as they assumed the right of self government, and to this day, the Bill of Rights declares that "the "the levying of taxes by the Poll is grievous and oppressive" and reiterates the principle of the Act concerning Religion.

Upon the foundations thus laid by Cecil Calvert, the liberties of the people have ever since securely rested. In the long controversy between the Governor and the General Assembly, concerning the right of the former to levy taxes in the form of fees for public officers, the latter continually relied upon the unanswerable defence of the reiterated declarations of its predecessors, assented to by the Proprietaries, that no taxes, aids, or subsidies, could ever be levied, unless by the representatives of the freemen.

And to the claim of the Parliament, at a later day, of the power to tax the Province, the ancient right of Maryland, under her Charter, and under her Acts of Assembly, never to be taxed unless by her own consent, was interposed as the insurmountable protection against usurpation.

In all the wars, and insurrections, revolutions, rebellions, and civil broils, which have swept the Province, neither life, liberty, nor property have ever been sacrificed, in the fury of religious fanaticism.

Blood has been shed in the struggles of faction, but no man has ever been put to death on account of his religion.

The Jesuit Fathers acquired, in 1637, the manors of St. Inigoes, St. Thomas, St. George's Island, and Cedar Point.1

They there established their altars and their chapels. For two centuries and a half they have enjoyed them undisturbed, for the use of the Church, and the support of the Society, a perpetual monument of the liberal institutions on which the foundations of Maryland rest, and of the ever-pervading influence of the wise and far-seeing policy of the Founder.

These institutions, and that policy, have become fundamental in all the American commonwealths, and are being recognized and adopted as those on which alone civilization can be developed.

1 Appendix L.

APPENDIX.

APPENDIX A, (p. 8.)

THE WOODSTOCK LETTERS.

"The Woodstock Letters " is a monthly periodical, printed by the Jesuits, at the Jesuit College, at Woodstock, Maryland, for private circulation among the Society of Jesus.

It is devoted to Historical and Missionary discussion and information, and contains many valuable and curious publications concerning the Society in the early history of Maryland. It is not published for general circulation.

I am indebted to Rev. Edward McGurk, S. J., President of Loyola College, for access to these papers and to the Library of the College, and to Brother O'Rourke, S. J., the Librarian, for assistance in my investigations there; to the Rev. Robert Fulton, S. J., Provincial of Maryland and President of Georgetown College, for assistance; to the authorities of Woodstock College for copies of Stonyhurst MSS., herein first given to the historical student, which have been translated for me by Father Ward, S. J. The Provincial of England, Father Purbrick, S. J., and Brother Henry Foley, S. J., editor of the Records of the English Province, have courteously given me access to original records, for which I return my thanks.

Dr. William H. Browne, Librarian of Johns Hopkins University, has translated for me the curious paper relating to the Three Propositions for Religious Toleration to the English Parliament in 1645-47, and I hereby make my acknowledgments to him for the same.

163

APPENDIX B, (p. 21.)

THOMAS HOWARD, EARL OF ARUNDEL, AND THOMAS ARUNDEL, BARON ARUNDEL OF Wardour.

It is probable that the Arundel who, with George Calvert, applied in February, 1630, for a grant, was the Earl of Arundel, Thomas Howard, and not the Baron Arundel of Wardour, Sir Thomas Arundel. The entry is:

"February 10, 1630.-Articles which A and B request the Attorney General to grant to them by Patent, for the settlement and plantation of Carolana, the 34 and 35 deg. of Nor. lat., within his Province of Carolana,' to be peopled and planted by them. Power to erect courts. Two-thirds of the Territory to be held of him in the King's service, with titles of honor, the rest in free socage." Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, 1574–1660, p. 107. On page 28, same volume, is the entry:

"March 27, 1622.- Grant to Sir Thomas Arundel, of the Island called the Basse, lying N. by W. from Ireland, not yet inhabited, to hold for fifty years, at a yearly rent of £5.”

The Earl of Arundel was, in 1619, a member of the Council with Sir George Calvert Calendar, 1574-1660, p. 23.

"March 16, 1621.-Pet. for grant of Newfoundland referred to Ld. Steward, Ld. Chamberlaine, Earl of Arundel, Lord Vis. Falkland and Sect'y Calvert to report."-p. 25-26.

"July 24, 1622.-The Bonds for dividends of the Duke of Lennox, the Earl of Arundel, and Sect'y Calvert agreed upon.” Neill's Colonization in America, p. 213-214, says that "the Duke of Norfolk contemplated a settlement in 1629, south of the James river, and the Virginia Assembly, in compliment to him, made a new county bearing his name." There was no Duke of Norfolk in 1629. Thomas Howard, 4th Duke, was attainted and beheaded in 1572, and the title became extinct. His grandson,