sword, confessed to his squire, consoled his servants and his friends, bade farewell to his king and his country, and died, April 30, 1524, surrounded by friends and enemies, who all shed tears of admiration and grief. His body, which remained in the hands of his enemies, was embalmed by them, given to the French, and interred in a church of the Minorites, near Grenoble. His monument consists of a simple bust, with a Latin inscription. (See Hist. de P. Terrail, dit le Chevalier Bayard sans Peur et sans Reproche, by Gayard de Berville, new edition, Paris, 1824).

BAYARD, James A., an eminent American lawyer and politician, was born in Philadelphia, in 1767. His classical education was completed at Princeton college. In the year 1784, he engaged in the study of the law, and, on his admission to the bar, settled in the state of Delaware, where he soon acquired considerable practice and reputation. A few years after he reached his majority, he was elected a representative of Delaware in corgress. The first occasion, on which he particularly distinguished himself, was the impeachment of William Blount, a senator of the U. States. Mr. B. was chairman of the committee of eleven, who were selected, by the house of representatives, to conduct that impeachment. He took the chief and a very brilliant part in the discussion of the constitutional questions which arose out of the successful plea of the accused to the jurisdiction of the senate. At an early period of his political career, president Adams offered him the post of envoy to the French republic, which prudential reasons induced him to decline. Mr. B. was one of the leaders of the federal party in congress at the epoch of the election of Mr. Jefferson to the office of president. In the memorable contest in the house of representatives, which was produced by the equality of votes for Mr. Jefferson and colonel Burr, he finally prevailed upon his political coadjutors to adopt the mode of proceeding which enabled the friends of Mr. Jefferson to triumph. Hostile as he was to that statesman, and much as he had reason to expect of personal advantage from a different issue, he sacrificed party feeling and ambitious hope, when he perceived that the peace of the country and the stability of the constitution might be endangered by continuing the struggle. In no debate of the house did Mr. B. display his genius more than in that which preceded the repeal, in March, 1802, of the judiciary bill. A volume of the speeches 2

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which were delivered in this famous controversy has been published. It was almost universally conceded that he was the ablest advocate of the system or organization which was destroyed. He continued in the house of representatives after the change of administration, always conspicuous for his sound principles, con stant acuteness, extensive knowledge, and manly, copious eloquence. Elected to the senate of the U. States by the legislature of Delaware, he displayed, for several years, in that assembly, the same talents and patriotism. In 1812, he strenuously opposed the declaration of war with Great Britain. President Madison selected him as one of the commissioners to treat for peace under the proffered mediation of the emperor Alexander of Russia. He embarked on this important mission, which had not been sought nor expected by himself or his friends for him, from the port of Philadelphia, May 8, 1813, and arrived at St. Petersburg in July of that year. The absence of the emperor prevented the transaction of any business, and, when all hope of advancing the main object seemed idle, Mr. B. proceeded (January, 1814) by land to Holland. There he learned the willingness of the British court to treat directly with the American envoys. Previously to the arrival of his colleagues, who, in consequence of this annunciation, were despatched by the American government, he visited England. At the proper period, he repaired to Ghent, which was ultimately chosen as the scene of the negotiations which terminated in the treaty that bears the name of that place. His share in the oral discussions and the written correspondence with the British plenipotentiaries was such as might have been expected from his peculiar fitness for the task of negotiation. On the conclusion of this business, he made a journey to Paris, where he remained until he heard of the ratification of the treaty, and of his appointment as envoy to the court of St. Petersburg. This he promptly declined. It was his intention, however, to go to England, in order to co-operate in the formation of a commercial treaty with the British cabinet, as he was included in the commission sent for that purpose; but an alarming illness put an end to every plan, except that of reaching his home as early as possible. He embarked at Havre in May, 1815, in a state of the most painful debility, suffered unfortunate delays in the voyage, and arrived in the U. States only to die in the arms of his family.

Mr. B. was a logician of the first order, possessed a rich and ready elocution, and commanded attention as well by his fine countenance and manly person as his cogent reasoning and comprehensive views. He acquired a reputation, both as a lawyer and political orator, scarcely inferior to that of any one of his American contemporaries.

