PALE. A small pointed stake or piece of wood used for making landmarks and enclosures placed vertically. PALE FENCING or PALE FENCE. That constructed with pales. PALISADE. A fence of pales or stakes driven into the ground, set up for an enclosure, or for the protection of property. PALLADIO. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 241. PALM. A measure of length. See MEASURE. PAMPRE. (Fr.) An ornament composed of vine leaves and bunches of grapes, wherewith the hollow of the circumvolutions of twisted columns are sometimes decorated. PANCARPI. (Gr.) Garlands and festoons of fruit, flowers, and leaves, for the ornament of altars, doors, vestibules, &c. PANEL. (From the low Latin panellum.) A board whose edges are inserted into the A panel in masonry is one of the faces of a hewn stone. groove of a thicker surrounding frame. PANNIER. The same as CORBEL, which see. PANTAMETER. A graduated bevel. PANTILES. See Book II. Chap. II. Sect. 9. PANTOGRAPH. An instrument for copying, diminishing, or enlarging drawings. PAPER. A substance made by the maceration of linen rags in water and spreading them into thin sheets; on this the drawings of the architect are usually made; its usual sizes being as under: PAPERHANGER'S WORK. See Book II. Chap. III. Sect. 12. 34 inches by 26 inches. 40 52 · PARABOLA. (Gr. Пapa, through, and Ba^^w, I throw.) In geometry, a curve line formed by the common intersection of a conic surface, and a plane cutting it parallel to another plane touching the conic surface. See Book II. Chap. I. Sect. 5. PARABOLIC ASSYMPTOTE. In geometry, a line continually approaching the curve, but which, though infinitely produced, will never meet it. PARABOLIC CURVE. The curved boundary of a parabola, and terminating its area, except at the double ordinate. PARABOLIC SPIRAL, or HELICOID. A curve arising from the supposition of the axis of the common parabola bent into the periphery of a circle, the ordinates being portions of the radii next the circumference. PARABOLOID. See CONOID. PARALLEL. (Gr. Пapaλλŋλos.) In geometry, a term applied to lines, surfaces, &c., that are in every part equidistant from each other. PARALLEL COPING. See COPING. PARALLELOGRAM. (Gr.) Any four-sided rectilineal figure, whose opposite sides are parallel. PARALLELOPIPED. In geometry, one of the regular bodies or solids comprehended under six faces, each parallel to its opposite face, and all the faces parallelograms. PARAMETER. (Gr. Пapa, through, and Merpw, I measure.) In conic sections, a constant right line in each of the three sections, called also latus rectum. PARAPET. (Ital. Parapetto, breast high.) A small wall of any material for protection on the sides of bridges, quays, or high buildings. PARASCENIUM. Another name for the postscenium in the ancient theatre. PARASTATE. See ANTE. PARGET. A name given to the rough plaster used for lining chimney flues. PARKER'S CEMENT. See p. 509. PARLOUR. (Fr.) A room for conversation, which in the old monasteries adjoined the buttery and pantry at the lower end of the hall. At the present day it is used to denote the room in a house where common visitors are received. PARQUETRY. See MARQUETRY. PARSONAGE HOUSE. A building usually near the church, occupied by the incumbent of the living; in former times this sort of building was often embattled and fortified, and had various appendages, including sometimes a small chapel or oratory. PARTITION. (Lat.) A wall of stone, brick, or timber, dividing one room from another; when a partition has no support from below it should not be suffered to bear on the floor with any considerable weight, and in such cases it should have a truss formed within, in which case it is called a trussed partition. See TRUSS. PARTY WALLS. Such as are formed between houses to separate them from each other and prevent the spreading of fire. The regulations prescribed for them form a large portion of the Building Act of 14 Geo. III. See Building Act at length, p. 819, et seq. PARTY FENCE WALL. A wall separating the vacant ground in one occupation from that in another. See Building Act, p. 819, et seq. PARVIS. (Etym. uncertain.) A porch portico or large entrance to a church. It seems also to have signified a room over the church porch, where schools used to be held. PASSAGES. The avenues leading to the various divisions and apartments of a building. When there is only one series of rooms in breadth, the passage must run along one side of the building, and may be lighted by apertures through the exterior walls. If there be more than one room in breadth, it must run in the middle, and be lighted from above or at one or both ends. PATERA. (Lat.) A vessel used in the Roman sacrifices, wherein the blood of the victims was received. It was generally shallow, flat, and circular. Its representation has been introduced as an ornament in friezes and fasciæ, accompanied with festoons of flowers or husks, and other accessories. PATERNOSTERS. A species of ornament in the shape of beads, either round or oval, used in baguettes, astragals, &c. PAUTRE, LE. