FROM 1820 TO 1860, BOTH INCLUSIVE, AND THE NUMBER OF Countries. Scotland. 1820 Res't,1860, Excess of Deficiency to 1860. Census. 1860. arrivals. of arrivals. 302,665 431,692 England. France. Total.. Spain.. Germany. Denmark. Norway and Sweden... 9,862 9,072 60,432 227,661 1,486,044 1,074,475 We give the following table, compiled STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER OF ALIENS ARRIVED IN THE UNITED from the immigration returns and the census of 1860, because the census bureau has not yet (Jan. 1872) tabulated its returns of this character for the census of 1870. It will be understood that the net difference, 925,329, between the arrivals for forty years, and the residents represents those who have died and those who have returned to their native countries. It is evident that there must have been a very considerable number who came into the country across the lines from British America and Mexico without being reported to the Bureau of Emigration, since the dates of emigrants in forty years should alone amount to more than two-elevenths of the whole number, and it has been ascertained that in those forty years, full 300,000 returned to Europe. We may then with confidence state the entire immigration into this country from 1820 to the close of 1870, as not less than 8,000,000. The deficiency column in the table below, is partly due to the imperfection of the census returns, and partly to the unwillingness of many emigrants to reveal on their first arrival their native country. It is noticeable that about one fourth of the whole number of arrivals reported in the table, were from Great Britain and Ireland. 967,366 1,611,304 47,990 108,518 45,763 1,802 2,750,874 2,199,079 551,795 98,193 16,248 4,244 12,004 2,614 4,116 1,502 21,579 28,281 6,702 4,422 Greece Russia.. Mexico. China.. Africa. Azores. Canary Islands Sandwich Islands.. South Sea Islands.. Let us next see where these emigrants | 1,600,000 remaining in these States. Of the make their homes on this side the ocean. Germans a large proportion migrated westHere again we must take the census of 1860 ward and have established themselves in the for the details, as the Census Bureau is not Mississippi and Missouri valleys, and conlikely to furnish those of 1870 for a year siderable numbers have gone to the Pacific or two to come. The larger part of the Irish coast. The Scandinavians have settled largeit will be seen, settled in the New England ly in the northwest. The "total column and Middle States, over 1,100,000 of the includes emigrants of all nationalities : The British emigrant commis with 1860, $56,191,733 sent to the United Kingdom alone, and this increasing amount continued till 1857. The amount of money or capital drawn | $2,500,000. from Europe by the emigrants is a question sioners reported in thirteen years ending of much importance. The cost of preparation for the voyage in Europe, the cost of the passage, and the expenses incurred after arriving until the new home is finally reach- With the renewal, on a large scale, of emed, cannot, together, fall short of one hundred igration after the war, the amounts sent dollars each; and many have a small capital largely increased, and amounted to more in addition, with which to begin the world. than $20,000,000 per annum. This is not The sums transported are often much larger. now returned to this country as passage In 1854 the migration from the Palatinate, money, for nearly all the emigrant ships are as stated in a Bremen report, was 8,908, and owned in Great Britain or in Germany. they carried $1,024,000. The reports of the The United States gold coin exported to New York commissioners of emigration as England and Germany is bought up to some the result of their investigation, show that the extent by emigrants, but not as much as foraverage of money brought is very near one merly. The aggregate amount of money hundred dollars per head-an amount which brought here by immigrants in the fifty-one becomes formidable when taken in connec- years ending Dec. 31, 1870, was, as we have tion with the aggregate numbers arriving. seen, $736,000,000. Deducting at least. This is exhibited in the following summary $236,000,000 for remittances made from of arrivals: Ten years to Sept. 30, 1829, Whole Number 1839, 572,716 533,381 1849 1.479,478 1,427,337 Sums at $100 per head. this side to the families of emigrants, there still remains the large sum of $500,000,000 brought here by immigrants, besides their productive labor after their arrival. The legal rights of the emigrants, after 142,733,700 they become naturalized, are the same in Eleven y'rs to Dec. 31, 1870, 2,856,341 2,451,701 245,170,100 all respects as those of the native born citi Total. Dec. 31, 1859, 3,075,900 2,814,554 281,455,400 8,136,071 7,360,475 735,047,500 This is an immense sum, and poured forth even in small streams, has had an important efect upon the prosperity of the country at large, independent of the larger sums invested in land, stock, and utensils. On the other hand, very considerable sums are sent out of the country in aid of the emigrants, by their friends here, who have earned the money at service and otherwise. On this point, information has from time to time been gathered, of the houses through which remittances are made. These remittances are mostly small drafts, purchased in New York, for sums varying from five to one hundred dollars. The latter sum is seldom reached, however. The remittances of five of these houses, in one year, were as follows: zens, with the single exception that they are not eligible to the office of president or vice-president of the United States. No law can be passed to abridge the freedom of their speech, or the free exercise of their religion, whatever they may be-even the enjoyment of Mormonism has been an attraction to some. Their right to hold real estate is perfect, as is the security afforded to persons, property, and papers, and they may be elected, or may elect to any office except those named. Another very interesting feature of the passenger movement, although not strictly embraced within the emigration, is the number of United States citizens who annually arrive from abroad. It