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CATHARINE II-CATHARINE PAWLOWNA.

her reign; and her anxiety to enlighten her subjects ceased when she began to entertain the idea that the French revolution had been brought about by the progress of civilization. Laws, colonies, schools, manufactures, hospitals, canals, towns, fortifications, every thing was commenced, but frequently left unfinished for want of means. She issued no paper money. Several letters, and other compositions by her, in the French and Russian languages, have been published. A statue of Catharine, of white marble, in a sitting posture, was executed by professor Göthe, at Stockholm, in 1825. The manners of the Russian court, in her time, are set forth in the diary of Krapomisky (St. Petersburg, 1826). Krapomisky was her private secretary for 10 years. Among several histories of her life are Tooke's Life of Catharine II (3 vols.), and Castera's Histoire de Catharine II (3 vols.).

CATHARINE PARR, sixth and last wife of Henry VIII, was the eldest daughter of sir Thomas Parr of Kendal, and was, at an early age, distinguished for her learning and good sense. She was first married to Edward Burghe, and secondly to John Neville, lord Latimer, and, after his death, attracted the notice of Henry VIII, whose queen she became in 1543. Her zealous encouragement of the reformed religion excited the anger and jealousy of Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, the chancellor Wriothesley, and others of the Catholic faction, who conspired to ruin her with the king. Taking advantage of one of his moments of irritation, they accused her of heresy and treason, and prevailed upon the king to sign a warrant for her committal to the Tower. This being accidentally discovered to her, she repaired to the king, who purposely turned the conversation to religious subjects, and began to sound her opinions. Aware of his purpose, she humbly replied, "that on such topics she always, as became her sex and station, referred herself to the wisdom of his majesty, as he, under God, was her only supreme head and governor here on earth." "Not so, by St. Mary, Kate," replied Henry; "you are, as we take it, become a doctor, to instruct, and not to be instructed by us." Catharine judiciously replied, that she only objected in order to be benefited by his superior learning and knowledge. "Is it so, sweetheart ?" said the king; "and tended your arguments to no worse end? Then are we perfect friends again." After the death of the king, she espoused the lord admiral sir Thomas Seymour, uncle to

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Edward VI; but this connexion pro ed unhappy, and involved her in troubles and difficulties. She died in child-bed in 1548, not without suspicion of poison. She was a zealous promoter of the reformation. Among her papers, after her death, was found a composition, entitled Queen Catharine Parr's Lamentations of a Sinner, bewailing the Ignorance of her blind Life; a contrite meditation on the years she had passed in Catholic fasts and pilgrimages. It was published, with a preface, by the great lord Burleigh, in 1548. In her lifetime, she published a volume of "Prayers or Meditations, wherein the Mind is stirred patiently to suffer all Afflictions here, and to set at nought the vaine Prosperitie of this Worlde, and also to long for the everlasting Felicitee." Many of her letters have also been printed.

CATHARINE PAWLOWNA, queen of Würtemburg, grand-princess of Russia; born May 21, 1788; younger sister of the emperor Alexander, and widow of George, prince of Holstein-Oldenburg, whom she married in 1809, and thus got rid of a proposal of marriage made her by Napoleon. George died in Russia, December, 1812. Her two sons, by this marriage, born in 1810 and 1812, are still living. She was distinguished alike for beauty, talents and resolution, and exhibited the tenderest affection for her brother Alexander. After 1812, she was frequently his companion in the campaigns in Germany and France, as well as during his residence at London and Vienna, and evidently had an important influence on several of his measures. It is said that she effected, in 1814, the marriage of the prince of Orange with her younger sister. In 1813, William, crown-prince of Würtemburg, in Germany, formed an acquaintance with her, and, in 1814, saw her again in Paris. They were married Jan. 24, 1816, at Petersburg; and, after the death of his father, in October, 1816, he ascended with her the throne of Würtemburg.— She was a generous benefactor to her subjects in the famine of 1816. She formed the female associations existing throughout the country, and established an agricultural society. She labored to promote the education of her people, and founded valuable institutions for the poor (particularly a school for educating and employing poor children), a school for the females of the higher classes, and savings banks for the lower classes, after the example of the English savings banks. Indeed, she interfered, often arbitrarily, in the internal economy of the state, and

CATHARINE PAWLOWNA-CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION.

chiefly imitated the institutions of England. For the fine arts she had but little taste. She died Jan. 9, 1819, leaving two daughters.