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 261. PAVEMENT. (Lat. Pavimentum.) A path or road laid or beaten in with stones or other materials. According to the information of Isidorus, the first people who paved their streets with stone were the Carthaginians. Appius Claudius, the founder of the Appian Way, appears to have introduced the practice into Rome, after which the Roman roads were universally paved, remains of them having been found in every part of the empire. In the interior of the Roman houses, the pavement was often laid upon timber framing; and the assemblages so constructed were called contignata pavimenta. The pavement called coassatio was made of oaken planks of the quercus esculus, which was least liable to warp. The Roman pavements were also frequently of mosaic work, that is, of square pieces of stone, called tesseræ, in various patterns and figures, many of which remain in Britain to the present day. The various sorts of paving are as follows: -1. Pebble paving, of stones collected from the sea beach, mostly obtained from Guernsey or Jersey. This is very durable if well laid. The stones vary in size, but those from six to nine inches deep are the best. Those of three inches in depth are called bolders or bowlers, and are used for paving courtyards and those places where over-heavy weights do not pass. 2. Rag paving: inferior to the last, and usually from the vicinity of Maidstone, in Kent, whence it bears the name of Kentish rag stone. It is sometimes squared, and then used for paving coachtracks and footways. 3. Purbeck pitchers, which are square stones, used in footways, brought from the island of Purbeck. They are useful in court-yards: the pieces running about five inches thick, and from six to ten inches square. 4. Squared paving, by some called Scotch paving, of a clear close stone, called blue wynn. This is now, however, quite out of use. 5. Granite, of the material which its name imports. 6. Guernsey paving, which, for street work, is the best in use. It is broken with iron hammers, and squared to any required dimensions, of a prismoidal figure, with a smaller base downwards. It is commonly bedded in small gravel. 7. Purbeck paving, used for footways, of which the blue sort is the best, is obtained in pretty large surfaces, of about two inches and a half thick. 8. Yorkshire paving: a very good material, and procurable of very large dimensions. 9. Ryegate or fire-stone paving, used for hearths, stoves, ovens, and other places subject to great heat, by which this stone, if kept dry, is not affected. Newcastle flags, useful for the paving of offices. They run about one and a half to two inches thick, and about two feet square, and bear considerable resemblance to the Yorkshire. 11. Portland paving may be had from the island of Portland of almost any required dimensions. The squares are sometimes ornamented by cutting away their angles, and inserting small black marble squares, set diagonally. 12. Sweedland paving : a black slate dug in Leicestershire, useful for paving halls or for party-coloured paving. 13. Marble paving, of as many sorts almost as there are species of marble. It is sometimes inlaid after the manner of Mosaie work. 14. Flat brick paving, executed with bricks laid flat in sand, mortar, or grout, when liquid lime is poured into the joints. 15. Brick or edge paving, executed in the manner of the last, except that the bricks are laid on edge. 16. Herring-bone paving: bricks laid diagonally to each other. See HERRING-BONE WORK. 17. Bricks laid endwise in sand, mortar, or grout. 18, Paving bricks, are made especially for the purpose, and are better than stocks. 19. Ten-inch tile paving. 20. Foot tile paving. 21. Clinker paving. 