ambassador from Attila king of the
Huns, to the emperor Theodosius the younger,
560. His history and promotion under the
western emperors, 598. His son Augustulus,
the last emperor of the west, ib.
Orestes, prætor of Egypt, is insulted by a monkish
mob ia Alexandria, 821.

1298

Otho I. king of Germany, restores and appropriates
the western empire, 894. Claims by treaty the
nomination of the pope of Rome, 895. Defeats
the Turks, 1024, 1025.

Otho 11. deposes pope John XII. and chastises his
party at Rome, 896.

Otho, bishop of Frisingen, his character as an his-
torian, 1950, note.

Ottomans, origin and history of, 1171. They obtain
an establishment in Europe, 1174.
Ovid is banished to the banks of the Danube, 261.
Oryrinchus, in Egypt, monkish piety of that city,
003.

P

Pacatus, his encomium on the emperor Theodosius
the Great, 454.

Paderasty, how punished by the Scatinian law,
776. By Justinian, 777.

Pagan, derivation and revolutions of the term,
332, note.

Paganism, the ruin of, suspended by the divisions
among the christians, 332. Theological system
of the emperor Julian, 350.

general review of the ecclesiastical
establishment and jurisdiction of, before it was
subverted by christianity, 462. Is renounced by
the Roman senate, 464. The pagan sacrifices
prohibited, 465. The temples demolished, ib.
The ruin of, deplored by the sophists, 470. Pagan
ceremonies revived in christian churches, 472.
Palaologus, Constantine, Greek emperor, his reign,

1902. Is killed in the storm of Constantinople

by the Turks, 1235.

Paleologus, John, emperor of Constantinople, 1157.
Marries the daughter of John Cantacuzene, 1159.
Takes up arms against Cantacuzene, and is re-
duced to flight, 1160. His restoration, ib. Dis-
cord between him and his sons, 1177. His treaty
with pope Innocent VI. 1196. His visit to pope
Urban V. at Rome, 1197.

Paleologus, John II. Greek emperor, his zeal, 1201.
His voyage to Italy, 1202,
Palaologus, Manuel, associated with his father
John, in the Greek empire, 1177. Tribute exacted
from him by sultan Bajazet, 1178. His treaties
with Soliman and Mahomet, the sons of Bajazet
VI. 1192. His visits to the courts of Europe,
1197. Private motives of his European nego-
ciations explained, 1200. His death, ib.
Palaologus, Michael, emperor of Nice, his brief
replies to the negociations of Baldwin II. em-
peror of Constantinople, 1135. His family and
character, 1143. His elevation to the throne,
1144. His return to Constantinople, 1145. Blinds
and banishes his young associate, John Lascaris,
1146. He is excommunicated by the patriarch
Arsenius, ib. Associates his son Andronicus
in the empire, 1147. His union with the Latin
church, ib. Instigates the revolt of Sicily,

1150.

Palatines and Borderers, origin and nature of these
distinctions in the Roman troops, 247.
Palermo taken by Belisarius by stratagem, 698.
Palestine, a character of, 10.

Palladium of Rome, described, 462, note.
Palladius, the notary, sent by Valentinian to Africa
to inquire into the government of count Romanus,
connives with him in oppressing the province,
405.
Palmyra, description of, and its destruction by the
emperor Aurelian, 100.

Panatius was the first teacher of the Stoic philoso-
phy at Rome, 758, note.

Pandects of Justinian, how formed. 761.
Panhypersebastos, import of that title in the Greek
empire, 1001.

Pannonia described, 9.

Pantheon at Rome, by whom erected, 18, note. Is
converted into a christian church, 466.
Pantomimes, Roman, described, 509.
Paper, where and when the manufacture of, was
first found out, 941.
Papinian, the celebrated lawyer, created prætorian
præfect, by the emperor Severus, 50. His death,
54.
Papirius, Caius, reasons for concluding that he
could not be the author of the Jus Papirianum,
753, note.

Papists, proportion their number bore to that of
the protestants in England, at the beginning of
the fast century, 294, note.

