2. Is it not very necessary, that a man should learn (should have learnt) many things, before he ventures to instruct others? (Here it would be very improper to say ut discat.)

3. How rash and impious are those men, who, in the hour of despair (spe abjectâ), often wish, that they had never been born!

4. It is to be hoped, that that report of the murder of our friend was false.

5. It is not possible, that an indolent man can ever acquire dignity. (A future.)

6. I fear lest my father should return, before that can be done. 7. I am not a man, who never is to die (qui nunquam moriturus). 8. Tell me when your father comes (venerit).

In like manner, an imperfect or a pluperfect must come after a present, in such forms as these:

1. Tell me what you would do.

2. Tell me whether you would have come.

3. I wish that you had avoided those associates.

In a succession of three verbs, where the principal verb is in the preterite tense, and a future time is denoted by one of the following verbs, that which comes after the future infinitive, and implies an event then completed, will be elegant ly put in the pluperfect subjunctive; as, He promised, that he would do it, when they returned: Se id facturum esse, cùm rediissent, pollicitus est.

10 the memorable voice of that youth, who, having shaken off the chains of idleness, and removed far away every allurement to pleasure, declared that he would follow that mode of life, which his parents advised.

2. He said, that he should cease to be the master of the ship, if his favourite mates did not embark with him.

3. But he refused to leave the ship. He said, that he would perish when his beloved riches were sunk.

But when the principal verb is not in the preterite, then the other verb, which comes after the future infinitive, will be usually put in the future perfect; as, Know that you will do me a great kindness, if you come: Scias, pergratum te mihi facturum, si veneris.

་

They say, that they will leave off childish plays (nuces pueris) when they are become great boys (grandiusculi.)

A PRESENT after a FUTURE.-Generally after ut, ne, quo quin.

1. Whoever will persuade me to utter a falsehood, will at last force me to consider him as an impudent wretch.

2. If I do any thing, I shall inform you of it, nor shall I ever send letters home without adding those, which I wish to be delivered to you. (Not adjuncturus sim.)

And always after qui, quæ, quod, in these expressions:

1. There will be some, who will say.

2. There will be found some, who will affirm...

3. But be well assured, that I shall certainly do what I know you will wish me to do.

And after these particles, ubi, quis, quid, quando, cur, &c. when the idea of a thing present may be inferred; as,

1. I shall see to-morrow what you do, and in what kind of house you dwell (qua in domo habites).

2. I shall soon be able to tell you whence it comes, that you give me so much displeasure (ut in offensâ sis apud me).

But other tenses will also come after a future, if the sense require it, as a perfect after the future.

1. If my father does not return to-morrow, I shall fear that he is killed by robbers.

2. Some one will complain, perhaps of your being so long with us without any advantage (nullâ perceptâ utilitate).

And also a future after a future; as,

1. If your father does not soon return, I shall fear that he may not return for many months (multis abhinc mensibus).

An IMPERFECT after the IMPERFECT. And it may be observed, that though a pluperfect, if the sense require it, sometimes comes after an imperfect, neither a present, nor a perfect, nor a future, should ever be placed after it.

1. The house shone, as if it had been of gold.

2. I have received your letters, which informed me what you em ployed yourself in, and when I should see you (visurus essem).

3. Though these things seemed to surpass my belief, yet, when I received your letters, I did not entertain the least doubt out that things were in that situation.

4. I should wish, indeed, never to have seen that wicked wretch. (A pluperfect.)

An IMPERFECT after a PERFECT, especially after Ut: After verbs of wishing, asking, advising, persuading, per

mitting, after necesse fuit, æquum fuit, and other verbs, that require the conjunction ut after them; and after sic, talis, tam, ita, tantus, quin, qui, ne, &c.

