fertile valleys in Switzerland, where the finest cattle are raised, and the well-known Emmenthal cheese made. Neat houses, comfortable dresses, and cheerfulness, indicate the prosperity of the inhabitants of this valley. The southern part of the canton, the Oberland (Upperland), (to which the valleys of Hasli, Grindervald, Lauterbrun, Cander, Frutingen, Adelboden, Simmen and Saanen, with numerous smaller valleys, belong), begins at the foot of the high mountain chain towards the Valais, and extends to its summit. The lower valleys produce good fruits, and are fertile and agreeable: higher up are excellent Alpine pastures; then succeed bare rocks, extensive glaciers (the source of magnificent water-falls), and the highest mountains of Switzerland, as the Finsteraarhorn, the Schreck-horn and Wetterhorn, the Eiger, the Jungfrau. The inhabitants of the Oberland live, principally, by raising cattle.-The chief trade is in linen and woollen manufactures, especially in Emmenthal. The revenues of the state amount to about 600,000 dollars. The canton furnishes 5824 men to the army of the confederacy, and contributes 104,080 Swiss francs to its support.-B. (1062 houses, with 17,620 inhabitants), one of the best built cities in Switzerland, is situated upon the declivity of a hill, on a peninsula, washed on three sides by the Aar. The streets are, for the greater part, straight, wide and well paved, and the houses partly provided with piazzas. Among the public buildings are the great Gothic cathedral, the church of the Holy Spirit, the university buildings, the handsomely built hospital, &c. B. has an academy, and several literary societies. The economical society, in particular, has done much for the improvement of agriculture, as well as for the better knowledge of the natural history of Switzerland. The historical society of Switzerland, of which the mayor of B., von Műlinen, is president, has published several chronicles relating to the former times of B., as that of Justinger (till 1421), 1819, that of Schachtlan, 1820, and that of Anshelm (till 1526), 1825. The gallery for native specimens of natural history, founded in 1802, contains viviparous animals, birds, butterflies, insects and plants. The public library possesses great treasures, both of printed books and manuscripts. Several private persons have museums, which are generally open to strangers. Trade and commerce are lively: the manufactories furnish woollen cloth, printed linen, silk stuffs, stockings,

&c.

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There are few cities with finer promenades, or where they are kept in better repair. One of the favorite walks, for instance, is near the cathedral, raised at great expense, and planted with four rows of trees. The side towards the Aar is 108 feet above the river, which here forms a beautiful cascade, equalling that of the Rhine at Lauffen, if not in height, at least in breadth.

BERNADOTTE. (See Charles XIV.)

BERNARD, Pierre Joseph; son of a statuary, born at Grenoble, 1710; died at Choisy, near Paris, 1775; studied with the Jesuits in Lyons, and entered as a clerk into the service of a notary in Paris. He was afterwards admitted into the service of the marshal de Coigny as secretary, and, by Louis XV, appointed treasurer of the dragoons, and, afterwards, librarian of Choisy. In 1771, he lost his memory by the apoplexy, and remained in this condition till his death. Among the poets who have sung in praise of pleasure, of whom the French nation possesses so many, B. is esteemed. In 1737, he brought the opera Castor and Pollux on the stage, which is a masterpiece of lyric-dramatic poetry. Rameau's music contributed to heighten the general applause with which it was received. L'Art d'Aimer was not published until after his death, but had been before communicated to his friends: it is, in part, an imitation of Ovid. Voltaire called B. le gentil. The whole of his works appeared at Paris, 1796.

BERNARD, duke of Weimar, general in the thirty years' war, born Aug. 6, 1604, the fourth son of duke John of SaxeWeimar, entered into the service of Holland, at that time the best school for a soldier, where prince Maurice of Nassau (the creator of a better system of tactics), his brother Frederic Henry, the marquis Spinola, and other great generals, were opposed to one another. B. afterwards entered the Danish army employed in Holstein against the troops of the emperor, and commanded by the margrave of Baden-Durlach, and was present at the conference of Lubeck, 1629, for negotiating peace. When Gustavus Adolphus entered Germany, B. joined him, and was present at the attack upon Wallenstein's camp, in the neighborhood of Nuremberg, Aug. 24, 1632. In the battle of Lutzen, Oct. 6, 1632, he commanded the left wing of the Swedish army, avenged the death of Gustavus Adolphus, and, although himself severely wounded, put the right wing of the imperial troops to flight. Chancellor Oxenstiern, the Swedish director