Para, king of Armenia, his history, 406. Is trea-
cherously killed by the Romans, 409.
Parabolani of Alexandria, account of, 821, note.
Paradise, Mahomet's, described, 916.
Paris, description of that city, under the govern-
ment of Julian, 290. Situation of his palace,
335, note.

Parthia, subdued by Artaxerxes king of Persia,
81. Its constitution of government similar to the
feudal system of Europe, ib. Recapitulation of
the war with Rome, 82.
Paschal 11. pope, his troublesome pontificate,

1244.

Pastoral manners, much better adapted to the
fierceness of war, than to peaceful innocence, 415.
Paternal authority, extent of, by the Roman laws.
761. Successive limitations of, 765.
Patras, extraordinary deliverance of, from the
Sclavonians and Saracens, 997.
Patricians, the order of, under the Roman repub-
lic, and under the emperors, compared, 24.
Under the Greek empire, their rank explained,
884.

Patrick, the tutelar saint of Ireland, derivation of
his name, 600, note.

Paria, massacre of the friends of Stilicho there,
by the instigations of Olympius, 498. Is taken
by Alboin king of the Lombards, who fixes his
résidence there, 783.

Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, his character
and history, 000.

Paul archbishop of Constantinople, his fatal con-
test with his competitor Macedonius, 328.
Paula, a Roman widow, her illustrious descent,
502. Was owner of the city of Nicopolis, 504.
Her monastic zeal, 601.
Paulicians, origin and character of, 1013. Are
persecuted by the Greek emperors, 1015. They
revolt, ib. They are reduced, and transplanted
to Thrace, 1016. Their present state, 1017.
Paulina, wife of the tyrant Maximin, sortens his
ferocity by gentle counsels, 69, note.
Paulinus, master of the offices to Theodosius the
Younger, his crime, and execution, 512.
Paulinus, bishop of Nola, his history, 519.
Paulinus, patriarch of Aquileia, flies from the
Lombards with his treasure, into the island of
Grado, 783.

Pegasians, the party of, among the Roman ci-
vilians, explained, 759.

Pekin, the city of, taken by Zingis the Mogul em-
peror, 1166.

Pelagian controversy agitated by the Latin clergy,
494. And in Britain, 529.
Pella, the church of the Nazarenes settled there,
on the destruction of Jerusalem, 180.
Peloponnesus, State of, under the Greek empire,
997. Manufactures, 998.
Penal laws of Rome, the abolition and revival
of, 775.

Pendragon, his office and power in Britain, 529.
Penitentials, of the Greek and Latin churches, his
tory of, 1070.

Pepin, king of France, assists the pope of Rot
against the Lombards, 883. Receives the title of
king by papal sanction, 884. Grants the ex-
archate to the pope,
Pepin, John, count of Minorbino, reduces the tri-
bune Rienzi, and restores aristocracy and church
government at Rome, 1266.

885.

Pepper, its high estimation and price at Rome.

511, note.

Perennis, minister of the emperor Commodus, his
great exaltation and downfall, 35.
Perisabor, a city of Assyria, reduced and burned
by the emperor Julian, 373.
Perozes, king of Persia, his fatal expedition against
the Nephthalites, 679.
Persecutions, ten, of the primitive christians, a re-
view of, 20.
Perseus, amount of the treasures taken from that
prince. 63.

Persia, the monarchy of, restored by Artaxerxes.
78. The religion of the Magi reformed, 79
Abridgment of the Persian theology, ib. Sim
plicity of their worship, 80. Ceremonies and
moral precepts, ib. Every other mode of wor
ship prohibited but that of Zoroaster, 81. Ex-
tent and population of the country, ib. Its mili
tary power, 84. Account of the audience given
by the emperor Carus to the ambassadors of Va-
ranes, 135. The throne of, disputed by the bro-
thers Narses and Hormuz, 147. Galerius de
feated by the Persians, ib. Narses overthrown
in his turn by Galerius, 148. Articles of peace
agreed on between the Persians and the Ro-
mans, 149.
Persia, war between Sapor, king of, and the em
peror Constantius, 266. Battle of Singara, i
Sapor invades Mesopotamia, 282. The Persian
territories invaded by the emperor Julian. 371
Passage of the Tigris, 376. Julian harassed in
his retreat, 379. Treaty of peace between Saper
and the emperor Jovian, 383. Reduction of Ar
menia, and death of Sapor, 407, 406.

