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even in foreign countries. B., the capital, is the centre of trade. The country is provided with good roads.

BRUNSWICK, capital of the duchy of the same name, is situated on the Ocker, and contains 3041 houses, with 32,500 inhabitants. It was formerly one of the free cities of Germany, but it is now subject to the duke, and has been the ducal residence since 1754. The principal buildings are the ducal palace, the mint, the house in which the diet assembles, the town-house, the arsenal and the cathedral, the public wine-cellars. The collegium Carolinum was founded in 1745, and intended as a medium between the common schools and the universities. It has enjoyed a high reputation even in foreign countries, particularly in England and Russia. The principal manufactures are wool, yarn, linen, porcelain, pasteboard, paper hangings and chemical preparations. The traffic in home produce, and the carrying trade, are of some consequence, and the great Brunswick fairs rank next to those of Leipsic and Frankfort. Lat. 52° 16′ N.; lon. 10° 29′ 30′′ E. BRUNSWICK; a post-town of Maine, in Cumberland county, on the south-west side of the Androscoggin, 26 miles N. E. of Portland; lat. 43° 53′ N.; lon. 69° 55′ W.; population, 2931. The falls of the Androscoggin, at this place, afford excellent seats for several mills and manufactories. Bowdoin college, in this town, was incorporated in 1794, and went into operation in 1802. It is pleasantly situated on an elevated plain, about half a mile from the Androscoggin, is a well endowed and flourishing institution, and has a medical school connected with it. The officers, in 1829, consisted of a president, a professor of mathematics, natural philosophy, chemistry and mineralogy, a professor of the learned languages, a professor of moral and intellectual philosophy.

BRUNSWICK, NEW. (See New Brunswick.)

BRUNSWICK, Charles William Ferdinand, duke of, was born in 1735. He was the eldest son of the reigning duke Charles of Brunswick and a sister of Frederic the Great. At the age of 7, his education was committed to the abbé Jerusalem, then chaplain to the court at Wolfenbüttel. At the age of 12, he entered, under the superintendence of Jerusalem, the collegium Carolinum, then recently established. His tutor was the chamberlain von Wittorf--a man of talents, but without principle. His ambi

tion was early kindled by the achievements of Frederic II. The seven years war afforded him the first opportunity of cultivating his military talents. He commanded the Brunswick troops in the allied army, and, in the fatal battle at Hastenbeck, July 28th, 1757, in which he recaptured a battery that had been taken by the French in the centre of the allied army, "he showed" (such was the expression of Frederic) "that nature had destined him for a hero." June 23d, 1758, he decided the victory of Crefeld. He took the most active part in all the enterprises of his uncle Ferdinand; and Frederic's esteem for him continued to increase, as appears from his Geschichte des Siebenjährigen Kriegs (History of the Seven Years' War), and his Ode auf den Erbprinzen von Braunschweig (Ode on the hereditary Prince of Brunswick). In 1764, he married the princess Augusta of England. Having early become acquainted with the real situation of his native country, and drawn salutary instruction from the constant embarrassments of his father, before he entered upon the government, he practised the greatest economy, living mostly retired from public business, and devoted to the arts and sciences. In 1773, he entered the Prussian service, and became general of infantry, but had no opportunity of cultivating his military talents. After the death of his father (in 1780), he entered upon the government with zeal and activity. Anxious above all for the improvement of the finances, he diminished his household, discharged the debts of the state, encouraged agriculture, extended the liberty of commerce, undertook or assisted in the erection of considerable buildings, and, by causing Italian operas, masquerades, &c. to be exhibited gratis, provided also for the amusement of the public. Yet, with the best intentions, he was often unsuccessful. This was the case with his plans for the improvement of public education. invited men of learning into the country at great expense, but, the projected reformation having met with innumerable obstacles, they became a burthen to the state. In 1787, he was obliged to place himself at the head of a Prussian army for the support of the stadtholder of Holland. The facility with which this campaign was terminated procured the duke more reputation than he perhaps deserved. High expectations were entertained of him when the wars of the French revolution broke out. The duke received the chief command of the Austrian and Prus

He

BRUNSWICK.