is not until within a few years that a record has been kept of the number of citizens who go abroad each year, but the arrivals of passengers, not immigrants, is an interesting item. These do not include the large bankinghouses, of which there are no returns, but it is said the Baring Brothers alone send 1830-1840, 1840-1850, The number of departures for Europe is. | 439,706, and there were nine states which however, much greater than the arrivals of contained a smaller number of population. passengers not emigrants. For the year From 1859, the tide of immigration, which ending June 30, 1870, it was: Males, 60,505, for two or three years previous had ebbed, Females, 21,408, Total, 81,913. This was began to flow again in something like its old about an average year-the departures in abundance, and, though checked in 1861 and 1869 being somewhat fewer, and those of 1862 by the war and the presence of rebel 1871 considerably larger. It would be a privateers in the Atlantic, it soon increased very moderate estimate of the amount ex- again, and from 1863 to 1871 has been very pended or carried with these outgoing pas- large. In 1860, the whole number of alien sengers to fix it at $1,200 per head, and yet emigrants was 153,640. In 1861, it was this would give $98,295,600 as the amount only 91,920; in 1862, 91,987; in 1863, of money taken out of the country in a sin- 176,282; in 1864, 193,416; in 1865, 249,gle year by European voyagers. 061; in 1866, 318,494; in 1867, 298,358; in 1868, 297,215; in 1869, 395,922; in 1870, 436,496; in 1871, 386,271. It is a noteworthy fact that the later immigrants, those of the last six or seven years, are, socially and pecuniarily, of a much higher class than those of former years. A very large proportion of them are well, or at least tolerably educated, and many of them posBess sufficient means to enable them to go to the West and procure farms, or engage in other employments. Of the immigrants in 1871, 82,554 were from Germany, 57,439 from Ireland, 56,530 from England, 28,925 from Great Britain, not specified, and 160,823 from other countries. The numbers of former emigrants who returned home with accumulated means, added to the sums expended abroad by Americans, will probably at least cancel the amounts actually brought into the country by emigrants. But the vast amount of productive skill and labor that is brought into the country, and applied to the vast waste of land, develops more capital in a ratio which astonishes the observer. The number of persons who arrive in the United States in a single year, equals the population of a whole state. Thus the number that arrived in 1870 were 436,496; the total white population of the state of Minnesota was, in 1870, SOCIAL AND DOMESTIC LIFE. INTRODUCTORY. THREE quarters of a century ago, there were in the whole United States only about as many people as there are now in the state of New York; and now we have grown from less than four millions to thirty millionshaving increased nearly eight-fold. These large numbers will indistinctly represent the general progress of the nation; and the average social prosperity of each citizen has increased in a ratio materially larger. The actual amount of this increase in intelligence, wealth, and comfort, cannot be set down in figures, but will be understood as well as the case will permit, from an enumeration of details of improvements in social and domestic life. There were sufficient reasons for a somewhat uncommonly low average of comfort at the end of the Revolution. The seven years' war had, of course, almost destroyed all industry, except farming and a few indispensable manufactures and trades. It had also drained all the specie out of the country, or frightened it into secret hoards; in consequence of which the currency was entirely disorganized. Government credit was at such a low ebb, that the bills of the United States (known as "continental money") would not purchase even such articles of comfort or luxury as existed, except at enormous nominal rates; nor was the paper money of the separate states in much better reputation. Thus, a hundred dollars in these depreciated bills was paid for a mug of cider; five hundred dollars for a bowl of punch; a thousand dollars for a pair of shoes; twenty-seven thousand dollars for an ordinary horse; and "part of an old shirt" was set in an inventory at fifteen dollars. The worthlessness of this money rendered it necessary to make payments, to a great extent, in barter-a mode of trading which always keeps the average of comfort and luxury down at a standard little above that of the better class of savages. But even if this paper currency had been worth its face, or if specie had been plenty, it would have been possible to buy only a small share of comforts or luxuries compared with those now attainable, for the plain reason that they did not exist. Beginning at this low period of average prosperity, we shall now rapidly sketch the progress of the country, up to the present time, under the general heads of 1. Domestic Architecture. 3. Food. 4. Dress. 5. Mental culture, intercourse, etc. CHAPTER I. DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE. Eighty years ago, houses were much more evenly distributed over the country than is now the case. There has ever since been a continual tendency to draw together into towns; and this tendency has been much assisted by the increased ease of travelling and transportation. At that time, therefore, there was much less difference between a country house and a city house than at present. In the older parts of the northern states, the houses then built were often of the style called "lean-to," or "linter;" that is, with one side of the roof carried down so far as to cover an additional tier of rooms on the ground floor, or a wide shed. Another common style, rather later in use, was the " gambril roofed," where the roof rose at a very steep pitch from the eaves, about half the length of the rafters, and then fell in to the ridge-pole at a much flatter angle. This gave a very roomy garret. Dormer windows were very common, to light rooms finished off in the garrets. Timber was plenty, and houses were built |