of the war in Germany, after the death of the king, committed the command of half the army to him. B., in 1633, took Bamberg, Cronach, Hochstadt and Aichstadt; but his attempt upon Ingolstadt miscarried. He also brought the cities of Ratisbon and Straubing into his power, and frustrated Wallenstein's intentions. The king of Sweden made him duke of Franconia. His impetuosity caused the defeat at Nordlingen (q. v.), Aug. 24, 1634. He himself narrowly escaped being made prisoner. The prudence of Oxenstiern and the valor of B. soon made amends for this fault. France, now entering into a closer alliance with Sweden, concluded a separate treaty with B., who went to Paris, Oct. 16, 1634. B. promised, for 4,000,000 livres, to raise an army of 18,000 men on the Rhine, to act against Austria. He now carried on the war in the country adjoining to the Rhine, took the fortress of Zabern, in Alsace, spread his army over Lorraine and Burgundy, and vanquished the forces of the emperor in several battles. At the commencement of the year 1638, he laid siege to Rheinfelden, not far from Bâle. Here he was unexpectedly attacked in his camp, Feb. 18, by an Austrian army that had advanced to raise the siege. B. was obliged to retreat before superior numbers; but, having soon collected hi forces, he attacked the Austrians by surprise, Feb. 21, and obtained a complete victory. Several Austrian generals were made prisoners, and the fortress of Rheinfelden was obliged to surrender, May 13. He then undertook the siege of Brisach, the possession of which was necessary for maintaining himself in Alsace. An imperial army, under the command of general Goetze, that approached with the intention of raising the siege, was defeated with a great loss by B., July 30. B. captured several places of inferior importance, during the siege of Brisach, which, however, did not surrender until he had repeatedly defeated the Austrians, and then upon very moderate conditions, which B. signed in his own name, without mentioning France. The possession of Alsace, which he had before ceded to France under certain conditions, was now secured; but he also demanded Brisach as an appurtenance to Alsace. He garrisoned all the conquered places with German troops, and ordered money to be coined with the Saxon coat of arms and that of Brisach. In vain were the efforts of France to deprive the duke of the possession of Brisach, by proposing to place a French garrison in the fortress: the duke

declined not only this proposal, but also an invitation to Paris, and the offer of a marriage with the duchess d'Aiguillon, niece of cardinal Richelieu. Instead of that match, he proposed one with the princess of Rohan, to which, however, the French court would not accede, lest the party of the Huguenots should be strengthened. It is probable that Richelieu had recourse to secret means, in order to rid France of the duke, who was become formidable by his growing power. He was suddenly seized with a disorder, which terminated his life, July 8, 1639. Most of the contemporary writers conjectured that Richelieu caused him to be poisoned: the duke himself had no doubt that he had swallowed poison. Immediately after his death, several French commissioners appeared, who enlisted his troops into the French army: the command of them was committed to marshal Guebriant. With B. fell one of the chief supports of the Protestants. His successors, Baner and Torstensohn (q. v.), pursued his victorious course, and France seriously exerted herself, in the war which continued, for the benefit of the Protestants. In B. a graceful person, intelligence and valor were united with a magnanimity which could not be shaken by adverse events: his only fault was too great impetuosity.

BERNARD of Clairvaux; one of the most influential ecclesiastics of the middle ages, born at Fontaines, in Burgundy, 1091, of a noble family. In 1113, he became a monk at Citeaux; in 1115, first abbot of Clairvaux, near Langres. An austere manner of living, solitary studies, an inspiring eloquence, boldness of language, and the reputation of a prophet, rendered him an oracle to all Christian Europe. He was named the honeyed teacher, and his writings were styled a stream from paradise. The doctrine of the immaculate conception of Mary was rejected by him. He principally promoted the crusade in 1146, and quieted the fermentation, caused at that time by a party of monks, against the Jews in Germany. He declined all promotion, and, in the rank of abbot of his beloved Jerusalem (as he used to call Clairvaux), he continued with all humility, but with great boldness, his censures of the clergy and his counsels to the popes. Innocent II owed to him the possession of the right of investiture in Germany, and Eugenius III his education. He was, at the same time, the umpire of princes and bishops, and his voice in the synods was regarded as

