2. Those who love and cultivate the liberal arts are always the most humane and courteous of men.

3. Alexander the Great was the most ambitious of heroes, who is even said to have wept because he had no other world to conquer.

The superlative may also be elegantly varied by these forms; tam followed by quàm, qui, or tam, quàm qui maximè ; by adeò ità ut; tantus, quantus; æque or perinde, atque; as,

This man possesses the greatest humanity: Humanitas in hoc viro tam magna, quàm quæ maxima; or, Haud est quisquam omnium æquè humanus, atque hic vir, &c.

1. Nero was the most cruel tyrant that ever lived.

2. He fought with unparalleled bravery, and overcame the enemy. 3. The letters, which he sent to the senate, were the most elegant that can be conceived.

4. The study of physic is very, or the most, useful.

In these different forms something must be added, which the judgment of the scholar will easily suggest; as, tantus, quantus, nunquam anteà; adeò, ut nihil supra; ut nulla fieri possit accessio, nihil addi possit; ut nulli sint conferendi,&c.

Instead of quo, co, or quanto, before a comparative, a sentence may be elegantly varied by using ut quisque in the first part, and ita in the latter, with superlatives; as,

The more a man excels in greatness of soul, the more he wishes to be the first of men: Ut quisque animi magnitudine maximè excellit, ita maximè vult omnium princeps esse.

1. Thus, for the future, the more opulent any man may be, the greater enemy he will appear to the Romans.

2. The more abandoned any man has been, the safer will he be.

3. The more eloquent any oue is, the more he dreads the difficul ties of speaking, the various turns and chances of his oration, and the expectation of men.

Quot may be changed into quantum, and tot into tantum, when they are meant to express not merely numbers, but magnitude.

}

How many books you' have! If we were to estimate your knowledge by the size of your library, you must be thought the most learned man in the universe.

Quot may be changed into quotus quisque, with a kind of exclamation indirectly expressive of paucity of numbers; as, How many will believe this? Quotus quisque hoc credet ? 1. Well may you commend their patriotism; for how many are there, who will voluntarily lay down their lives for their country? 2. How many are there, who can escape reports in a city so much addicted to scandal (in maledicentissimâ civitate)?

Observe that the particle enim is elegantly inserted between quotus and quisque,

For how few are there, who understand the art of numbers and measure?

For octodecim and novemdecim, it is more elegant to use duodeviginti and undeviginti, and, also, duodevicesimus, undevicesimus, duodetriginta, &c., and, to express a large uncertain number, the Latins generally use sexcenti, centum, mille and sexcenties, millies, centies.

An adjective and a participle are sometimes used for a substantive; as,

I saw him at his departure: Vidi eum proficiscentem."

1. Xenophon represents the elder Cyrus, at his death, as expressing his belief of the soul's immortality.

2. Cato learned the Greek language in his old age.

A substantive joined with the preposition propter, ob, &c., will be elegantly put in the case which was to have been governed by the verb, the preposition left out, and the other substantive, which was to have been the case of the verb, will be put in the genitive; as, instead of saying, invidere alicui ob divitias, we shall say, invidere divitiis alicujus.

1. If you had succeeded in this business, I should have congratulated you on your good fortune.

2. If I speak with too much freedom, I may be forgiven on account of my youth.

And in the same manner a substantive joined with these prepositions, ob, propter, per, &c., 'may, by a kind of prosopopoeia, become the nominative case to the verb, the prepositions being left out; as for. You are become famous on ac

count of your learning: say, Your learning has rendered you famous.

1. I shall attach myself to his most particular friends, and thus I shall insinuate myself into an intimacy with him, from which I have hitherto been excluded on account of my great diffidence.

2. I am now deprived of those comforts, to which I had accustomed myself by nature, by inclination, and by habit.

The pronoun qui, quæ, quod, is often elegantly used for a preposition; as,

For the love that you bear me: Qui tuus est erga me

amor.

1. There is no sorrow which the hand of time (longinquitas temporis) will not lessen and alleviate. But it would be beneath you to lay your whole hope and expectation on time, and not to exert yourself, and make use of your own wisdom, to apply the remedy to the wound you have received; and, if departed spirits are endowed with any sense of perception, from your daughter's love to you, and her affection for all her friends and relatives, she must be highly displeased to see you so disconsolate.'

