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PROP. XXXVI. THEOR.

PARALLELOGRAMS upon equal bases, and between the same

parallels, are equal to one another.

Let ABCD, EFGH be pa- A rallelograms upon equal bases BC, FG, and between the same! parallels AH, BG; the parallelogram ABCD is equal to EFGH.

B

D

E

C F

H

G

Join BE, CH; and because BC is equal to FG, and FG to (34. 1.) EH, BC is equal to EH; and they are parallels, and joined towards the same parts by the straight lines BE, CH; but straight lines which join equal and parallel straight lines towards the same parts, are themselves equal and parallel; (33. 1.) therefore EB, CH are both equal and parallel, and EBCH is a parallelogram; and it is equal (35. 1.) to ABCD, because it is upon the same base, BC, and between the same parallels BC, AD: for the like reason, the parallelogram EFGH is equal to the same EBCH; therefore also the parallelogram ABCD is equal to EFGH. Wherefore parallelograms, &c. Q. E. D.

PROP. XXXVII. THEOR.

TRIANGLES upon the same base, and between the same parallels, are equal to one another.

Let the triangles ABC, DBC be upon the same base BC, and between the same parallels AD, E

BC: the triangle ABC is equal to

the triangle DBC.

:

B

A D

C

F

Produce AD both ways to the points E, F, and through B draw (31. 1.) BE parallel to CA; and through C draw CF parallel to BD therefore each of the figures EBCA, DBCF is a parallelogram: and EBCA is equal (35. 1.) to DBCF, because they are upon the base BC, and between the same parallels BC, EF; and the triangle ABC is the half of the parallelogram EBCA, because the diameter AB bisects (34. 1.) it; and the triangle DBC is the half of the parallelogram DBCF, because the diameter DC bisects it: but the halves of equal things are equal: (7. Ax.) therefore the triangle ABC is equal to the triangle DBC. Wherefore triangles, &c. Q. E. D.

PROP. XXXVIII. THEOR.

TRIANGLES upon equal bases, and between the same parallels, are equal to one another.

Let the triangles ABC, DEF be upon equal bases BC, EF, and

between the same parallels BF, AD: the triangle ABC is equal to

the triangle DEF.

Produce AD both ways to the points G, H, and through B draw BG parallel (31. 1.) to CA, and through F draw FH parallel to ED: then each of the figures G

A

D

H

GBCA, DEFH is a parallelogram; and they are equal (36. 1.) to one another, because they are upon equal bases BC, EF, and between the same parallels BF, GH; and the triangle ABC is the half (34. 1.) of the parallelogram GBCA, because the diameter AB bisects it; and the triangle DEF is the half (34. 1.) of the parallelogram DEFH, because the diameter DF bisects it: but the halves of equal things are equal; (7. Ax.) therefore the triangle ABC is equal to the triangle DEF. Wherefore triangles, &c. Q. E. D.

B

C

E

PROP. XXXIX. THEOR.

F

EQUAL triangles upon the same base, and upon the same side of it, are between the same parallels.

D

Let the equal triangles ABC, DBC be upon the same base BC, and upon the same side of it; they are between the same parallels. Join AD; AD is parallel to BC: for, if it is hot, through the point A draw (31. 1.) AE parallel to BC, and join EC; the triangle ABC is equal (37. 1.) to the triangle EBC, because it is upon the same base BC, and between the same parallels BC, A AE: but the triangle ABC is equal to the triangle BDC; therefore also the triangle BDC is equal to the triangle EBC, the greater to the less, which is impossible; therefore AE is not parallel to BC. In the same manner, it can be demonstrated that no other line but AD is parallel to BC: AD is therefore parallel to it. B Wherefore equal triangles upon, &c. Q. E. D.

PROP. XL. THEOR.

E

EQUAL triangles upon equal bases, in the same straight line, and towards the same parts, are between the same parallels.

Let the equal triangles ABC, DEF be upon equal bases BC,

EF, in the same straight line

BF, and towards the same parts;
they are between the same pa-
rallels.

Join AD; AD is parallel to
BC; for if it is not, through A
draw (31. 1.) AG parallel to
BF, and join GF: the triangle B

A

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ABC is equal (38. 1.) to the triangle GEF, because they are upon equal bases BC, EF, and between the same parallels BF, AG: but the triangle ABC is equal to the triangle DEF; therefore also the triangle DEF is equal to the triangle GEF, the greater to the less, which is impossible; therefore AG is not parallel to BF: and in the same manner it can be demonstrated that there is no other parallel to it but AD; AD is therefore parallel to BF. Wherefore, equal triangles, &c. Q. E. D.

PROP. XLI. THEOR.

Ir a paralellogram and triangle be upon the same base, and between the same parallels; the parallelogram shall be double of the triangle.