livine. By his rigid orthodoxy and his mystical doctrines, which, though at times enthusiastic, were always directed to the promotion of practical Christianity, he refuted the subtleties and dialectics of the scholastic philosophers, although his severity against Abelard and Gilbert of Poree can by no means be justified. Luther says of him, "If there has ever been a pious monk who feared God, it was St. Bernard; whom alone I hold in much higher esteem than all other monks and priests throughout the globe." B. died in 1153, and was canonized by Alexander III, in 1174. (See Aug. Neander's St. Bernard and his Times, Berlin, 1813.) His works have been translated from the Latin, and published by professor Silbert Vienna, 1820).

BERNARD, Great St.; a mountain between the Valais and the valley of Aosta, 11,006 feet high. On its top is the boundary between the Valais and Piedmont. The road from the lake of Geneva through the Valais, into the valley of Aosta, passes over it. The Little St. B., 7194 feet high, separates Piedmont from Savoy. Over this Hannibal directed his march. Bernard de Menthon, a Savoyard nobleman, who lived from 923 to 1008, built here, in 962, two hospitia, for the benefit of those on a pilgrimage to Rome, one upon mont Joux, where a temple of Jupiter stood, the other on the road that leads over the Grison Alps, at a place called Colonne Jou, from a pillar which was an object of idolatrous worship. Animated by a pious zeal, Bernard destroyed the pillar and temple, and, with their ruins, built the two hospitia on the Great and Little St. Bernard, so called after him. He committed the care of both these establishments to monks of the order of St. Augustine, who, with an almost unexampled self-devotion, exercised the most generous hospitality towards travellers, down to the time of Charles Emanuel III of Sardinia. This king, falling into a dispute with the cantons of Switzerland about the nomination of a provost, sequestrated the possessions of the monks, and gave the administration of the hospitia to regular canons of the Augustine order, who, with equal humanity and devotion, discharge the duties of their pious calling. Upon the barren height (7668 feet), where the hospitium of the Great St. Bernard stands, which is considered to be the highest inhabited place in Europe, an almost everlasting winter reigns; in vain do we look for a tree or bush; the glittering snow dazzles the eye of the wanderer.

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Assisted by the servants of the convent, the heroic ecclesiastics, provided with wine and bread, devote themselves to the guidance of travellers; and, in order to defend the poor against the cold, they lend or give them clothes, which are kept for that purpose. Upwards of 9000 persons annually pass over the mountain, who are refreshed in the hospitium. In the midst of tempests and snow-storms, the monks, accompanied by dogs (called marons), set out for the purpose of tracking those who have lost their way. If they find the body of a traveller who has perished, they carry it into the vault of the dead, where it is wrapped in linen, and remains lying on a table till another victim occupies the place. It is then set up against the wall, among the other dead bodies, which, on account of the cold, decay so slowly, that they are often recognised by their friends after the lapse of years. Adjoining this vault is a kind of burying-ground, where the bones are deposited, when they accumulate too much in the vault. It is impossible to bury them, because there is nothing around the hospitium but naked rocks. In the church is the monument of general Desaix, who fell in the battle of Marengo. The first consul ordered him to be embalmed, and assigned him a resting place on the summit of the Alps. The monument of marble represents Dessaix in relief, wounded, and sinking from his horse into the arms of his aid Le Brun. On the stairs of the convent stands his statue of marble. Opposite to it there is a slab of marble, on which the republic of Valais commemorated Napoleon's passage over the St. B., May 15, 1800, with an inscription in letters of gold. By means of a contribution raised through Europe, a short time ago, the habitations of the 9 or 10 ecclesiastics have been made more comfortable.

BERNARDI, Augustus Frederic, a German scholar, born in Berlin, in 1768, died there in 1820. In his youth, his attention was directed to universal language (that is, to language as far as it is common to all rational beings), to the mystery of its construction, the mathematics, as it were, of language. B., considering all different languages as a whole, endeavored to discover a universal grammar common to them all. The result of his researches appears in his works, Reine Sprachlehre (Abstract Grammar), 1801, 2 vols. ; Angewandte Sprachlehre (Grammar in its Application), 1803; and Anfangsgründe der Sprachwissenschaft (Elements of the Science of Language), in which

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many philosophical principles of language are laid down. B. was a man of cultivated mind and extensive knowledge. He was also a professor and director of a classical school in Berlin.