10. The pavements of churches are often in patterns of several colours, of which, to shew the great variety that may be obtained from a few colours, M. Truchet (Mém. Acad. Fran.) has proved that two square stones, divided diagonally into two colours, may be joined together chequerwise in sixty-four different ways. PAVEMENT (DIAMOND). That in which the stones, flags, or bricks are laid with their diagonals perpendicular to the sides of the apartment. PAVILION. (Ital. Padiglione.) A turret or small building, generally insulated and comprised under a single roof. The term is also applied to the projecting parts in the front of a building. Sometimes, as at the Louvre, they are placed on the flanks of the building. They are usually higher than the rest of the building. PEDESTAL. (Compound, apparently, of Pes, a foot, and Eruxos, a column.) The lowest division in an order of columns, called also stylobates and stereobates. The pedestal consists of three principal parts: the die or square trunk, the cornice or head, and the base or foot. See Book III. Chap. I. Sect. 8. PEDIMENT. The triangular crowning part of a portico or aperture, which terminates vertically the sloping parts of the roof. In Gothic architecture, this triangular piece is much higher in proportion to its width, and is denominated a gable. The subject of pediments is fully treated of in Book III. Chap. I. Sect. 17. PELASGIC ARCHITECTURE. See Book I. Chap. II. Sect. 2. PENDENT. (Lat.) An ornament suspended from the summit of Gothic vaulting, very often elaborately decorated. Of this ornament, there are some beautiful examples in Henry VII.'s chapel. The pendent was also used very frequently to timber-framed roofs, as in that of Crosby Hall, which has a series of pendents along the centre of it. Pendents are also attached to the ends of the hammer beams in Gothic timber roofs. PENDENTIVE. The entire body of a vault suspended out of the perpendicular of the walls, and bearing against the arch boutants, or supporters. It is defined by Daviler to be the portion of a vault between the arches of a dome, commonly enriched with sculpture. Felibien defines it as the plane of the vault contained between the double arches, the forming arches, and the ogives. See p. 560. PENDENTIVE BRACKETING or CAVE BRACKETING. That springing from the rectangular walls of an apartment upwards to the ceiling, and forming the horizontal part of the ceiling into a circle or ellipsis. PENDENTIVE CRADLING. The timber work for sustaining the lath and plaster in vaulted ceilings. PENETRALE. (Lat.) The most sacred part of the temple, which generally contained an altar to Jupiter Hercæus, which appellation, according to Festus, was derived from expos, an enclosure, and supposed him the protector of its sanctity. PENETRALIA. (Lat.) Small chapels dedicated to the Penates, in the innermost part of the Roman houses. In these it was the custom to deposit what the family considered most valuable. PENITENTIARY. In monastic establishments was a small square building, in which a penitent confined himself. The term was also applied to that part of a church to which penitents were admitted during divine service. The word, as used in the present time, implies a place for the reception of criminals whose crimes are not so heinous as to deserve punishment beyond that of solitary confinement and hard labour, and where means are used to reclaim as much as possible those who have become subject to the laws by transgressing them. See PRISON, Book III. Chap. III. Sect. 18. PENSTOCK. A small paddle, working up vertically in a grooved frame, and for penning back water. PENTADORON. (Gr.) A species of brick used in ancient architecture, which was five palms long. PENTAGON. (Gr. Пevтe, five, and ravia, an angle.) In geometry, a figure of five sides and five angles. When the five sides are equal, the angles are too, and the figure is called a regular pentagon. PENTAGRAPH. See PANTOGRAPH. PERIACTI. (Gr. Пeplayew, to revolve.) The revolving scenes in an ancient theatre, called by the Romans scenæ versatiles. PERIBOLUS. (Gr.) A court or enclosure within a wall, sometimes surrounding a temple. It was frequently ornamented with statues, altars, and monuments, and sometimes contained other smaller temples or a sacred grove. The peribolus of the temple of Jupiter Olympius, at Athens, was four stadia in circumference. That of the temple of Apollo Dindymæus, near Miletus, was also of some extent. PERIDROME. (Gr. Пepi, about, Apoμos, a course.) The space, in ancient architecture, between the columns of a temple and the walls enclosing the cell. PERIMETER. (Gr.) The boundary of a figure. PERIPHERY. (Gr. Пepipeрw, I surround.) The circumference of a circle, ellipsis, parabola, or other regular curvilinear figure. PERIPTERY. (Gr.) The range of