BAYLE, Pierre, born at Carlat, in the county of Foix (Languedoc), in 1647, received his first instruction from his father, a Calvinistic preacher. He gave early proofs of an astonishing memory, and of a singular vivacity of mind. At the age of 19 years, he entered the college of Puy-Laurens, to finish his studies. The ardor with which he devoted himself to them weakened his constitution. All books were eagerly devoured by him; his taste for logic led him particularly to study religious controversies, but Amyot's Plutarch and Montaigne were his favorite works. The latter encouraged, without doubt, his inclination to scepticism; perhaps both contributed to give to his style that vivacity, that boldness of expression and antique coloring, so observable in it. In Toulouse, he studied philosophy with the Jesuits. The arguments of his professor, and, still more, his friendly discussions with a Catholic priest, who dwelt near him, confirmed his doubts of the orthodoxy of Protestantism, so that he resolved to change his religion. His conversion was a triumph to the Catholics. His family, however, tried all means to regain him, and, after 17 months, he returned to his old faith. In order to escape from the punishment of perpetual excommunication, which the Catholic church then pronounced against apostates, he went to Geneva, and thence to Copet, where count Dohna intrusted him with the equcation of his sons, and where he studied the philosophy of Des Cartes. But, after some years, he returned to France, and settled in Rouen, where he was employed in teaching. From thence he went to Paris, where the society of learned men indemnified him for the fatigues of an occupation to which he was obliged to submit for a third time. In 1675, he obtained the philosophical chair at Sedan, where he taught with distinction until the suppression of this academy in 1681. He was afterwards invited to discharge the same duties at Rotterdam. The appearance of a comet, in 1680, which occasioned an almost universal alarm, induced him to publish, in 1682, his Pensées diverses sur la Comète, a work

full of learning, in which he discussed various subjects of metaphysics, morals, theology, history, and politics. It was followed by his Critique générale de l'Histoire du Calvinisme de Maimbourg. This work, received with equal approbation by the Catholics and Protestants, and esteemed by Maimbourg himself, excited the jealousy of his colleague, the theologian Jurieu, whose Refutation du P. Maimbourg had not succeeded, and involved B. in many disputes. He afterward undertook a periodical work, Nouvelles de la République des Lettres, in 1684. A letter from Rome, published in this work, excited the displeasure of the queen Christina of Sweden, who caused two violent letters to be sent to him. B. apologized, and his excuses so perfectly satisfied the queen, that from that time she kept up a literary correspondence with him. The death of his father and of his two brothers, together with the religious persecutions in France, induced him to undertake his Commentaire philosophique sur ces Paroles de l'Evangile; Contrains-les d'entrer; which, in regard to style and tone, is not worthy of him. B. himself was unwilling to acknowledge it; but Jurieu, who probably recognised its author by the zeal with which toleration is defended in this work, attacked it with violence. His hatred only waited for a pretence to break out against B.; he found it in the Avis aux Refugiés, a work in which the Protestants are treated with little ceremony. Jurieu not only accused B. of being the author of this work (which certainly is not his), but also of being the soul of a party devoted to France, in opposition to the Protestants and allied powers. B. repelled these charges in two publications; but the calumny prevailed. In 1693, the magistrates of Rotterdam removed him from his office, and forbade him to give private instruction. He now devoted all his attention to the composition of his Dictionnaire historique et critique, which he first published in 1696, in 2 vols. fol. This was the first work which appeared under his name. Jurieu opposed him anew, and caused the consistory, in which he had the greatest influence, to make a severe attack upon him. B. promised to remove every thing which the consistory deemed offensive; but, finding the public had other views, and preferring rather the satisfaction of his readers than that of his judges, he left the work, with the exception of a few trifles, unaltered. He found two new enemies in Jacquelot and Le Clerc, who both at