BERNARDIN DE ST. PIERRE. (See Pierre, St.)

BERNARDINE MONKS. (See Cister

cians.)

BERNBURG, Anhalt; one of the three dukedoms of Anhalt (253 square miles, 7 towns, 51 villages, with 38,400 inhabit ants. The income is valued at 450,000 guilders. Its contingent to the army of the German confederation is 370 men. In 1820, the Lutheran and Calvinistic parts of the population were united. The capital of this dukedom is Bernburg, on the Saale, with 4900 inhabitants. The public debt amounts to 1,034,500 guilders. Napoleon made the princes of Bernburg dukes.

BERNERS, or BARNES, Juliana; an English lady of the 15th century, of whom little more is known than that she was prioress of the nunnery of Sopewell, near St. Alban's, and has her name prefixed, as the writer or compiler, to one of the earliest and most curious productions of the English press. The title of the second edition, printed in the abbey of St. Alban's, in 1486, is, The Boke of Hawkyng and Huntyng, with other Pleasures dyverse, and also Cootarmuries. The first edition (1481) does not treat of coat-armor or heraldry. This work, under the title of the Book of St. Alban's, became a popular manual of sporting science, and was several times reprinted in the 16th century. As a typographical curiosity, a small impression of it was published, in 1811, by Mr. Haslewood.

BERNI, Francesco (also Berna, and Bernia); a poet of the 16th century, born at Lamporecchio, in the territory of Tuscany, towards the close of the 15th century, of a noble but poor Florentine family; went to Florence, and, at the age of 19, to Rome, where he lived under the care of his relation, cardinal Bibiena, who, as he himself says, did him neither good nor harm, and he was at length obliged to enter the service of the bishop of Verona, Ghiberti, datary of the papal chancery, as secretary. In the hope of promotion, he took orders; but, disgusted with the duties of his office, he sought recreation in amusements, which displeased the prelate. A society had been established at Rome, consisting of young ecclesiastics of a jovial temper, like B., and a poetical vein, who, in order to de

note their love for wine, and their careless gayety, called themselves i vignajuoli (vine-dressers). Mauro, Casa, Firenzuola, Capilupi, &c. were of the number. They laughed at every thing, and made sport, in verse, of the most serious, nay, the most tragic matters. B.'s verses were the most successful, and were written in so peculiar a style, that his name has been given to it (maniera Bernesca, or Berniesca). When Rome was sacked by the troops of the constable Bourbon, 1527, B. lost all that he possessed. He afterwards made several journeys, with his patron Ghiberti, to Verona, Venice and Padua. At length, wearied with serving, and satisfied with a canonship in the cathedral at Florence, in the possession of which he had been for some years, he retired to that place. The favor of the great, however, which he was weak enough to court, brought him into difficulties. He was required to commit a crime, and his refusal cost him his life. Alessandro de' Medici, at that time duke of Florence, lived in open enmity with the young cardinal Ippolito de' Medici. B. was so intimate with both, that it is doubtful which first made him the proposal to poison the other. Certain it is, that the cardinal died by poison, in 1535. B. died July 26, 1536; and if, as is asserted, his life was terminated by poison, then the crime must be imputed to duke Alessandro.-In the burlesque style of poetry, B. is still considered the best model. His satire is often very bitter, and frequently unites the good humor of Horace with the causticity of Juvenal. The extreme licentiousness of his writings is his greatest fault. It should, however, be considered that he wrote for his friends only, and that his works were not printed until after his death. The admirable ease, for which his writings are distinguished, was the result of great efforts, since he repeatedly amended and corrected his verses. The same is asserted of Ariosto; and yet they are the most distinguished, among the Italian poets, for the ease and fluency of their style. B. also wrote Latin verses very correctly, and was well acquainted with Greek. His Rime Burlesche (Burlesque Verses) have great merit. So has also his Orlando Innamorato, composto già dal Sig. Bojardo Conte di Scandiano, ed ora rifatto tutto di nuovo da M. Fr. Berni.-Another Berni (count Francesco B., who was born in 1610, and died in 1673) has written 11 dramas, and also several lyric poems.