- the silk trade, how carried on from China
through Persia, for the supply of the Roman
empire, 668. Death of Perozes, in an expedi
tion against the white Huns, 679. Review of
the reigns of Cabades, and his son Chosroes, 720
Anarchy of, after the death of Chosroes 11.815.
Ecclesiastical history of, 836..

invasion of, by the caliph Abubeker,
Battle of Cadesia, ib. Sack of Ctesiphon,
Conquest of, by the Saracens, 939. The Mari
religion supplanted by Mahometism, 969. The
power of the Arabs crushed by the dynasty
of the Bowides, 992. Persia subdued by the
Turks, 1056.

conquest of, by the Moguls, 1168. By T
merlane, 1180.
Pertinar, his character, and exaltation to the
imperial throne, 39. His funeral and apo
theosis, 46.

Pescennius Niger, governor of Syria, assumes the
imperial dignity on the death of Pertinax, 44,
Petavius, character of his Dogmata Theologic
816, note.

Peter, brother of the eastern emperor Maurice.

bis injurious treatment of the citizens of Azi-
muntium, and flight from thence, 801.

Peter 1. Czar of Russia, his conduct towards his
son, contrasted with that of Constantine the
Great, 239,

Peter of Arragon, assumes the kingdom of Sicily,
1150.

Peter, Partholomew, his miraculous discovery of
the holy lance, 1064: His strange death, 46.
Perer of Courtenay, emperor of Constantinople,

1131.

Peter the hermit, his character and scheme to re-
cover the Holy Land from the infidels, 1066.
Leads the first crusaders, 1072. Failure of his
zeal, 183.

Petra, the city of, taken by the Persians, 728. Is
besieged by the Romans, 16. Is demolished,
799.

Petrarch, his studies and literary character, 1908.
And history, 1908. His account of the ruin of
the ancient buildings of Rome, 1281.
Poffel, character of his history of Germany, 899,
note.

Phalans, Grecian, compared with the Roman le
gion, 6.

Pharamond, the actions, and foundation of the
French monarchy by him, of doubtful autho
rity, 527.

Pharas commands the Herali, in the African
war, under Belisarius, 660. Pursues Gelimer,
608. His letter to Glimmer, i8.
Pharisees, account of that sect among the Jews,
185.

Phasis, river, its co: rse described, 725.
Phoisant, derivation of the name of that bird, 726.
Phiclphus, Francis, his character of the Greek
language of Constantinople, 107.

Philip 1. of France, bis hated dignity and power.

1068.

Philip Augustus, of France, engages in the third
crusade, 1101.

Philip, pra torian pra fect under the third Gordian,
raised to the empire on Lis death, 76. Was a
favourer of the christians, 221.
Philip, pratonian praject of Constantinople, con
veys the bishop Paul into bamshment clandes-
tinely, 3.8.

Philippicus, emperor of Constantinople, 850.
Philippepolis taken and sacked by the Goths, 98.
Philo, a character of his works, 309.
Philosophy, Grecian, review of the various sects

of, 12.

Phineus, the situation of his palace, 234,
Phoca a is settled by Genoese, who trade in alum,
1191.

Phocas, a centurion, is chosen emperor by the
disaffected troops of the eastern empire, 803.
Murders of the emperor Maurice, and his chil-
dren, 804. His character, tb. His fall, and
death, 805.

Phanicia described, 10.
Plus, the son of Antonina, distinguishes him-
self at the siege of Naples, 711. Is exiled, ib.
Betrays his inother's vices to Belisarius, 712.
Turns monk, th.

