mathematics. He travelled through Switzerland, France, Holland and England, and, in 1713, became a member of the academies of science in London and Berlin. On the recommendation of Leibnitz, he went, as professor of mathematics, to Padua, in 1716, but returned to his native city, in 1722, as professor of logic. In 1731, he became professor of the Roman and feudal law in that place, and died in 1759. The three following were sons of the above-mentioned John B.-4. Nicholas B., born at Bâle, 1695, became professor of law there in 1723, and died in Petersburg, in 1726.-5. Daniel B., born at Groningen, Feb. 9, 1700. He studied medicine, in which he took the doctor's degree, and, at the same time, was engaged in mathematical studies, in which his father had been his instructer. He visited Bâle, Heidelberg, Strasburg, Venice and Padua. At the age of 24, he was offered the presidency of an academy about to be established at Genoa, but, in the following year, accepted an invitation to Petersburg. Accompanied by his younger brother, John, he returned to Bâle in 1733; became there professor of anatomy and botany; in 1750, professor of natural philosophy; resigned this place, because of his advanced age, to his brother's son, the younger Daniel B., in 1777, and died in 1782. He was one of the greatest natural philosophers, as well as mathematicians, of his time. At 10 different times, he received a prize from the academy of Paris. In 1734, he shared with his father a double prize, given by this academy, for their joint essay on the causes of the different inclinations of the planetary orbits. Most of his writings are contained in the transactions of the Petersburg, Paris, Berlin, &c. academies, of which he was a member.-6. John B., born at Bâle, in 1710, went to Petersburg in 1732, became professor of rhetoric at Bâle in 1743, and, in 1748, professor of mathematics. He died in 1790. The two following were his sons.-7. John B., licentiate of law and royal astronomer in Berlin, was born at Bâle, in 1744, and died, 1807, in Berlin, whither he had been invited in the 19th year of his age. He had travelled through all the countries of Europe, and lived, after 1779, in Berlin, where he had become director of the mathematical department of the academy. He is the author of numerous works.-8. James B. was born at Bâle, in 1759; went to Petersburg, where he became professor of mathematics, married a grand-daughter of Euler, but died in

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1789, in the 30th year of his age, of an apoplexy, while bathing in the Neva.

BERNSTORFF; the name of a German noble family, many members of which have been distinguished. The most so was John Hartwig Ernst, count of B., Danish secretary of foreign affairs. He was born in Hanover, May 13, 1713. His father was also secretary of state in Denmark. In 1750, he was made member of the council of state, after having served for a long time as foreign minister. He soon became the most influential member of the government, which distinguished itself, under his direction, by a wise neutrality during the seven years' war, and other political disturbances in Europe; by liberal measures for improving the condition of the Danish peasantry, who were even then in a state of bondage; by promoting science, and sending an expedition to Asia, which the famous traveller Niebuhr accompanied. He himself set the example of manumitting the peasants, and gave the fourth part of his income to the poor. By his efforts, Denmark acquired Holstein. B. is described, by all historians, as a model of wisdom, benevolence and intelligence. Frederic V (q. v.), whose government he directed so well, died in 1766, and he continued in his office, under Christian VII, until 1770, when Struensee (q. v.) contrived to displace him. After the fall of Struensee, he was recalled, but died when preparing for his return to Denmark from Hamburg, in 1772, Feb. 19. Christian VII had made him count.-Andrew Peter, count of B., his cousin, was also a very distinguished statesman, successor of the preceding, and deserves great praise, among other things, for his endeavors to emancipate the peasantry. He was born Aug. 28, 1735, and died June 21, 1797. His son is now Prussian minister of foreign affairs.