2. From his great learning, it was expected that he would have written much better.

A verb, but chiefly an infinitive, is frequently used for a substantive, and is often necessarily so where the Latin noun either does not exist or would be very inelegant; as,

Your desertion of the unhappy was most shameful: Miseros deseruisse tibi turpissimum erat.

1. Though fortune should frown upon a man, yet his great esteem of virtue, and the preservation of equanimity in the most arduous circumstances, will always render him cheerful, and even happy.

2. Thus you see what small value those men have for their body, who regard their honour.

3. An accurate knowledge of the arts softens our manners.

It is often necessary to make use of a verb instead of adjectives, as in these instances: Vix credi potest, It is incredible. Vix fieri potest, It is impossible, &c.

It is indeed impossible that I should be deceived in this business.

The word totus, to render it still more forcible, may be

varied by quàm longum est; quantus quantus est; quàm latè

patet; as,

The whole sea..

I passed the whole night without sleep.

This is all your own.

A verb is also, with great propriety, used for an adverb.

1. You write much oftener than usual.

2. I was seized with such a dizziness, when I stood upon the brow of that edifice, that I almost or nearly fell (parum abfuerit quin ceciderim)

Non modò, followed by sed etiam, may be varied by tantum abest ut, ut; or sometimes non dicam.

1. Not only do I not look upon philosophy as able to discover and point out the true method of living, and to be productive of perfect happiness, but I also think that no set of men stand so much in need of others to direct them how to live, as these pretenders to philosophy.

2. No flow of genius, no force of eloquence, no power of description, is sufficient I will not say (non dicam) to embellish, but even to recount your exploits.

The verb oportet may be varied by non possum non.

1. They must indeed live in the greatest prodigality, who, while they are squandering their property, entertain the hopes of posseSSing ours. 2. I was obliged to give you this advice.

Verbs, and particularly participles, are often used for prepositions, as privatus, instructus, præditus, ornatus, &c.; as, A soldier will scarcely fight without armour: Miles carens, or non instructus armis vix pugnabit.

For sine.

Though a man should possess all the advantages of power and fortune, though whole nations should obey his nod, and thousands should offer him the incense of adulation, yet how could he lead a happy and a pleasant life without friends?

For cum.

1. When his fair promises had lulled us into security, and we were enjoying the slumbers of quiet repose, after the fatigues of the day, he came suddenly upon us, with a great troop of soldiers, and surprised

us in our tents.

2. He has retired into the country, and now lives quiet and content, having married a woman with a great deal of money.

For ob, propter.

Here these participles, ductus, impulsus, motus, permotus, impeditus, perterritus, coactus, &c., are elegantly introduced; as,

He betook himself to another quarter through, or on account of, his poverty: Egestate coactus aliò se contulit.

1. Thus this great and illustrious man was put to the most cruel death by a ruffian stained with crimes of the blackest die, and he, whom his enemies had spared on account of his worth and dignity, met with death from the hands of a pretended friend: however, I proceeded directly to his tent, where I found two of his freedmen and a few of his slaves: they said the rest had fled through fear, when they saw their master murdered just before his tent.

2. On account of these considerations, and the authority and persuasions of Orgetorix, they resolved to prepare every thing necessary for an expedition.

For post.

1. After supper (carnatus), he went to bed.

2. Truth, after long oppression, will at. length emerge, and shine forth the brighter.

3. My gratitude will be due to you even after your death.

To this also belong ablatives absolute :

1. This happened after the death of your father.

2. After this battle, he resolved not to admit them to any terms of peace, since they had behaved with so much duplicity and treachery.

For in, ex.,

1. In his way through the maritime states, he visited the Veneti, and, after having passed the river Ligeris, he came among the Gauls, with whom he staid some time, and then returned to the Roman province. 2. The old man was sitting in his gown, when, having approached him respectfully, we saluted him.

3. From experience of the same misfortune, I have learned to commiserate your fate, and will do my best endeavours to relieve your distress.

A substantive is often used instead of a conjunction or a preposition.

1. Some were of opinion, that they were forthwith to be received and assisted; others, that they were to be esteemed as (loco) rebels, and unworthy of help.

2 Such an eagerness to repair their dishonour seized the whole ar