Photius, the patrician, kills himself to escape the
persecution of Justinian, 831.
Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, character of
his Labrary, 1010. His quarrel with the pope of
Rome, 1108.

Phranza, George, the Greek historian, some ac-
count of, 1200, note. His embassies, 1202. His
fate on the taking of Constantinople by the
Turks. 1996,

Picardy, derivation of the name of that province,
1066, note.

Pilate, Pontius, his testimony in favour of Jesus
Christ, much improved by the primitive fathers,

20.

Pilpay's fables, history and character of, 722,
Pina marina, a kind of silk manufactured from
the threads spun by this fish, by the Romans,
668.

Pia, a princess of the Marcomanni, espoused by
the emperor Gallienus, 103.

110.

Piso, Calphurnius, one of the competiters against
Gallienus, his illustrious family and character,
Pityus, the city of, destroyed by the Goths, 104.
Placidia, daughter of Theodosius the Great, her
history and marriage with Adolphus king of the
Goths, 521. Is injuriously treated by the usurper
Singeric, after the death of her husband, 526.

Her marriage with Constantius, and retreat to
Constantinople, 514,545. Her administration in
the west, as guardian of her son the emperor
Valentinian 111, 546. History of her daughter
Honoria, 569. Her death and burial, 577, note.
Plague, origin and nature of this disease, 750.
Great extent and long duration of that in the
reign of Justinian, 752.
Plans, his theological system, 309. Is received by
the Alexandrian Jews, 16. And expounded by
St. John the Evangelist, 310. The theological
system of the emperor Julian, 350.
Platonic philosophy introduced into Italy, 1211.
Platonists, new, an account of. 157. Unite with
the heathen priests to oppose the Christians, 224.
Plautianus, pratorian præfect under the emperor
Severus, his history. 50.

Plebetans of Rome, state and character of, 507.
Pliny the Younger, examination of his conduct
toward the christians, 213.

Peet laureat, a ridiculous appointment, 1259, note.
Poggius, his reflections on the ruin of ancient
Rome, 1976.

Poitiers, battle of, between Clovis king of the
Franks, and Alaric king of the Goths, 625.
Pollentia, battle of, between Stilicho the Roman
general, and Alaric the Goth, 488.
Polytheism of the Romans, its origin and effects,
12. How accounted for by the primitive chris-

|

tians. 182. Scepticism of the people at the time |
of the publication of christianity, 198. The
christians why more odious to the pagans than
the Jews, 206.

-the ruin of, suspended by the divisions
among christians. 332. Theological system of the
emperor Julian, 350.

-review of the pagan ecclesiastical esta-
blishment, 462. Revival of, by the christian
monks. 471.

Pompeianus, præfect of Rome, proposes to drive
Alaric from the walls by spells, 510.
Pompeianus Ruricius, general under Maxentius,
defeated and killed by Constantine the Great,
167.

Pompey, his discretional exercise of power during
his command in the east, 25. Increase of the
tributes of Asia by his conquests, 61.
Pontiffs, pagan, their jurisdiction, 462.
Pentifex Maximus, in pagan Rome, by whom
that office was exercised, 301.

Pipes of Rome, the growth of their power, 879.
Revolt of, froin the Greek emperors, 880. Origin
of their temporal dominion, 5. Publication of
the Decretals, and of the fictitious donation of
Constantine the Great, 886. Authority of the
German emperors in their election, 895. Violent
distractions in their election, ib.

Popes, foundation of their authority at Rome,
1:42. Their mode of election settled, 1232.
Schism in the papacy, 1969. They acquire the
absolute dominon of Rome, 1274. The eccle-
siastical government, 1975.

Population of Rome, a computation of, 509.
Porcaro, Stephen, his conspiracy at Rome, 1273.
Pesthumus, the Roman general under the emperor
Gallienus, defends Gaul against the incursions of
the Franks, 102.

Power, absolute, the exercise of, how checked,
1005.