CAT-HARPINGS; small ropes in a ship, running in little blocks, from one side of the shrouds to the other, near the deck. Their use is to force the main shrouds tight, for the ease and safety of the masts when the ship rolls.

CATHEDRAL; the Episcopal church of a diocese. The word is derived from the Greek κα0édpa, a seat or bench. From the early times of the Christian church, the bishop presided in the presbytery, or the assembly of priests. He was seated on a chair, a little higher than that of the others. The whole meeting of priests was called cathedra; and, at a later period, when Christians were allowed to build churches, this name was applied to the Episcopal churches, and the name basilica to the particular churches erected in honor of a saint or a martyr. In the middle ages, the cathedral received the form of the cross. Several of the old churches are masterpieces of Gothic architecture. Among these are the cathedral at Oviedo, that at Milan [see Storia e Descrizione del Duomo di Milano (commenced in 1387, and not yet finished), by Gaet. Franchetti, with engravings, Milan, 1821, 4to.]; those at Toledo and Burgos; those at Rouen, Rheims, Amiens, and the church of Notre-Dame, in Paris (see Cathédrales Françaises, dessinées, lithogr. et publ. par Chapuy, avec un Atlas historique et descriptif, par Jolimont, 36 numbers, Paris, 1823 et seq. It contains views of 25 cathedrals). Those at Lund, Drontheim, Upsal, at York, Salisbury and Canterbury, also Westminster abbey, are celebrated (see J. Britton's Hist. and Antiquities of the Metropolitan Church of Canterbury, London, 1823, with engravings; and Cathedratical Antiquities, by the same author). The cathedrals at Oppenheim, Ulm, Marburg, Meissen, Freiburg q. v.) in the Brisgau, are fine buildings (see doctor Moller's Denkmale der Deutschen Baukunst, Darmstadt, 1825; and F. W. Schwechten's Der Dom zu Meissen, bildl. dargest. u. beschr., Berlin, 1826, 3 nos.). Respecting the cathedral of Cologne, see Boisserée. (For further information, see Wiebeking's work Die Kathedralen von Rheims und York, nebst den Grundrissen von 42 andern merkwürdigen Kirchen, Múnich, 1825, fol., with engravings.) In Rome there has appeared, since 1822, the Collection of the oldest Christian Churches, or Basilicas, of Rome, from the

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4th to the 13th Century; drawn and published by J. G. Gutensohn and J. M. Knapp (architects); accompanied by an Archæol. Histor. Description, by Anth. Nibby, professor of Archæology in the University at Rome; 7 numbers, each containing 7 plates. There is now in the course of publication at Milan, a splendid work, entitled Chiese principali d'Europa, which will extend to 36 numbers; each of them being devoted to one particular edifice. From the numbers already published, we extract the subsequent measurements of celebrated buildings. St. Peter's, at Rome.

English feet. 233

Width of the cathedral,
External diameter of the cupola,
Total height, . .

Cathedral at Milan.

Width of the front,
Width of the cross,
Total height,

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. 158

448

Feet.

216

251

350

Pieds*.

103

61

132

139

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Feet. 148

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450

235

Feet.

517

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386

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CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION. Emancipation, with the Romans, signified the release of a son from the power of his father, or of a slave from that of his master.

It was performed before the pretor attended by certain solemnities. By the emancipation of the Catholics is understood the abolition of those civil and ecclesiastical restraints, to which the Catholics of Great Britain, and particularly of Ireland, were once subjected. Ireland, from the time of its subjugation, was maltreated by its conquerors; and repeated attempts, on the part of the na tives, to free themselves from foreign domination, only increased the severity

* The measurements of this edifice are given in feet; but they are neither Roman nor the Parisian, nor any other feet we are acquainted with.