BERNINI, Giovanni Lorenzo, called I

cavaliere Bernini, born in Naples, 1598, is praised by his contemporaries as the Michael Angelo of modern times, on account of his success as a painter, a statuary, and an architect; but he deserves his fame principally in the latter character. Richly endowed by nature, and favored by circumstances, he rose superior to the rules of art, creating for himself an easy manner, the faults of which he knew how to disguise by its brilliancy. From his early youth, he manifested a great power to excel in the arts of design, and, at the age of eight years, executed the head of a child in marble, which was considered a remarkable production. That such rare endowments might be suitably cultivated, his father carried him to Rome. One of B.'s first works was the marble bust of the prelate Montajo; after which he made the bust of the pope, and of several cardinals; also sundry figures of the natural size. He was not yet 18, when he produced the Apollo and Daphne, in marble, a masterpiece of grace and execution. Looking at this group near the close of his life, he declared that he had made very little progress since the time when that was produced. His manner was indeed more chaste and less affected, in the early part of his career, than at a later period. After the death of Gregory XV, cardinal Maffeo Barberini, his successor, employed B. to prepare plans for the embellishment of the Basilica of St. Peter, assigning to him a monthly pension of 300 crowns, which was afterwards augmented. Without forsaking sculpture, B.'s genius embraced architecture, and he furnished the design for the canopy and the pulpit of St. Peter, as well as for the circular place before the church. Among his numerous works, were the palace Barberini, the belfry of St. Peter, the model of the monument of the countess Matilda, and the monument of Urban VIII, his benefactor.-In the year 1644, cardinal Mazarin, in the name of the king of France, offered him a salary of 12,000 crowns; but he declined the invitation. Urban had scarcely closed his eyes, and Innocent X ascended the papal throne, when the envy engendered by the merits of the artist and the favor bestowed on him broke forth. His enemies triumphed; but he regained the favor of the pope by a model for a fountain. About the same time, he erected the palace of Monte Citorio. Alexander VII, the successor of Innocent X, displayed much taste for the arts, and favor to this artist, and required of him a plan for the embellishment of

the piazza di San Pietro. The admirable colonnade, which is so beautifully proportioned to the Basilica, was built under the direction of B. We may also mention the palace Odescalchi, the rotunda della Riccia, the house for novices, belonging to the Jesuits, on Monte Cavallo, &c. Louis XIV having invited him, in the most flattering terms, to Paris, he set out from Rome, in 1665, at the age of 68, accompanied by one of his sons, and a numerous retinue. Never did an artist travel with so great pomp, and under such flattering circumstances. The reception which he met with in Paris was highly honorable. He was first occupied in preparing plans for the restoration of the Louvre, which, however, were never executed. But, notwithstanding the esteem which he enjoyed in Paris, some disagreeable circumstances induced him to return to Rome: he left Paris loaded with presents. Cardinal Rospigliosi having become pope, B. was admitted to an intimate intercourse with him, and charged with several works; among others, with the decoration of the bridge of St. Angelo. In his 70th year, this indefatigable artist executed one of his most beautiful works, the tomb of Alexander VII. He still continued to devote himself to several works of architecture, as well as of statuary, with such ardor, that, exhausted by his labors, he died, Nov. 28, 1680, at the age of 82. He was buried, with great magnificence, in the church of St. Maria Maggiore. To his children he left a fortune amounting to about 3,300,000 francs. B.'s favorite maxim was, Chi non esce talvolta della regola, non passa mai. Thus he was of opinion, that, in order to excel in the arts, one must rise above all rules, and create a manner peculiar to one's self. This B. has accomplished with a rare good fortune, but the influence of his style has been transient. His most eminent disciples are Pietro Bernini, his brother, a statuary, architect and mathematician; Matthia Rossi, François Duquesnoi, surnamed the Fleming, and Borromini.

BERNIS (François Joachim de Pierres, comte de Lyon) cardinal de, born at St. Marcel de l'Ardeche, in 1715, was descended of an ancient family, but little favored by fortune, for which reason, his parents destined him for the clerical pro fession. Me. de Pompadour, whom he had known as Me. d'Etioles, presented him to Louis XV, who, being pleased with him, assigned to him an apartment in the Tuileries, with a pension of 1500 livres. His wishes were directed towards raising