BERRI, OF BERRY, Charles Ferdinand, duke of; second son of the count d'Artois (now Charles X) and Maria Theresa of Savoy, born at Versailles, Jan. 24, 1778. Together with the duke of Angoulême, he received an inadequate education under the duke of Serent: nevertheless, in his early youth, he displayed some talents and a good heart. In 1792, he fled with his father to Turin, served under him and Condé on the Rhine, and early learned the art of winning the love of the soldiers. With his family, he repaired to Russia, and, in 1801, to England, where he lived alternately at London and Hartwell, continually occupied with plans for the restoration of the Bour

bons. April 13, 1814, B. landed at Cherbourg, and passed through the cities of Bajeux, Caën, Rouen, &c., gaining over the soldiers and national guards to the cause of the Bourbons, distributing alms, and delivering prisoners. He made his entrance into Paris April 21, where he gained popularity by visiting the merchants, manufacturers and artists. May 15, he was appointed colonel-general, receiving a civil list of 1,500,000 francs. Aug. 1, he set out on a visit to the department of the North, and the fortified places in Lorraine, Franche-Comté and Alsace. When Napoleon landed from Elba, the king committed to B. the chief command of all the troops in and round Paris. All his efforts to secure their fidelity proving ineffectual, he was obliged to retreat, on the night of March 19, with the troops of the household, to Ghent, and Alost, where the king then was. The battle of Waterloo enabled him to return to Paris, where he arrived July 8, and surrendered his command over the troops of the household into the hands of the king. In August, he was made president of the electoral college of the department of the North. At the opening of the chambers in Paris, he took the oath to maintain the constitution, and was appointed president of the fourth bureau; but he soon retired from public life. Louvel (q. v.) had been, for several years, meditating the extirpation of the house of Bourbon, by the assassination of the duke. Feb. 13, 1820, he attacked him just as he had left the opera-house, and was on the point of stepping into his carriage, and gave him a mortal blow. The duke showed the greatest firmness and Christian resignation even to the moment of his death (Feb. 14, at 6 o'clock in the morning). He had been carried into the saloon of the opera-house. Here he consoled his wife, and said, Ménagez-vous pour l'enfant que vous portez dans votre sein! (Take care of yourself, for the sake of the child in your bosom!) He then caused the children, whom he had in London before his marriage, to be called, and, after recommending them to his wife, prepared himself for death, forgave his murderer, confessed himself, and received the sacrament. Benevolence, gratitude and generosity were the best features in the character of this prince, by whose death all France was plunged into consternation. (See Chateaubriand's Memoires touchant la Vie et la Mort du Duc de Berri, Paris, 1820.) The duke left by his wife Carolina Ferdinanda Louisa,

eldest daughter of prince, afterwards king Francis I, ruler of the Two Sicilies, whom he married June 17, 1816, only a daughter, Louisa Maria Theresa of Artois, mademoiselle de France, born Feb. 21, 1819. Great was the joy of the royal family, when the duke's widow was delivered, Sept. 29, of a prince, who bears the name of Henry, duke of Bordeaux (Henri Charles Ferdinand Dieudonné d'Artois, petit-fils de France). (See Chambord.)— Although Louvel's deed had no connexion with a conspiracy, not the slightest trace of an accomplice being discovered, yet the mutual denunciations to which it gave rise produced much party excitement, and occasioned some laws of exception. (See France, and Exception, laws of.) The opera-house, near which the crime was committed, and in which the duke died, was pulled down, and a column erected on the spot. A new opera-house was built in another place.

BERRI, or BERRY; before the revolution of France, a province and dukedom of that country, of which Bourges was the capital, almost in the centre of France. (See Department.)

BERSERKER, a descendant of the eighthanded Starkader and the beautiful Alfhilde, was, according to the Scandinavian mythology, a famous warrior. He disdained the protection of armor, whence he received his name, which signifies, according to Ihre, armorless. He raged like a madman in battle. He killed king Swafurlam, and married his daughter, by whom he had 12 sons, as untameable as himself. They were also called B., and, since their time, the name has been commonly given to men of headstrong violence.

BERTHIER, Alexander; prince of Neufchatel and Wagram, marshal, vice-constable of France, &c.; born in Paris, Dec. 30, 1753; son of a distinguished officer was, while yet young, employed in the general staff, served in America, and fought with Lafayette for the liberty of the U. States. In the first years of the revolution, he was appointed major-general in the national guard of Versailles, and conducted himself in this post with uniform moderation. Dec. 28, 1791, he was appointed chief of the general staff in the army of marshal Luckner, marched against La Vendée in 1793, and joined the army of Italy in 1796, with the rank of general of division, where, as chief of the general staff, he contributed much to the success of the campaign. In October, 1797, general Bonaparte sent him to Paris to deliver to the directory the treaty