insulated columns round the cell of a temple. PERIPTERAL. (Gr.) A temple surrounded by a periptery, that is, encompassed by columns, See TEMPLE. PERISTYLIUM. (Gr.) In Greek and Roman buildings, a court, square or cloister, which sometimes had a colonnade on three sides only, and therefore in that case improperly so called. Some peristylia had a colonnade on each of the four sides; that on the south being sometimes higher than the rest, in which case it was called a Rhodian peristylium. The range of columns itself was called the peristyle. See COLONNADE. PERITHERIDes. The same as ANCONES, which see. PERITROCHIUM. (Gr.) A term in mechanics applied to a wheel or circle concentric with the base of a cylinder, and together with it moveable about an axis. PERPENDICULAR. In geometry, a term applied to a right line falling directly on another line, so as to make equal angles on each side, called also a normal line. The same definition will hold of planes standing the one on the other. A perpendicular to a curve is a right line cutting the curve in a point where another right line to which it is perpendicular makes a tangent with the curve. PERPEND STONE or PERPENDER. A long stone reaching through the thickness of the wall, so as to be visible on both sides, and therefore wrought and smoothed at the ends. PERRAULT. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 259. PERRON. A French term, denoting a staircase, lying open or without side the building; or more properly the steps in the front of a building which lead into the first story, where it is raised a little above the level of the ground. PERRONET. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 298. PERSIAN OF PERSEPOLITAN ARCHITECTURE. PERSIANS. See CARYATIDES. See Book I. Chap. II. Sect. 4. PERSPECTIVE. (Lat. Perspicio.) The science which teaches the art of representing objects on a definite surface, so as from a certain position to affect the eye in the same manner as the objects themselves would. This art forms the subject of Book II. Chap. IV. Sect. 2. PERUZZI. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 200. PEST HOUSE. A lazaretto or infirmary where persons, goods, &c., infected with the plague or other contagious disease, or suspected so to be, are lodged to prevent communication with others, and the consequent spread of the contagion. PETER OF COLECHUCH. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 106. PHAX, See ARCHITECTS, list of, 28. PHALANGE. (Gr.) A name applied by Vitruvius to a species of wooden rollers, used to transport heavy masses from one spot to another. PHAROS. (Gr. from ws, a light, and Opaw, I sec.) The name applied to an ancient lighthouse. See Book III. Chap. III. Sect. 12. PHEASANTRY. A building or place for the purpose of breeding, rearing, and keeping pheasants. PHILO. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 26. PHONICS. The doctrine of sounds, which has not yet been so reduced in its application to architecture as to have justified in this work more than its definition in this place. See the Sect. 16. Chap. III. Book III. on THEATRES. PHOTOMETER. (Gr.) An instrument for measuring the different intensities of light. PIAZZA. (Ital.) A square open space surrounded by buildings. The term is very frequently and very ignorantly used to denote a walk under an arcade. The square or PIEDROIT. (Fr.) A French term, signifying a pier or square pillar, partly hid within a PIETRO DI GAMIEL. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 195. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 119. PILASTER. (Fr.) A sort of square column, sometimes insulated, but more commonly engaged in a wall, and projecting only a fourth or fifth of its thickness. See Book III. Chap. I. Sect. 14. PILES. (Lat.) Large timbers driven into the earth, upon whose heads is laid the foundation of a building in marshy and loose soils. Amsterdam and some other cities are built wholly upon piles. The stoppage of Dagenham Breach was effected by piles mortised into one another by dovetail joints. They are best and most firmly driven by repeated strokes; but for the saving of time, a pile engine is generally used, in appearance and effect very much like a guillotine, which, having raised the monkey or hammer to a certain height, lets it, by pressing the clasps which carry it up, suddenly drop down on the pile to be driven. PILLAR. (Fr. Pilier.) A column of irregular form, always disengaged, and always de viating from the proportions of the orders, whence the distinction between a