tacked his religion: others persecuted him as the enemy of his sect and his new country. These contests increased his bodily infirmities. His lungs became inflamed; but he was unwilling to use any medical applications against a disorder which he considered as hereditary and incurable. He died, so to speak, with the pen in his hand, in 1706, at the age of 59 years. Bayle," says Voltaire, "is the first of logicians and sceptics. His greatest enemies must confess that there is not a line in his works which contains an open aspersion of Christianity; but his warmest apologists must acknowledge, that there is not a page in his controversial writings which does not lead the reader to doubt, and often to scepticism." He compares himself to Homer's cloudcompelling Jupiter. "My talent," he says, "consists in raising doubts; but they are only doubts." The confidence of most theologians induced him to undertake to prove that several points are not so certain and so evident as they imagined. But he gradually passed these limits: his penetration caused him to doubt even the most universally acknowledged facts. Yet he never attacked the great principles of morality. Though an admirable logician, he was so little acquainted with physics, that even the discoveries of Newton were unknown to him. His style is natural and clear, but often prolix, careless and incorrect. He himself calls his Dictionnaire" une compilation informe des passages cousus à la queue les uns des autres." Without assenting implicitly to this modest judgment, we must confess that the articles, in themselves, are of little value, and that they serve only as a pretext for the notes, in which the author displays, at the same time, his learning, and the power of his logic. The character of B. was gentle, amiable, disinterested, highly modest and peaceable: he devoted himself entirely to literature. The most esteemed edition of his Dictionnaire historique is that of 1740, in 4 vols. fol. (an edition was also printed at Bâle, the same year). At the Hague appeared the Euvres diverses de P. Bayle (also 4 vols. fol.) An edition of his Dict. histor., in 16 vols., printed with great typographical beauty, was published, in 1820, by Desoer, in Paris: it contains notes, and the life of the author. In the Disc. prelimin., the editor, Beuchot, reviews the 11 former editions. Gottsched has translated the Dict. into German (Leipsic, 1741-44, 4 vols. fol.) An English translation, with considerable additions, by Th. Birch,

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Lockman and others, was published, 1734-41, 10 vols. fol.

BAYLEN, capitulation of general Dupont at; an event which, in July, 1808, raised the courage of Spain, and hastened a general insurrection. Joseph Bonaparte had entered Madrid as king; the provinces Leon, Valencia, Valladolid, Zamora and Salamanca had been subdued and disarmed. In the south alone, on the Guadalquivir, in the naturally fortified. Andalusia, in Cordova, Grenada, Jaen, the spirit of insurrection still prevailed, and was excited as much as possible by the junta of Seville. Thither general Dupont directed his march, at the end of May, with three divisions. Cordova and Jaen were taken by assault, after the most terrible resistance. The monks promised the joys of heaven, without purgatory, to every one who should kill three Frenchmen. The corps of Castaños soon increased to 30,000 men. The able manœuvres of this general, together with famine and sickness in the French army, augmented by the total want of hospitals, prepared the way for the overthrow of general Dupont. 3000 Spaniards had possession of the Sierra Morena, in the rear of his army. In order to reestablish his communication with the capital, he occupied the cities of B. and Carolina with detachments, while he himself took a position near Andujar, on the Guadalquivir. But, on the 14th of July, 18,000 men, with some pieces of heavy artillery, marched against the front of the French position near Andujar; while 3000 men came through the defiles of the Sierra Morena upon the rear, and 6000 men attacked Dupont's left wing. He defended himself, for three days, with skill and courage; but the 18th of July decided the contest. The Spanish generals Reding and Compigny attacked B. Peñas and Jones overawed the main body, under Dupont. He was compelled to evacuate Andujar, after B. had been taken by the Spaniards. The action continued nine hours, when Dupont requested a suspension of arms, but was told that he must surrender at discretion. Meanwhile the division of Vedel, not acquainted with the proceedings of Dupont, had attacked the Spaniards anew, and taken the regi ment of Cordova prisoners, together with two pieces of artillery, but were finally overpowered by superior numbers. On the 23d of July, the whole French army, 17,000 men strong, being surrounded, was obliged to capitulate, having lost 3000 men on the field of battle. The di

visions of Dupont and Vedel were made prisoners of war: the latter was to be permitted to embark at Cadiz for Rochefort the same terms were afterwards promised to the division of Dupont, but not fulfilled. General Dupont returned, with his staff, to France, and was arrested at Toulon, and subjected to trial. But, before a decision, he was delivered by the capture of Paris, March 30, 1814. He was afterwards appointed, by Louis XVIII, minister of war; but was superseded by Soult, in December, 1814.