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of their rulers. (See Orangemen.) The Catholic inhabitants of the country were excluded from public offices, and from all participation in the choice of members of parliament. None but the Anglo-Irish, belonging to the Episcopal church, which had now become the established church in Ireland-men who possessed the greatest part of the landed property, that had been torn from the original inhabitants were eligible to public offices, or to a seat in parliament. In this oppressed condition the Irish Catholics remained till 1793. But when the principles disseminated at the time of the French revolution produced a general fermentation, which extended to the Irish Catholics, a lively desire was awakened in them to obtain equal rights with their Protestant fellow-citizens. They were supported in England itself by a very respectable party. Burke repeatedly spoke in parliament in favor of their emancipation. In 1792, they presented a petition, praying for the abolition of all the restrictions to which they had hitherto been subjected. Upon this, a recommendation was addressed from the throne to the Irish parliament, to contrive means for the melioration of the condition of the Catholics. Accordingly, the Irish act, so called, was passed in 1793, which conferred the elective franchise on the Catholics, threw open to them all employments in the army in Ireland, and all offices in the navy. Three offices in the army only were exceptedthose of the commander-in-chief, mastergeneral of the ordnance, and generals on the staff. They continued to be excluded, however, from 30 public offices, and from parliament-an arrangement which could not be changed without a repeal of the corporation and test acts. (q. v.) A part of the Irish Catholics were satisfied with the concessions. Another party, however, encouraged by a few noblemen, who had entered into connexion with France, cherished the hope that Ireland would succeed, with the help of France, in freeing itself from the British power. An insurrection speedily broke out, which was quelled by the severity of the governor, lord Camden. It blazed forth again, however, in 1798, and Ireland became the theatre of a new civil war. By this rebellion, judicious men, both in England and Ireland, were convinced that, as long as the two kingdoms had separate legislatures, and that of the weaker was dependent on that of the stronger, and the inhabitants of the two kingdoms thought their interests incon

sistent, jealousy and distrust would continue. The Anglo-Irish, also, who had previously desired the independence of Ireland, and, at first, supported the rebellion, perceived that the superior numbers of the Catholics, and their bitter enmity to the Protestants, would make the separation of Ireland from England a great misfortune for them. It was resolved, then, to unite Ireland with England; and, three years after the last re bellion, the union was effected, and the united parliament was opened Jan. 22, 1801. In regard to ecclesiastical affairs, nothing further was provided in the act of union, than that the Episcopal church in Ireland should remain the established church, and should constitute, with the English, one church. Respecting the condition of the Catholics nothing was done, and Pitt observed that it would be well to reserve this business for future deliberation. The united parliament had been in session but a few days, when reports were spread, which cast a dark shade over the union, and gave occasion for much anxiety. The Catholics in Ireland, it was said, complained of the nonfulfilment of expectations which had been held out to them, to make them favorable to the union. Full emancipation had been promised them, as a certain consequence of it. Pitt, the author of the union, had pledged himself, with his colleagues, to promote the fulfilment of this wish of the Catholics. After the union was completed, invincible obstructions were found in the way of the accomplishment of their promise. Pitt and his colleagues had encouraged these hopes with the expectation of being able to fulfil them. For this reason, they endeavored, after the union was completed, to obtain an act of parliament, by which admission to parliament and to offices of state, from which the Catholics were still excluded, should be made possible for a certain number of them, by dispensing with the test-oath. But the king set himself against this measure, as being inconsistent with his coronation-oath. Pitt and his colleagues, therefore, in 1801, resigned their places. Pitt foresaw that, if both houses agreed to this measure, the king would still withhold his permission; and thus the discontent of the Catholics would be directed against the person of the king himself. This, like a wise statesman, he wished by all means to avert; and, en this ground, in 1805, he spoke against the emancipation, when the opposition proposed anew to grant the Catholic a

CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION-CATHOLIC MAJESTY.