of Campo-Formio. In January, 1798, he received the chief command of the army of Italy, and was ordered by the directory to march against the dominions of the pope. In the beginning of February, he made his entrance into Rome, abolished the papal government, and established a consular one. Being much attached to general Bonaparte, he followed him to Egypt as chief of the general staff. After the 18th of Brumaire, Bonaparte appointed him minister of war. He afterwards became general-in-chief of the army of reserve, accompanied Bonaparte to Italy, in 1800, and contributed to the passage of St. Bernard and the victory at Marengo. He signed the armistice of Alessandria, formed the provisional government of Piedmont, and went on an extraordinary mission to Spain. He then received again the department of war, which, in the mean time, had been in the hands of Carnot. He accompanied Napoleon to Milan, June, 1805, to be present at his coronation, and, in October, was appointed chief of the general staff of the grand army in Germany. Oct. 19, he signed the capitulation of Ulm, with Mack, and, Dec. 6, the armistice of Austerlitz. Having, in 1806, accompanied the emperor in his campaign against Prussia, he signed the armistice of Tilsit, June, 1807. He afterwards resigned his post as minister of war, and, having been appointed viceconstable of France, married, in 1808, Maria Elizabeth Amalia, daughter of duke William of Bavaria-Birkenfeld, and continued to be the companion of Napoleon in all his expeditions. In the campaign against Austria, in 1809, he distinguished himself at Wagram, and received the title of prince of Wagram. In 1810, as proxy of Napoleon, he received the hand of Maria Louisa, daughter of the emperor Francis I, and accompanied her to France. Somewhat later, Napoleon made him colonel-general of the Swiss troops. In 1812, he was with the army in Russia, as chief of the general staff, which post he also held in 1813. After Napoleon's abdication, he lost his principality of Neufchatel, but retained his other honors, and possessed the favor and confidence of Louis XVIII, whom, after Napoleon's return, he accompanied to the Netherlands, whence he repaired to his family at Bamberg, where he arrived May 30. After his arrival at this place, he was observed to be sunk in a profound melancholy; and when, on the afternoon of June 1, the music of the Russian troops, on their march to the French borders,

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was heard at the gates of the city, he put an end to his life by throwing himself from a window of the third story of his palace. (See Mémoires d'Alexandre Berthier, Pr. de Neufchatel et de Wagram, Paris, 1826.) He left a son, Alexander (born in 1810), and two daughters.

BERTHOLLET, Claude Louis, count; member of the scientific academies at Paris, London, Turin, Haerlem, &c.; one of the most eminent theoretical chemists of our times; born at Talloire, in Savoy, Dec. 9, 1748; studied medicine at Turin ; went, in 1772, to Paris, where he became connected with Lavoisier; was admitted, in 1780, a member of the academy of sciences in that city; was made, in 1794, professor in the normal school there, and was sent to Italy, in 1796, in order to select the monuments that were to be carried to Paris. He followed Bonaparte to Egypt, and returned with him in 1799. After the 18th of Brumaire, he was made a member of the senat-conservateur; afterwards, count and grand officer of the legion of honor. In 1804, Napoleon appointed him senator for the district of Montpellier. Montpellier. In 1813, he received the grand cross of the order of the Reunion. April 1, 1814, however, he voted for the establishment of a provisional government and the dethronement of Napoleon. Louis XVIII made him a peer; but Napoleon passed him by in 1815. After the restoration of Louis, he took his seat again in the chamber of peers. Among the inventions and new processes with which the sciences and the arts were enriched by him, the most important are those for the charring of vessels to preserve water in ships, for the stiffening and glazing of linen, &c., but principally that for the bleaching of vegetable substances by means of oxymuriatic acid, which, since 1786, has been in general use in France. Besides different essays in the collections of the academy and the institute, he has written several larger works, among which his Essai de Statique Chimique (1803, 2 vols. ; translated into English, German and Italian) must be considered as the most important, and as one of the finest productions of our times. The complicated phenomena of chemistry are reduced, in this work, to the strict and simple laws of mechanics. He had also a large share in the reformation of the chemical nomenclature, as well as in the publication of the work that appeared on this subject in Paris, 1787-Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique. He died 'n Paris, Nov. 7, 1822.

