of the entire exposition hall, which occupied the center of the building and covered 12,700 square feet. To the rear of the main exhibit hall was a model shoe-factory. On the east front, which was provided with a separate entrance, the entire space was assigned to rooms for the press, and a commercial room where catalogues and other literature of exhibitors could be had. The second floor was, in reality, only a gallery surrounding the main hall, which was open to the dome. From this gallery a view could be had of the models on exhibition below, and access was given to the exhibit rooms of the various States represented at the fair. The largest of these exhibit rooms-one apartment 82 feet long and 40 feet wide-was devoted to the exhibits of the United States Government. In the center of the main hall was an illuminated electric fountain. A band of twenty selected musical instruments had stations in the gallery. The entire building was of iron, steel, and glass. A triangular space near by was used as a fire station, in which American fire appliances were shown, including steam fire engines, fire alarm, and various electric devices used in connection with fire departments. An ambulance wagon was also included.

The Exhibits.-Concerning these, the most imposing were naturally those of Belgium, and a brave showing was made by this little kingdom of her arts and industries. Conspicuous among these were the exhibits of the Vielle Montaigne zine mines, which included not only zinc in its forms as found in Nature, but also as shown in its many useful applications, novel among which was its employment for the prevention of the accumulation of oxidation in

steam boilers; also it showed models of its works near Liége. Models of the porphyry quarries near Quenast made clear the methods of exploitation used there. Belgian glass, an early and important industry in that country, was exhibited by several firms, and notably by the Val.-St. Lambert Company, whose works were established in 1825. The pottery of Boch Frères, resembling the Delft ware, was shown in plates and tiles forming artistic pictures. Laces fine as spider's web, from Brussels and elsewhere, formed typical exhibits of a wellknown national industry. Iron tubes from Liége, used to conduct gas and water, were shown in profusion, with lists of the many places-from Russia to South America-where they were used. The important coal industry, so valuable to the little country, had exhibits of its commercial articles, conspicuous among which were machines for making the "briquettes," "boulets," and "ovoids"-forms of pulverized pressed coal-as well as the products which are so largely used as fuel. The coal extracts, from the dark tar to the iridescent eosin, were also there. Then the coke industry was illustrated with photographs, models, and products. The Solvay process, invented by a Belgian, for obtaining soda, and the many uses dependent upon that chemical, were exhibited by specimens of soap, porcelain, glass, wood pulp and paper therefrom, mortar, and many articles requiring soda in their production. The beers and wines of Belgium formed a conspicuous exhibit, and contained not alone the crude grain or grape with the product, but the means of accomplishing the end with various appliances was freely illustrated as well. Metallurgy

as practiced at Chatelineau was shown by the iron ore and castings, also by steel plates and iron in large sheets; while from Moulins came copper and brass wire, utensils, and plates. Sugar refineries had their displays, and guns, rifles, and cartridges exemplified an ability to destroy, while the piano and other musical instruments testified to a power to please. Inlaid floors, rich embossed leather for wall and furniture coverings, beautiful tapestries, quaint and tasteful furniture, afforded evidence of the skill of the makers in Antwerp and Brussels in household decoration. There were exceptionally fine exhibits of canned fruit and the national gingerbread, while a large space was devoted to the mineral-water exhibit from Spa. Imported industries-as that of sponges from the Mediterranean and the West Indies, with illustrations of their treatment-were shown. Exported industries came in for consideration with the Congo exhibit, while from that remote colony were shown quantities of gum copal, caoutchouc extracted from the roots of plants, and elephants' tusks, both in the rough and cut into ornaments. These and many other exhibits were evidences of the commercial industries and enterprise of one of the smallest countries of Europe. It was a display in every way worthy of Belgium and her people.

The colonial exhibits were unusually full. Specialties from the colonies of Great Britain, France, Portugal, and Holland showed that their products were receiving a wider distribution than formerly. Articles formerly indigenous to special localities were shown to be obtaining a wider field of cultivation, and more and more the different colonies showed an ability to provide for their individual wants, thus making them independent of European and American markets.

Coming so soon after our own Chicago fair, it was but natural that the exhibits should not represent that which was best in this country; and the exhibition, as far as the United States was concerned, was unsatisfactory. It included, according to competent authority, a pitiful array of tobacco, varnishes, musical instruments from a firm in Chicago, cases of pills, the caligraph, steam radiators, some bathtubs, a few easy chairs, bottles of whisky, alarm clocks, bags of flour from the Northwest, drills from Ohio, and car-wheels from Buffalo." Yet withal a fair number of medals were received by American exhibitors.