D

E

Let the parallelogram ABCD and the triangle EBC be upon the same base BC, and between the same parallels BC, AE; the parallelogram ABCD is double of the triangle EBC. A Join AC; then the triangle ABC is equal (37. 1.) to the triangle EBC, because they are upon the same base BC, and between the same parallels BC, AE. But the parallelogram ABCD is double (34. i.) of the triangle ABC, because the diameter AC divides it into two equal parts; wherefore ABCD is also double of the triangle EBC. Therefore if a parallelogram, &c. Q. E. D.

PROP. XLII. PROB.

B

C

To describe a parallelogram that shall be equal to a given triangle, and have one of its angles equal to a given rectilineal angle.

Let ABC be the given triangle, and D the given rectilineal angle. It is required to describe a parallelogram that shall be equal to the given triangle ABC, and have one of its angles equal to D.

A F

G

Bisect (10. 1.) BC in E, join AE, and at the point E in the straight line EC make (23. 1.) the angle CEF equal to D; and through A draw (31. 1.) AG parallel to EC and through C draw CG (31. 1.) parallel to EF: therefore FECG is a parallelogram: and because BE is equal to EC, the triangle ABE is likewise equal (38. 1.) to the triangle AEC, since they are upon equal bases BE, EC and between the same parallels BC, AG; therefore the triangle ABC is double of the triangle AEC; and the parallelogram FECG is likewise double (41. 1.) of the triangle AEC, be

B

E

C

D

cause it is upon the same base, and between the same parallels :

therefore the parallelogram FECG is equal to the triangle ABC, and it has one of its angles CEF equal to the given angle D. Wherefore there has been described a parallelogram FECG equal to a given triangle ABC, having one of its angles CEF equal to the given angle D. Which was to be done.

PROP. XLIII. THEOR.

The complements of the parallelograms which are about the diameter of any parallelogram, are equal to one another.

Let ABCD be a parallelogram, of which the diameter is AC, and EH, FG the parallelograms about AC, A H

that is, through which AC passes, and

BK, KD the other parallelograms which make up the whole figure ABCD, which E are therefore called the complements : the complement BK is equal to the complement KD.

G

с

D

F

Because ABCD is a parallelogram, and AC its diameter, the triangle ABC B is equal (34. 1.) to the triangle ADC; and because EKHA is a parallelogram, the diameter of which is AK, the triangle AEK is equal to the triangle AHK: by the same reason, the triangle KGC is equal to the triangle KFC: then, because the triangle AEK is equal to the triangle AHK, and the triangle KGC to KFC; the triangle AEK, together with the triangle KGC, is equal to the triangle AHK together with the triangle KFC: but the whole triangle ABC is equal to the whole ADC; therefore the remaining complement BK is equal to the remaining complement KD. Wherefore the complements, &c. Q. E. D.

PROP. XLIV. PROB.

To a given straight line to apply a parallelogram, which shall be equal to a given triangle, and have one of its angles equal to a given rectilineal angle.

Let AB be the given straight line, and C the given triangle, and D the given rectilineal angle. It is required to apply to the straight line AB a parallelogram equal to the triangle C, and having an angle equal to D.

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through A draw (31. 1.) AH parallel to BG or EF, and join HB. Then, because the straight line HF falls upon the parallels AH, EF, the angles AHF, HFE are together equal (29. 1.) to two right angles : wherefore the angles BHF, HFE are less than two right angles: but straight lines which with another straight line make the interior angles upon the same side less than two right angles, do meet (12. Ax.) if produced far enough: therefore HB, FE shall meet, if produced; let them meet in K, and through K, draw KL parallel to EA or FH, and produce HA, GB to the points LM: then HLKF is a parallelogram, of which the diameter is HK, and AG, ME are the parallelograms about HK; and LB, BF are the complements; therefore LB is equal (43. 1.) to BF; but BF is equal to the triangle C: wherefore LB is equal to the triangle C: and because the angle GBE is equal (15. 1.) to the angle ABM, and likewise to the angle D; the angle ABM is equal to the angle D: therefore the parallelogram LB is applied to the straight line, AB, is equal to the triangle C, and has the angle ABM equal to the angle D. Which was to be done.

PROP. XLV. PROB.

To describe a parallelogram equal to a given retilineal figure, and having an angle equal to a given rectilineal angle.*

Let ABCD be the given rectilineal figure, and E the given rectilineal angle. It is required to describe a parallelogram equal to ABCD, and having an angle equal to E.

Join DB, and describe (42. 1.) the parallelogram FH equal to the triangle ADB, and having the angle HKF equal to the angle E; and to the straight line GH apply (44. 1.) the parallelogram GM equal to the triangle DBC, having the angle GHM equal to the angle E; and because the angle E is equal to each of the angles FKH, GHM, the angle FKH is equal to GHM: add to each of these the angle KHG; therefore the angles FKH, KHG, are equal to the angles A F G L

KHG, GHM; but

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D

E

C K H M

straight lines KH, HM, upon the opposite sides of it, make the adjacent angles equal to two right angles, KH is in the same straight line (14. 1.) with HM, and because the straight line HG meets the parallels KM, FG; the alternate angles MHG, HGF are equal: (29. 1.) add to each of these the angle HGL; therefore

* See Note.

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