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BERTHOUD, Ferdinand, celebrated for his marine chronometers, born at Plancemont, in the county of Neufchatel, in 1727, was destined for the church, but, at the age of 16, conceived an irresistible inclination for mechanics. His father caused him to be instructed in the art of watchmaking, and, to afford him an opportunity of perfecting his knowledge, sent him to Paris. He resided in that city from 1745, and there made his first marine chronometers, which have been used, by French navigators, on so many occasions, for extending and correcting geographical knowledge. He left several works relating to his art. He died in 1807. His nephew, Louis B., his pupil, and the heir of his talents, has extended his improvements still further. His chronometers are in the hands of almost all navigators, and are even more convenient than those of his uncle. They are famous for accuracy.

BERTOLI, Giovanni Domenico, count of; born, in 1676, at Moreto, in Friuli; the patriarch of Aquileia, a place where many antiquities existed, of which nobody had taken notice. The inhabitants had even been in the habit, for a long time, of building their houses with ruins and remains of art. To prevent further destruction, B., in conjunction with other men of learning and taste, bought all the ancient marbles which were excavated. Muratori and Apostolo Zeno encouraged him in his antiquarian researches and publications. B. died in 1758. His most important work is Le Antichità di Aquileja profane e sacre, Venice, 1739, fol. Some of his treatises are to be found in the collection of P. Calogera; others in the menoirs of the Società Columbaria at Flor

ence.

BERTON, Henry Montan; son of Peter Berton, who, when director of the opera at Paris, induced Gluck and Piccini to come to Paris. B. was born Dec. 17, 1767, in Paris, and formed himself under the great masters Gluck, Piccini, Paesiello and Sacchini. When 19 years old, he first appeared before the public, as a composer, in the Concert spirituel. When the conservatory was established, he was appointed professor of harmony. In 1807, he was made director of the Italian opera, and afterwards leader of the choir (chef du chant) at the great imperial opera. He was afterwards employed in Russia by the emperor, but soon returned to France. His most famous opera is Aline Reine de Golconde. His Montano and Stephanie, also, are distinguished.

BERTRAND, Henri Gratien, count; general of division, aid-de-camp of Napoleon, grand marshal of the palace, &c.; famous for his attachment to Napoleon, whom he and his family voluntarily accompanied to St. Helena. He was born of parents in the middle ranks of life, entered the military service, distinguished himself in the corps of engineers, and rose to the post of general of brigade. In the camp at Boulogne, in 1804, Napoleon had occasion to become acquainted with his worth. From that time B. was with him in all his campaigns, signalizing himself every where, especially at Austerlitz, where he was one of the emperor's aidesde-camp. In 1806, he took Spandau, a fortress about 6 or 7 miles from Berlin, after an attack of a few days; and, in 1807, contributed to the victory over the Russians at Friedland, and excited the admiration of the enemy by his masterly conduct in building two bridges over the Danube, after the battle at Aspern, in the war of 1809 against Austria. He distinguished himself equally in the campaigns of 1812 and 1813, particularly at Lutzen and Bautzen. In October, 1813, he defended several important posts against superior numbers, and, after the battle of Leipsic, in which he defended Lindenau against Giulay, conducted the retreat in good order. After the battle of Hanau, he covered Mentz till the army had passed the Rhine. He took part in the campaign of 1814, by the side of Napoleon, whom he accompanied to Elba, returned with him, and finally shared his residence in St. Helena. After Napoleon's death (1821), he returned from this island to France.

BERTUCH, Frederic Justin, born at Weimar, in 1747, since 1785 counsellor of legation in the service of the duke of Weimar, has done much in several branches of literature and the arts, in the study of which he has been engaged from his early youth. He is principally known, in foreign countries, by the Geographical Institute (Geographisches Institut) which he established at Weimar. This society has published numerous maps, and, in connexion with the periodical paper Geographische Ephemeriden, conducted by B. and others, has been of much service to geography. B., together with Wieland and Schütz, also projected the Allgemeine Literaturzeitung, which now appears at Halle on the Saale. In 1817, he began the Oppositionsblatt, which was suppressed by government in 1820.

BERVIC, Charles Clement, one of the most distinguished engravers of the