BAYLEY, Richard, M. D., was born at Fairfield, Connecticut, in the year 1745. Having completed his medical studies, he went to London, to attend the lectures and hospitals. After little more than a year's residence in that city, he returned to New York, and commenced practice there in 1772. At this period, his attention was first drawn to the then prevalent and fatal croup, which had been treated as the putrid sore throat. Observing how fatal was the use of stimulants and antiseptics, he examined the nature of the disease, and became convinced that it was of an inflammatory character. He accordingly treated it as such, with decided success, and, soon after the publication of his View of the Croup, his opinions and treatment of it were universally adopted. In the autumn of 1775, B. revisited London, where he spent a winter, and, in the following spring, returned to New York, in the capacity of surgeon in the English army under Howe. He resigned this post in 1777, and, during the rest of his life, continued the practice of his profession in the same city. In 1787, he lectured on surgery. In 1788, he lost his valuable collection in morbid anatomy, and some delicate preparations, by the violence of the famous "doctors' mob," who broke into his house, and carried off and burned his cabinet. In the spring of 1792, he was appointed professor of anatomy in Columbia college, and, in 1793, became professor of surgery, which was his favorite subject. His lectures were clear, precise and practical. As an optician, he acquired great celebrity, and also as an experienced and successful lithotomist. When the yellow fever desolated New York, soon after the revolution, doctor B. devoted himself to personal attention to the sick, and became practically familiar with the disease, and its most successful remedies. He likewise investigated its cause, and declared that it was the filth which polluted the docks and some of the streets, affirming, "that

when a more rigia police prevailed, to free the city from nuisances, no more would be heard of particular diseases." In 1797, he published his work On Yellow Fever, wherein he proved the malady to be of local origin. So strong was his belief on this point, and so clear his perception of the cause of the fever, that he predicted the very spot where it afterwards appeared, in the year 1799. In the year 1795 or 6, he was appointed health physician for the port of New York, and, in 1798, published Letters from the Health Office, submitted to the New York Common Council, being a series of letters in the years '96-7-8. One letter, dated Dec. 4, 1798, assigns the reasons why the fever in '98 was more extensively prevalent than in '95, 6 or 7, which he considers to be the rains flooding large portions of the city, its low levels, newmade ground, and a hot sun.--In 1798, a correspondence took place between the cities of New York and Philadelphia, in the course of which a proposition was made by the committee of the latter to that of the former, soliciting their co-operation in a memorial to the general government for a quarantine law. This gave doctor B., who was on the New York committee, an opportunity of impressing upon the general government the propriety of establishing a lazaretto, below and at a distance from the city or port of entry. He was the person to whom the state of New York is, in fact, chiefly indebted for its quarantine laws, although they have since been altered and amended. In August, 1801, doctor B., in the discharge of his duty as health physician, enjoined the passengers and crew of an Irish emigrant ship, afflicted with the ship fever, to go on shore to the rooms and tents appointed for them, leaving their luggage behind. The next morning, on going to the hospital, he found that both crew and passengers, well, sick and dying, were huddled together in one apartment, where they had passed the night. He inconsiderately entered into this room before it had been properly ventilated, but remained scarcely a moment, being obliged to retire by a most deadly sickness at the stomach, and violent pain in the head, with which he was suddenly seized. He returned home, and retired to his bed, from which he never rose. In the afternoon of the seventh day following, he expired.