seat and a voice in parliament, and admissibility to all offices of state. During late years, the petition for complete emancipation has been several times renewed in vain. In 1822, on the motion of Mr. Canning, a bill was passed, in the house of commons, by a majority of 21 voices, enabling Roman Catholic peers to sit in parliament; but, in the house of lords, the bill was rejected. The same happened in 1825, when the duke of York, who died in 1827, solemnly opposed it. In 1827, under Canning's administration, the motion for emancipation was lost, in the house of commons, by a'majority of 3. The measure has, at last, been effected, under the administration of the duke of Wellington. The disturbances in Ireland were assuming continually a more organized character, under the influence of the Catholic association, which was spread through the country, and directed by men of great abilities--such as O'Connell and Shiels so that his grace was, at last, driven to support the cause of emancipation. He said that he had to choose between concession to the Catholics and civil war. Mr. Peel, who had formerly spoken warmagainst emancipation, now moved it in the house of commons. One of the chief opposers of the measure was lord Eldon, the former lord chancellor; one of the royal family-the duke of Cumberlandalso took part with the opponents.-The emancipation of the Catholics is so interesting an event, that the following abstract of the fate of various motions respecting it may not be unacceptable to our readers. In the year 1805, a majority of 129 in the house of lords, and of 212 in the house of commons, refused to act on the petition of the Catholics, moved severally by lord Grenville and Mr. Fox. In 1807, lord Grenville withdrew his motion in favor of emancipation, it being understood that his majesty was averse to it. In 1808, Mr. Grattan's motion was rejected, in the house of commons, by a majority of 153, and lord Donoughmore's, in the house of lords, by a majority of 87. In 1810, a motion to the same effect, by the same members, was again lost, by a majority of 112 in the commons, and 86 in the lords. In 1812, there was a majority of 72 in the lords, and 85 in the commons, against the movers. Mr. Canning's motion was lost, in the same year, by a majority of 129 in the commons, and that of the marquis of Wellesley, by a majority of 113 in the lords. In 1813, he motions of Mr. Grattan, sir John Cox

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Hippesley and doctor Duigenan, drew forth majorities against the Catholics of 40, 48 and 42, and, on the 24th of May, the bill was given up. In 1821, Mr. Plunkett carried the bill through the house of commons by a majority of 19; but it was lost in the lords by a majority of 39. In 1822, Mr. Canning carried it, in the commons, by a majority of 21; but it was thrown out, in the lords, by a majority of 42. In 1825, sir Francis Burdett carried it, in the commons, by a majority of 27; but it was again thrown out, in the lords, by a majority of 48. In 1827, sir Francis Burdett's motion for a committee was lost, in the commons, by a majority of 3. In 1828, the motion for a conference with the lords was carried, in the commons, by a majority of 6; but thrown out, in the lords, by a majority of 45. And, in 1829 (April 10), a relief bill, abolishing the civil disabilities on Roman Catholics, by repealing the oaths of supremacy, &c., was carried through the commons by Mr. Peel, with a majority of 180 on the second reading, and 178 on the third; and through the lords, by the duke of Wellington, with a majority of 105 on the second reading, and 104 on the third. By this bill, Catholics are eligible to all offices of state, excepting the lordchancellorships of England and Ireland, the lord-lieutenancy of Ireland, the office of regent or guardian of the United Kingdom, and that of high commissioner to the church of Scotland. They are still excluded from the right of presentation to livings, and all places connected with the ecclesiastical courts and establishment. The church patronage attached to any office in the hands of a Catholic is to be vested in the archbishop of Canterbury. Attached to the bill is a clause for the gradual suppression of the Jesuits and monastic orders (religious establishments of females excepted). At the same time, the duke carried a disfranchisement bill, by which the 40 shilling freeholders of Ireland were disfranchised, and the income of real estate necessary to entitle to a vote in elections in that country raised to £10 sterling. There has lately been published a History of the late Catholic Association of Ireland, from its Institution, in 1760, to its final Dissolution in 1829; by Thomas Wyse, junior, Esq., one of the members of that body; 2 vols. 8vo., London, 1829, Colburn.

CATHOLIC MAJESTY; a title which pope Alexander VI gave to the kings of Spain, in memory of the perfect expulsion of the Moors out of Spain, in 1491, by Ferdi

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