Praject of the sacred bed chamber, under Con-
stantine the Great, his office, 249.
Prajects of Rome and Constantinople, under the
emperors, the nature of their offices, 243. The
othce revived at Rome, 1248.
Pratertatus, præfect of Rome under Valentinian,
his character, 398.
Pratorian bands in the Roman army, an account
of, 42. They sell the empire of Rome by public
auction, ib. Are disgraced by the emperor Se-
verus, 46. A new establishment of them, 49.
Authority of the prætorian præfect, 50. Are
reduced, their privileges abolished, and their
place supplied, by the Jovians and Herculeans,
151. Their desperate courage under Maxentius.
168. Are totally suppressed by Constantine the
Great, 169.
Pratorian præfect, revolutions of this office under
the emperors, 242. Their functions when it be
came a civil office, 243,

Prators of Rome, the nature and tendency of their
edicts explained, 755.

Preaching, a form of devotion unknown in the
temples of paganism, 305. Use and abuse of, 306.
Predestination, influence of the doctrine of, on the
Saracens and Turks, 920.

Presbyters, among the primitive christians, the
office explained, 193.

Prester John, origin of the romantic stories con-
cerning, 837.

Priests, no distinct order of men among the ancient
pagans, 198. 301.

Priestley, Dr. the ultimate tendency of his opinions
pointed out, 1019, note,
Primogeniture, the prerogative of, unknown to the
Roman law, 770.

Prince of the waters, in Persia, his office, 721. note.
Priscillian, bishop of Avila in Spain, is, with his
followers, put to death for heresy, 442.
Priscus, the historian, his conversation with a cap-
tive Greek, in the camp of Attila, 558. His
character, 560, note.

Priscus, the Greek general, his successes against
the Avars, 802.

Proba, widow of the præfect Petronius, her flight
from the sack of Rome by Alaric, 517.
Probus assumes the imperial dignity in opposition
to Flerianus, 199. His character and history, 130,
Prebus, prætorian præfect of Illyricum, preserves
Sirmium from the Quadi, 412.
Probus, Sicorius, his embassy from the emperor
Diocletian to Narses, king of Persia, 149.

Procida, John of, instigates the revolt of Sicily
Proclus, story of his extraordinary brazen mirror,
673.

from John of Anjou, 1150.

Preclus, the Platonic philosopher of Athens, his
superstition, 682.

Proconsuls of Asia, Achaia, and Africa, their
office, 244.

Procopia, wife of the Greek emperor Michael I.
her martial inclinations, 854.
Procopius, his history, and revolt against Valens,
emperor of the east, 391. Is reduced and put to
death, 392. His account of the testament of the
emperor Arcadius, 540. His account of Britain,
610. Character of his histories, 660. Accepts
the office of secretary under Belisarius, 685.
His defence of the Roman archers, 686. His
account of the desolation of the African province
by war, 734.

Proculians, origin of the sect of, in the Roman
civil law, 759.

Proculus, his extraordinary character, and his re-
bellion against Probus in Gaul, 133.
Prodigies in ancient history, a philosophical reso-
lution of, 296.

Promises, under what circumstances the Roman
law enforced the fulfilment of, 77%
Promotus, master-general of the infantry under
Theodosius, is ruined by the enmity of Rufinus,

473.

Property, personal, the origin of, 769, How ascer-
tained by the Roman laws, ib. Testamentary
dispositions of, how introduced, 770.
Prophets, their office among the primitive chris-
tians, 192.

Propoutis described, 234.

not

Proterius, patriarch of Alexandria, his martial
episcopacy, and violent death, 828, 829.
Protestants, their resistance of oppression,
consistent with the practice of the primitive
christians, 293. Proportion of their number to
that of the catholics, in France, at the beginning
of the last century, 294, note. Estimate of their
reformation of popery, 1018,

Protosebastos, import of that title in the Greek em-
pire, 1001.