sian army, and issued at Coblentz, July 15, 1792, the famous manifesto, drawn up in a very harsh and haughty style by a Frenchman, De Limon. It certainly did more injury to the allied forces than a hostile army could have done. It inflamed the French nation almost to fury against the insolent conquerors, who intended “to make every city, that dared to resist, level with the ground, and to cut their way to Paris." The emperor Francis approved it, and so did the king of Prussia; but the duke considered the expressions too strong. The severest passages were expunged; but its tone was still very insolent. The duke designed to press forward from Lorraine to Paris, to cut off its supplies, and thus to force it to surrender by famine. Aug. 23, 1792, Longwy was taken, and, Sept. 2, Verdun. But, in Champagne, a country of itself unproductive, the transport of provisions for the army from the frontiers was rendered difficult by mountains and forests. Dumouriez was encamped in the vicinity of St. Menehould, and skirmishes took place daily; but Dumouriez, not willing to hazard the fate of France, and foreseeing that the Germans would be forced to retreat by want and disease, avoided a decisive action, notwithstanding the efforts of the enemy to provoke him to it. The Germans were, therefore, obliged to conclude an armistice, and to evacuate Champagne. Custines took Worms and Spire during this retreat, and, Oct. 21, captured the fortress of Mentz, and soon afterwards Frankfort, which latter city, however, was retaken by the Prussians and Hessians Dec. 2. The endeavors of the Germans, therefore, were principally directed to the recapture of those places. To this end the duke, in conjunction with the Austrians, opened the campaign on the Upper Rhine in 1793, took the fortress of Königstein March 7, conquered Mentz July 22, and prepared to attack the strong fortress of Landau, then in the power of the French. The French, on the other hand, Sept. 14, made a general attack on the duke and Wurmser, from Strasburg to Saarbrück. On that day, the duke had a sanguinary engagement with Moreau, in the vicinity of Pirmasens, a town belonging to the landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt. The French were driven from their camp near the village of Hornbach, as far as to the Saar. A month later, the duke, having formed a union with Wurmser, succeeded, Oct. 13th, in his attack on the lines of Weis

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senburg, and his attempt to draw nearer to Landau. In order to gain another strong point of support, he ventured, on the night of Nov. 16, to make an assault upon the mountain-fortress of Bitsch, which is the key of the Vosges, as the roads from Landau, Pirmasens, Weissenburg and Strasburg unite at that place. This attempt miscarried. Between the 28th and the 30th of November, however, he defeated a division of the army of the Moselle, at Lautern, which was pressing through the mountains, under the command of Hoche, with the intention of relieving Landau. But the daily attacks of Hoche and Pichegru, without regard to the sacrifice of men, and the successful attempt of the latter to break the Austrian lines near Froschweiler, Dec. 22, forced the Austrians to retreat beyond the Rhine, and occasioned the retreat of the duke also. As some difficulties had already risen between Austria and Prussia, he laid down the chief command of the army in the beginning of the year 1794. Möllendorf was his successor. The duke continued to labor for the welfare of his country until the fatal year 1806. Although he was now of such an age that he might have retired without reproach from public life, yet he assumed burthens beyond his powers. At the beginning of the year 1806, commissioned by the king of Prussia, he made a journey to Petersburg relative to the war that soon broke out with France. He was then placed at the head of the Prussian army. But his physical strength was not equal to his moral energy, as was proved by the battles of Jena and Auerstädt. (q. v.) He was mortally wounded, and closed his life at Ottensen, near Altona, Nov. 10, 1806. As a civil ruler, he was distinguished for good intentions; yet the want of consistency, which is evident in most actions of his life, may have been the cause of the many failures of his benevolent purposes. The duke's subjects were also offended by his foreign partialities, particularly his fatal inclination for the French nation, which had been instilled into him by Frederic II.