column and a pillar. In any other sense it is improperly used. PIN. In carpentry, a cylindrical piece of wood driven to connect pieces of framing together. PINNACLE. (LOW Lat. Pinnaculum.) A summit or apex. The term is usually applied to the ornament in Gothic architecture placed on the top of a buttress, or as the termination to the angle of the gable of a building. It is also placed on different parts of a parapet, at the sides of niches, and in other situations. Its form is usually slender, and tapers to a point. PINNING UP. In underpinning the driving the wedges under the upper work so as to bring it fully to bear upon the work below. The term pinning is also used to denote the fastening of tiles together with pins or pieces of heart of oak in the covering of buildings. PINO, DI. PINTELLI. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 201. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 155. PITE. A conveyance for water or soil from any part of a building, usually of lead or iron. When for the supply of water to a building it is called a service pipe; when for carrying off water, a waste pipe; and when for carrying off soil, a soil pipe; and those which carry away the rain from a building are called rain-water pipes. When a cistern or reservoir is supplied in such a way that those who labour to fill it should be made aware that it is full, the pipe which discharges the overflow is called a warning pipe. PIPPI. See ARCHITECTS, list of, 218. PISCINA. (Lat.) Among the Romans this term was applied to a fish-pond, to a shallow reservoir for practising swimming, and to a place for watering horses and washing clothes. The piscina in ecclesiastical architecture was a bowl for water, generally in a niche in the wall of the church wherein the priest laved his hands. There was usually one attached to every altar for the priest to wash his hands on the performance of the sacred rites. The variety of their form is great; some were extremely simple, others very richly decorated. PISE. A species of walling, of latter years used in France, made of stiff earth or clay rammed in between moulds as it is carried up. This method of walling was however in very early use. (Plin. lib. xxxiv. chap. 14.) PIT OF A THEATRE. The part on the ground-floor between the lower range of boxes and the stage. PITCH. A term generally applied to the vertical angles formed by the inclined sides of a roof. PITCHING PIECE. In staircasing, an horizontal piece of timber, having one of its ends wedged into the wall at the upper part of a flight of steps, to support the upper ends of the rough strings. See APRON PIECE. PIVOT. (Fr.) The sharpened point upon which a perpendicular wheel performs its revolutions. PLACE BRICKS. See p. 504. PLAFOND OF PLATFOND. (Fr.) The ceiling of a room, whether flat or arehed; also the under-side of the projection of the larmier of the cornice; generally any sofite. PLAIN OF PLANE ANGLE. One contained under two lines and surfaces, so called to distinguish it from a solid angle. PLAIN TILES, properly PLANE TILES. Chap. II. Sect. 9. PLAN. (Fr.) The representation of the horizontal section of a building, showing its distribution, the form and extent of its various parts. In the plans made by the architect, it is customary to distinguish the massive parts, such as walls, by a dark colour, so as to separate them from the voids or open spaces. In a geometrical plan, which is that above mentioned, the parts are represented in their natural proportions. A perspective plan is drawn according to the rules of perspective. The raised plan of a building is the Those whose surfaces are planes. See Book II. elevation of it. PLANCEER. The same as the sofite or under-surface of the corona; the word is however very often used generally to mean any sofite. ་ PLANE. (Lat. Planus.) A tool used by artificers that work in wood for the purpose of producing thereon a flat even surface. There are various sorts of planes, whose description will be found at p. 564. PLANE. In geometry, a surface that coincides in every direction with a straight line. PLANE, GEOMETRICAL. In perspective, a plane parallel to the horizon, whereon the object to be delineated is supposed to be placed. It is usually at right angles with the perspective plane. PLANE, HORIZONTAL, In perspective, a plane passing through the spectator's eye, parallel to the horizon, and cutting the perspective plane in a straight line, called the horizontal line. PLANE, INCLINED. One that makes an oblique angle with a horizontal plane. |