1. Your father took care to be thought rich.

2. Though I spoke the truth, being once detected in a lie, I could not persuade men to believe me.

3. Pompey, by his actions, obtained the name of Great. (Assecutus est ut.)

4. I have been prevented, by that circumstance, from being able to perform this business so soon.

5. I never entertained the least doubt, but I am (or was) very dear to you.

Let it be observed, that, when the action is implied as fully completed, the pluperfect is elegantly used.

1. He forbade him to come into school till his hands and face were washed, and his head combed.

2. He would not suffer him to depart till the business was finished.

There will also occur many exceptions to this: the perfect must sometimes be used after a perfect; as,

1. He engaged in so narrow a strait, that the whole line of his ships could not be extended (minimè explicari potuerit).

2. So far was he from betraying the insolence of triumph, that he even pitied the fortunes of his fallen enemy.

And if the sense require it, a present or a future will also be found after a perfect; as,

1. This man has learned so little, that he can now scarcely read. 2. You have been the cause, by your own perfidy, that no one will, for the future, repose any confidence in me.

An imperfect is also used after the pluperfect, subject to some exceptions, which the sense will easily point out.

1. If you had delivered this message to him, nothing would have prevented him from coming to us.

2. If you had persuaded him to pursue those measures, he certainly would have followed your advice.

As to the succession of tenses in the infinitive mood, concerning which such various opinions have been given by grammarians, it must be observed, that though it may be as

sumed, with Sanctius and others, that the infinitive is often very indeterminate in its tenses, since we say volo legere, and volui legere, and Terence says, cras mihi argentum dare se dixit, and Virgil, Progeniem sed enim Trojano a sanguine duci audierat, yet we may safely give it as a general rule, that the tense of the verb, which is used in the infinitive, must be determined by the time of its action or state, relatively to the former verb. Thus when Cicero says, vidi enim, (nam tu aberas,) nostros inimicos cupere bellum; cupere is present in relation to the time when he saw that they wished for war, and therefore it is put in the present, and cannot be said, as some grammarians would affirm, to be used for cupivisse. Had it been cupivisse, it would have had a reference to that wish of the enemy as existing prior to the vidi, which is a sense not intended to be conveyed. Sed abunde erit ex iis duo exempla retulisse. The circumstance of having produced these two examples is antecedent in time to the former verb it would, therefore, not have been so correct, and the meaning would have been quite different, if we had said referre.

1. On that day, there was much speaking on our side, and my words seemed to make a strong impression on the senate.

2. I knew there had existed men of the first celebrity for learning a 'd wisdom in the state.

3. When he heard that the enemy had declared war, and understood, at the same time, that they ravaged the neighbouring states.

4. The wisest philosophers maintained that there was only one God (unum esse Deum).

OF THE

ORDER OR ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS.

The order or arrangement of words is either fixed or arbitrary; that is, words must either retain the same invariable order which the ancients have assigned them, or will chiefly depend upon the natural succession of our ideas.

7

These words, for instance, are always placed in the begin-1 ning of a sentence, nam, at, verùm, sed, quarè, quamobrem, and si, nisi, etsi, quanquam, quia, quoniam, cùm; except in a few cases, where, if these words occur, they will claim the first place; as, qui nisi, quòd si, qui quia, tu si, &c.

On the contrary, enim, verò, autem, quoque, quidem, are always used after one or two words, but generally after the first word of a sentence.

But we both magnify future evils by our dread of them, and aggravate present calamities by our unavailing sorrows, and choose rather to throw the blame on the nature of things than on our own

errors.

Etenim, itaque, ergò, denique, tandem, are used either as the first or second words.

1. A debauched and intemperate young man will undoubtedly, if he live, transmit weakness and infirmities to his latter days.

2. Let us then suffer ourselves to be exercised, and perhaps cured, by this wholesome discipline,

Ne quidem are elegantly separated by one or more words coming between them, generally by that or those words on which the stress of the restriction is laid; as,

He is offended not even with the smallest trifle: Ne minimá quidem re offenditur.

1. So far are you from having perused all those books, that you have not even read one.