BRUNSWICK, Ferdinand, duke of, born at Brunswick, Jan. 11th, 1721, fourth son of duke Ferdinand Albert, was educated for the military profession. In 1739, he entered into the Prussian service, was engaged in the Silesian wars, and became one of the mos. eminent generals in the seven years' war. He commanded the allied army in Westphalia, where, always opposed to superior forces, he displayed

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superior talents. He drove the French from Lower Saxony, Hesse and Westphalia, and was victorious in the two great battles of Crefeld and Minden. (See Seven Years' War.)-After the peace, he resigned his commission, on account of a misunderstanding between him and the king. From that time he lived at Brunswick, the patron of art and literature. He died in 1792.

BRUNSWICK, Frederic William, duke of; fourth and youngest son of duke Charles William Ferdinand of Brunswick. He was born in 1771, and received the same education with his second and third brothers, who were a few years older, till the military career, to which he was destined, gave his studies a particular direction. He was loved by his father with great tenderness, but very strictly treated. In 1786, he was appointed, by the king of Prussia, successor of his uncle, Frederic Augustus, duke of Oels and Bernstadt. He then went to Lausanne, remained two years in Switzerland, and, upon his return, was made captain in a Prussian regiment of foot. During the war against France, in 1792, and the following year, he fought in the Prussian armies, and was twice wounded. After the peace of Bâle, he received a regiment, and, in 1804, married the princess Maria Elisabeth Wilhelmina of Baden. The offspring of this marriage were two princesses, born in 1804 and 1806, who are still living. In 1805, his uncle died, and he became duke of Oels and Bernstadt. In 1806, he took part in the war against France, with all the fire which the oppression of Germany and his father's unhappy fate had kindled in him. He finally joined the corps of Blücher, and was made prisoner with him at Lübeck. By the death of his eldest brother, the hereditary prince, who died in September of the same year, without leaving any children, and by an agreement adjusted by his father between him and his elder brothers, who, on account of their blindness, were unfit to govern, and were unmarried, he would have succeeded his father in the government of Brunswick, had not the peace of Tilsit and Napoleon's will prevented. After that time, he lived at Bruchsal, where, in April, 1808, his wife died. In 1809, at the breaking out of the war between Austria and France, he raised a body of volunteers in Bohemia. Schill had already perished in Stralsund, when the duke made an invasion into Saxony. He was, however, compelled, oy the king of Westphalia, to evacuate

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Dresden and Leipsic, with his black hs. sars. The duke, in conjunction with the Austrian general Am Ende, forced his way from Dresden to Franconia, whither the Austrians, under Kienmayer, had penetrated from Bohemia. etrated from Bohemia. After the armistice of Znaim (July 12), the Austrians again evacuated Dresden, which they had occupied for the second time, and retreated behind the frontiers of Bohemia. But the duke, renouncing his alliance with the emperor of Austria, advanced with his corps, consisting of 1500 men, among whom were 700 horse, from Altenburg, towards Leipsic. After a slight skirmish with the garrison there, he continued his march to Halle, where he arrived July 27, and immediately pushed on to Halberstadt, where he arrived July 30. The Westphalian colonel Wellingerode, with the fifth regiment of infantry, had entered the place the same morning. Although this regiment made a gallant resistance, it was overpowered, and its commander taken prisoner. The duke then proceeded to Brunswick, his native city, where he arrived July 31, and bivouacked on the ramparts. He did not allow himself any rest, for he was closely pursued on all sides. The Westphalian general Reubel assembled 4000 men of his division at Ohof, in the vicinity of Brunswick; general Gratien, with a Dutch division, had set out from Erfurt; and the Danish general Ewald, marching from Glückstadt into the territories of Hanover, crossed the Elbe in order to cover that river. Aug. 1, Reubel met the duke not far from Brunswick, near the village of Oelper, and an action ensued (the 11th since he had left Saxony), in which a corps of 4000 men not only retreated before 1500, but also opened to them the only way by which they could escape. Aug. 2, the duke left Brunswick. From the road he took, it was conjectured that he would march towards Celle, whither he was pursued, therefore, by the Westphalian troops. Instead, however, of doing this, he took his way through Hanover immediately to Nienburg, crossed the Weser, and, having destroyed the bridges behind him, marched down the river. He reached Hoya Aug. 4, and hastened his march upon the left bank of the Weser, while part of his corps, to make a demonstration, turned towards Bremen. Here the black hussars entered on the 5th, and occupied the gates, but on the next day continued their march. Meantime the duke advanced through the territory of Oldenburg. He passed the nigl..