The day appointed for the end of the exposition was Nov. 12, and at that time it was closed. ARCHEOLOGY. Archæology, says Prof. J. P. Mahaffy, is making strides as rapid as those of physical science. Every year brings us not only new discoveries but new explanations of facts hitherto misunderstood, so that our whole appreciation of ancient life and manners is gradually changing.

American. A department of archæology and paleontology has been established in the University of Pennsylvania, for the furtherance of instruction in these branches and the pursuance of investigation in them by sending out exploring expeditions. Considerable collections have been secured for the museum, including photographic illustrations of objects at Copan, Hon

duras; a series of Oriental games; other games; the Somerville collection of gems and talismans; a series obtained from the Sultan of Johore; Chinese porcelain images; masks, weapons, etc., from Ceylon; military banners from Corea; and Indo-Greek sculptures from Afghanistan. Excavations have been continuously carried on at Niffer, in Mesopotamia, where the temple of Bel has been nearly uncovered; many inscribed stones, cuneiform tablets, etc., of about 4000 B. C. have been secured, from which a collection of inscriptions has been published.

Prehistoric relics have been found in Salvador, Central America, indicating the existence of both Mexican and Peruvian influences there; but it has not been determined certainly whether these relics are truly of Salvadorean origin or have been brought there from the north and the south. Really scientific excavations are not as yet practicable there, because of the jealousy of the Indians. The double vases called silvadores, Fig. 1, No. 7, are of a style classical in Peru, and the chicha drinker, No. 2, is also a Peruvian pattern. The balsam-tribute vessel. No. 6, may help solve the problem of origin. The precious healing balm, extracted long before the conquest from the bark of the Myroxylon pubescens and M. balsamiferum by the Nahuatl Indians of the balsam coast of Salvador, was for a long time an important article in the tribute which they paid to their Toltec and Aztec rulers. The Spaniards learned to appreciate its value, and, in order to avoid the filibusters, sent it to Europe by way of Callao, Panama, and Nombre de Dios-whence its name of balsam of Peru. The fragment No. 4 attracts attention by the appearance of tattooing, or rather, perhaps, as tattooing is not known to have been practiced in the region, of painted stripes, on the face. The relief head on the vase No. 8 appears as if covered with a mask of human skin. The figure on the vase No. 9 is remarkable for being bearded, while the Indians were beardless, and may lend apparent support to the story of America having been visited at times by foreigners. The vase No. 3 is of Peruvian style, and is marked with ornamental designs usually regarded as Grecian. The fact illustrates the resemblances often found between primitive human works in the most distantly separated regions. The type of the statue in lava, No. 5, with its posture of prayer, is frequently met in Central America. Such figures are found in dimensions varying from a few inches to 20 or 25 feet. The polychrome vase, No. 9, is 15 centimetres high, and represents some undetermined divinity of a type clearly Mexican.

The native calendar of Central America and Mexico, which differs completely from the calendars of the ancient nations of the Old World, has been studied by Dr. D. G. Brinton from the point of view of linguistics and symbolism. The basis of this calendar is a month of twenty days. Each day is designated by a name of some object, animate or inanimate, and is numbered besides, but only from one to thirteen, when the numbering begins again at the unit. The result of this combination evidently is that a day bearing both the same name and the same number will not recur until thirteen of the months have elapsed. This gives a period or cycle of two

hundred and sixty days, and this anomalous period is at the foundation of the native calendar. Dr. Brinton's linguistic analysis of the names of the twenty days in the Maya, Tzental, and Quiche-Cakchiquel dialects, and in the Zapotec and Nahuatl languages, shows that they are all identical in significance, and therefore must have had one and the same origin. By arranging the symbols represented by the day names in order from one to twenty, it is found that they exhibit a sequence covering the career of human life from the time of birth until death at an old age. Thus, in all the 5 languages and dialects, the name of the first day signified birth or beginning; that of the tenth day success (through hardship or suffering); of the eleventh, difficulties surmounted; of the thirteenth, advancing years; of the twentieth, the sun or house of the VOL. XXXIV.-2 A

soul. It appears, therefore, that the calendar conveyed a philosophical conception of life which may or may not, however, have originated contemporaneously with it. The period of twenty days was doubtless derived from the Vigesimal system of counting in use among the tribes employing the calendar. This number twenty is based on finger-and-toe counting, and Dr. Brinton points out that in the languages investigated its name has the signification pleted" or "filled up." "In this way," he thinks, "the number came to represent symbolically the whole of man-his complete nature and destiny-and mystically to shadow forth and embody all the unseen potencies which make or mar his fortunes and his life." It is remarked also as a curious coincidence that the product of twenty by thirteen days is two hun