BAYONET. This is the name of the iron blade, formed like a dagger, and placed upon the muzzle of the musket, which is thus transformed into a thrusting

weapon. It was probably invented, about 1640, in Bayonne, and was used in the Netherlands, in 1647, but was not universally introduced until after the pike was wholly laid aside, in the beginning of the 18th century. Since the general war in Europe, some officers have adopted the idea of former military writers (for instance, Guibert), of increasing the efficiency of the bayonet by a more regular exercise of the infantry in its use. A Saxon captain, von Selmnitz, has the merit of having first developed this idea in a systematic treatise. (See The Art of Fighting with the Bayonet, by E. von Selmnitz, Dresden, 1825, with copperplates.) As cavalry are often counted by horses, infantry are sometimes counted by bayonets.

BAYONNE; a well-built, rich, commercial city, the largest in the French department of the Lower Pyrenees, formerly capital of the district Labour, in Gascony (lon. 1° 24′ W.; lat. 43° 29′ N.), at the confluence of the Nive and the Adour, about two miles from the bay of Biscay. It has 13,600 inhabitants, 6000 of whom live in the suburbs. The Nive and the Adour (the former of which is navigable about 30, and the latter 70 miles) form a harbor capable of admitting men of war from 40 to 50 guns, but it has a difficult access. These two rivers serve to convey timber, tar and iron from the Pyrenees to B. A citadel, built by Vauban, on the summit of an eminence in the suburb, commands the harbor and the city. The bishop of B. is under the archbishop of Toulouse, and exercises spiritual jurisdiction over three departments. The cathedral is a beautiful ancient building. B. has considerable commerce with Spain; French and foreign goods being exchanged for iron, fruit, gold and silver. B. is much engaged in the cod and whale fishery, in which, before the revolution, 30-40 vessels of 250 tons burthen were employed. Masts and other timber for ship-building, from the Pyrenees, are exported to Brest and other ports of France. The hams of B. are famous. Its wine and chocolate are shipped to the north of Europe. Among the lower class, the ancient Biscayan or Basque language is spoken. Catharine of Medicis had an important interview with the duke of Alba in B., June 1565. The meeting of Napoleon with the king of Spain, Charles IV, and the prince of the Asturias, also took place here in May, 1808, in consequence of which the two last signed (5th and 10th May) an agreement, by which they, and all the children of the king,

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transferred their rights to the Spanish territories, in Europe and India, to the French emperor. Napoleon convened a Spanish general junta at B., June 15th, to draw up a constitution. This constitution was published July 6, and Joseph departed, on the 9th, from B. for Madrid. The convention of B., between the Poles and France, was signed on the 10th May, 1808. (See Schöll's Traités de Paix, vol. 9, page 28.) The transactions at B. are some of the most important in Napoleon's life, and disclose the wretched character of the royal family of Spain.

BAZAR, BAZAAR, or BASAR; a marketplace in the East. The word is Arabic, and originally denotes sale or exchange. Some are open, some covered with lofty ceilings, or domes. At the bazars, or in the neighborhood of them, are the coffeehouses, so much frequented in Turkey, Persia, &c.; and, as the Orientals live almost entirely out of doors, the bazars of populous cities, besides their mercantile importance, are of consequence as places of social intercourse. The bazar of Ispahan is one of the finest places in Persia. That of Tauris is the largest known. At Constantinople are two bazars-the old and new one. In the Oriental tales,-for instance, in the Arabian Nights,—the bazars occupy a very conspicuous place. Since the system of credit is almost entirely unknown in Eastern trade, and all commercial transactions take place in merchandise and money, the places where this merchandise is brought and changed from one owner to another are, of course, very much frequented.—The word bazar has been used, in recent times, also, in Europe. Thus there is the wellknown bazar in Soho square, in London.

BEACON. (See Signals, and Lighthouse.) BEAGLE; a species of the genus dog, kept entirely for hunting hares. They are small, and much inferior to the hare in swiftness, but have a very delicate scent, and seldom fail of running her down.

BEAR (ursus, L.); a genus of carniv orous, or, more accurately, frugi-carnivorous, mammiferous quadrupeds, beonging to the family plantigrada, which trea on the entire soles of the [hind] fee The genus is characterized by a heavy body, covered with a thick, woolly coat, a large head, terminating in a prolonged snout, with very extensible lips. The ears are of moderate size, and rather pointed, and the tongue smooth. The limbs are large and heavy, and all the feet are five-toed, and furnished with