BRUNSWICK-BRUSSELS.

of the 5th of August at Delmenhorst, and appeared to be directing his course to East Friesland, in order to embark there. But, contrary to expectation, he crossed, at Huntebrück, the small river Hunte, which falls into the Weser, seized the merchant ships which were lying at Elsfleth, principally unloaded, embarked his troops in the night of the 6th, leaving behind the horses, and procuring, in that country, which is inhabited by seamen, the necessary sailors by force. On the 7th, in the morning, the duke himself, having the English flag hoisted, set sail, and, on the 8th, landed at Heligoland, whence he sailed, on the 11th, with his corps, for England. In England, the duke was received with great distinction. His corps immediately entered the English service, and was afterwards employed in Portugal and Spain. The parliament granted him a pension of £6000, until he returned to his hereditary dominions, `Dec. 22, 1813. He was a prince of an uncommonly open character. In his hereditary states, he acted with the best intentions; but his frequent errors disappointed the great expectations which had been formed of him, and narrow-minded counsellors contributed to lead him astray. He wished to sow and reap at the same time. His military spirit and penetrating mind led him to foresee new dangers from the great oppressor of Europe. His great preparations must be explained from this view of circumstances in 1814 and 1815.

His finances were thrown into great disorder by his maintaining so many troops; and even the interest of the public debt was not paid. Thus he became unpopular as the sovereign of a country which had been prosperous under his father's sceptre. The events of 1815 called him again to arms, and he fell June 16, 1815. (See Quatrebras, and Ligny.)

BRUNSWICK, Louis Ernest, duke of; third son of Ferdinand Albert, duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg; born in 1718; entered the imperial service in 1750; became field-marshal of the republic of Holland; during seven years from 1759, was captain-general of the United Provinces; was regent during the minority of the stadtholder, and had previously preserved the neutrality of the republic during the long war of the neighboring powers from 1754. After the stadtholder became of age, B. was made counsellor by the states-general. Having, however, incurred the hatred of the people by his partiality for the nobility, and some other 26

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errors, he was obliged to leave the stadtholder in 1772. He died in 1788.

BRUNSWICK (M. J. Leopold), prince of, major-general in the Prussian service, youngest son of duke Charles of Brunswick, born at Wolfenbüttel in 1752, was instructed by the abbé Jerusalem. He studied in Strasburg military science and other branches of knowledge, travelled through Italy under the care of Lessing, and entered the Prussian service, in 1776, as commander of a regiment of foot, at Frankfort on the Oder. In this city, where he resided after his return from the Bavarian war of succession in 1779, he gained universal esteem by his amiable character, his talents, and his zeal for literature. In 1780, Frankfort was preserved, by his activity, from an inundation which threatened to overthrow the dikes and deluge the suburbs. He displayed the same vigilance on the occasion of several conflagrations, with which this city was afflicted. He visited the poor in their most miserable haunts, and his life was devoted to works of benevolence. He fell a sacrifice to his humanity in the inundation of 1785, in which he was drowned while hastening to the assistance of the suburbs. The monuments that have been erected to him will bear witness to future generations of the esteem of his contemporaries.

BRUSH-WHEELS. In light machinery, wheels sometimes turn each other by means of bristles or brushes fixed to their circumference. They may, also, communicate circular motion by friction only. The surface brought in contact is then formed of the end grain of wood, or is covered with an elastic substance, and the wheels are pressed together to increase the friction.