Proverbs, the book of, why not likely to be the pro-
duction of king Solomon, 694, note.
Provinces of the Roman empire described, 8. Dis-
tinction between Latin and Greek provinces, 15.
Account of the tributes received from, 63. Their
number and government after the seat of empire
was removed to Constantinople, 244.
Prusa, conquest of, by the Ottomans, 1172.
Prussia, emigration of the Goths to, 96.
Pulcheria, sister of the emperor Theodosius the
Younger, her character and administration, 540.
Her lessons to her brother, 541. Her contests
with the empress Eudocia, 542. Is proclaimed
empress of the east, on the death of Theodosius,
565. Her death and canonization, 590.
Purple, the royal colour of, among the ancients,
far surpassed by the modern discovery of cochi-
neal, 667, note.

Pygmies of Africa, ancient fabulous account of,
407.

Q

Quadi, the inroads of, punished by the emperor
Constantius, 280. Revenge the treacherous mur-
der of their king Gabinius, 411.
Quastor, historical review of this office, 249.
Question, criminal, how exercised under the Ro-
man emperors, 251.

Quintilian brothers, Maximus and Condianus, their
history, 35.

Quintilius, brother of the emperor Claudius, his
ineffectual effort to succeed him, 116.
Quintus Curtius, an attempt to decide the age in
which he wrote, 76, note.

Quirites, the effect of that word when opposed to
soldiers, 62, note.

R

Radagaisus, king of the Goths, his formidable
invasion of Italy, 492. His savage character,
ib Is reduced by Stilicho, and put to death,
493.

Radiger, king of the Varni, compelled to fulfil
his matrimonial obligations by a British heroine,
641.

Ramadan, the month of, how observed by the
Turks, 915.

Rando, a chieftain of the Alemanni, his unpro-
voked attack of Moguntiacum, 400.
Ravenna, the ancient city of, described, 490. The
emperor Honorius fixes his residence there, ib.
Invasion of, by a Greek fleet. 881. 1s taken by
the Lonibards, and recovered by the Venetians,
882. Final conquest of, by the Lombards, 883.
The exarchate of, bestowed by Pepin on the
pope, 885.

Raymond of Thoulouse, the crusader, his character,
1074. His route to Constantinople, 1076. Ilis
bold behaviour there, 1978.
Raymond, count of Tripoli, betrays Jerusalem in-
to the hands of Saladin, 1099.
Roynal, abbe, mistaken in asserting that Con-
stantine the Great suppressed pagan worship,
331.

Rebels, who the most inveterate of, 1015.
Recared, the first catholic king of Spain, converts
his Gothic subjects. 616.
Reformation from popery, the amount of, esti-
mated, 1018. A secret reformation still working
in the reformed churches, 1019.
Rein-deer, this animal driven northward by the
improvement of climate from cultivation, 86.
Relics, the worship of, introduced by the monks,
470. A valuable cargo of, imported from Con-
stantinople by Louis LX. of France, 1134.

Sins, bishop of Rheims, converts Clovis, king

of the Franks, (21.
Repentance, its high esteem, and extensive opera-
tion among the primitive christians, 189.
Resurrection, general, the Mahometan doctrine
of, 915.

Retiarius, the mode of his combat with the secutor,
in the Roman amphitheatre, 33.
Revenues of the primitive church, how distributed,
196. 304. Of the Roman empire, when removed
to Constantinople, a review of, 352.
Rhereum, city of, its situation, 235.
Rhatia described, 9.

Rhazates, the Persian general, defeated and killed
by the emperor Heraclius, 813,
Rhetoric, the study of, congenial to a popular
State, 681.

Rhine, the banks of, fortified by the emperor Va-
lentinian, 400.

Rhodes, account of the colossus of, 952. The
knights of, 1173.

Richard I. of England, engages in the third cru-
sade, 1101. Bestows the island of Cyprus on the
house of Lusignan, 1111. His reply to the ex-
hortations of Fulk of Neuilly, 1112.
Richard, monk of Cirencester, his literary charac-
ter, 528, note.

Ricimer, count, his history, 584. Permits Majorian
to assume the imperial dignity in the westeru