BRUSSELS, formerly the capital of the Austrian Netherlands, with 75,000 inhabitants, principally Catholics, and, after Amsterdam, the second city of the kingdom of the Netherlands, is a handsome city of South Brabant. During 20 years, from 1794 to 1814, it was in the possession of the French, and the chief town in the department of the Dyle. It is now, alternately with the Hague, the royal residence, and the place of meeting of the states-general of the kingdom. It is a favorite resort of the English, many of whom have resided here since the peace of 1814. The gloomy forest of Soignies, so memorable since the battle of Waterloo, lies on the south and south-west of the town. It was formerly surrounded by a wall, which has been demolished,

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and the ramparts laid out in public walks. The upper part of the city is magnificent. The park is a spacious square, laid out with shaded walks, and surrounded by the palaces, public offices and principal private houses. In the lower part, lying on a plain watered by the Senne, the streets are narrow and crowded, but the great market-place is very beautiful. This part of the city is intersected by several canals, connected with the Senne, and the great Scheldt canal. The other principal squares are Oorlogo plaats, Michael's plaats and Sands plaats. The principal churches are St. Michael's and the church of St. Gudule. B. also contains an academy of arts and sciences, a foundling hospital, and a central school with a library of 100,000 volumes, a valuable gallery of paintings and a cabinet of natural history. The school of medicine and that of botany have also apartments, and there is a public botanic garden. The town is ornamented with 20 public fountains, all embellished with sculpture. The manufactures of B. are celebrated throughout Europe and America, particularly its lace, camlets and carpets; the first alone employs 10,000 individuals. Its carriages surpass even those of London and Paris. The other articles made here are ticking, various kinds of cotton and woollen stuffs, silk stockings, galloons, earthenware, &c. It carries on considerable trade with the interior of the Netherlands, and also with foreign countries, by means of its canals. The principal of these was constructed in 1560 and 1561, and leads to Antwerp: it is 110 feet above the level of the sea. The city owes its origin to St. Gery, who, in the 7th century, built a chapel on an island in the Senne, and preached to the peasants. As the numbers collected here became great, it was surrounded with a wall in 1044, and became, in process of time, the residence of the dukes of Brabant, and of the Austrian governors. It was several times captured by the French, and, in 1789–90, took the lead in the troubles which broke out in the Netherlands.

Locrine had England, Camber Wales, and Albanact Scotland.

BRUTUS, Lucius Junius, son of Marcus Junius and the daughter of the elder Tarquin, saved his life from the persecutions of Tarquin the Proud by feigning himself insane, on which account he received the surname Brutus (stupid). During a plague that broke out at Rome, he accompanied the son of Tarquin to the oracle in Delphi. When Lucretia, the wife of Collatinus, plunged a dagger into her bosom, that she might not outlive the insult which she had suffered from Sextus, the son of Tarquin, B., being present, threw off the mask. He drew the dagger, all bloody, from the wound, and swore vengeance against the Tarquins, explaining to the astonished spectators the reason of his pretended imbecility, and persuading all who were present to take the same oath. The people submitted to his guidance, and he caused the gates to be shut, the inhabitants to be assembled, and the body to be publicly exposed. He then urged the banishment of the Tarquins. After this had been resolved on, B. proposed to abolish the regal dignity, and introduce a free government. It was then determined that two consuls should exercise supreme power for a year, and Junius Brutus and Tarquinius Collatinus were chosen for the first term. Tarquin, who had seen the gates shut against him, and found himself deserted by his army, sent ambassadors to Rome to demand a restoration of his private property, and, at the same time, to promise that he would make no attempt against the republic. His request was granted. The ambassadors, however, set on foot a conspiracy, and drew into it many young men, among whom were the two sons of B. and the nephews of Collatinus. But a slave named Vindex discovered the plot. The criminals were imprisoned, and the consuls caused the people the next morning to be called to the comitia. All were deeply shocked to see the sons of B. among the prisoners, and their father on the judgment-seat to

BRUTUS, OF BRUTE, in the fabulous his- condemn them. or tory of Britain, was the first king of the island, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth. He is said to have been the son of Sylvius, and grandson of Ascanius, the son of Æneas, and to have been born in Italy. He landed at Totness, in Devonshire, destroyed the giants who then inhabited Albion, and called the island from his own name. At his death, the island was divided among his three sons:

Collatinus wept, and

even the stern Valerius sat silent. But B. arose firmly, and, after their crime had been proved beyond a doubt, ordered the lictors to execute the law. Neither the entreaties of the people nor of his sons could alter his resolution. He witnessed the horrible spectacle without emotion, and did not leave the assembly until after the execution. He was called back, however, when Collatinus wished to save

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