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dred and sixty days, or approximately nine months-the period from conception to birth. Another study of the Mexican calendar has been made by Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, and was the subject of a paper contributed by her to the tenth International Congress of Americanists, at Stockholm. Her theory is based upon a distinct statement in an anonymous manuscript in the Biblioteca Nazionale at Florence, to the effect that the year always began with one of four day signs, and took its name accordingly. When it began on a day Acatl, the year was named Acatl, and so on. The fundamental conclusions reached by the author are that (1) the religious festival periods of the Mexican year must not be confounded, as heretofore, with the eighteen so-called months of the civil solar year, each of the latter of which began by a day of enforced rest, and contained set market days, at five-day intervals; (2) the religious festival periods were partly movable and partly ruled by the central ritual year contained in each solar year, the beginning of a festival period having been shown, in three well-authenticated instances, to have coincided with the first day of one of the thirteen periods of twenty days embraced in the ritual year.

British. In an ancient British village of marsh dwellings discovered near Glastonbury in March, 1892, the foundations of the separate houses were made by placing on the surface of the peat a layer or platform of timber and brushwood confined by numerous small piles at the margin. On this a layer of clay was placed, slightly raised at the center, where the remains of a hearth were generally found. The dwelling itself was composed of timber filled in with wattle and daub. The wall posts and the entrance threshold and doorstep were found in situ. Banks of clay and stone, mortised timber, hurdle work, a boat 17 feet long, quantities of wheel-made and hand-made pottery, sling stones, bones of animals, and a great number of objects of bronze and iron, horn, bone, and stone, including fibulæ, rings, knives, saws, weapons, combs, needles, pottery stamps, and querns, were found. In an account given to the British Association of the discovery, Prof. Boyd Dawkins dwelt upon the evidence it afforded that the people there had attained a high state of civilization. They had weaving looms and weaving combs, the latter being the origin, as the speaker undertook to demonstrate, of the comb used for the hair. He also showed that the Glastonbury lake dwellers understood the management of horses, though whether for riding or driving he could not say. They had needles and pins, particularly the safety pin, which was the ancestor of the present brooch. It had even been possible to find out something about their games, and to predicate with certainty that they indulged in cock fighting-a pastime to which Cæsar says the Gauls were passionately addicted. From comparison with Gallic relics of known periods, Mr. Arthur Evans fixed the date of the encampment as about 50 B. C. He added that while it was customary to represent the ancient Britons as barbarians who painted their bodies, they in fact enjoyed a degree of civilization in certain respects which left them little to learn from the

Romans. He had evidence that as far back as the fourth or fifth century before our era the Britons imported beautiful bronze brackets, Greek pottery, mirrors, and other objects of art from beyond the Alps. A further report upon this lake village was made at the Oxford meeting of the British Association in 1894, when the association's committee showed that the following facts have been established:

the water of a shallow mere. (b) That 5 feet of peat (a) That the village was originally surrounded by accumulated during its occupation. (e) That a strong palisading of posts and piles protected the village. d) That the groundwork of the village, so far, at least, as its margin is concerned, is artificial for the depth of 5 feet. Numerous and important objects have been unearthed this season from the peat outside the village at all depths down to 7 feet 3 inches, and as far as 80 feet from the village border. Pottery -hand and wheel made-clay pellets (so-called sling stones) baked and unbaked, and bones of animals are still met with at all points in great quantities. Recently a decorated wheel-made bowl of black ware has been found in perfect preservation and highly finished, 4 inches high and 5 inches across the rim, besides numerous other pieces of pottery elaborately marked with designs of circles, curved and flowing lines, and triangles. The find of greatest importance in bronze has been a well-preserved bowl measuring 4 inches across the rim. Among the other objects of bronze are two more spiral finger rings and a penannular ring brooch. In iron there is a reaping hook, together with its wooden handle, 16 inches in length, and a primitive sickle with riveted wood handle complete, in length 10 inches. More human remains have been met with this year than previously, including a complete skull showing several sword or axe marks; no other bones belonging to the body were discovered near it. There still remain two thirds of the village border to be traced, and nearly 50 dwelling mounds and about five sixths of the entire village area to be examined.

At the meeting of the British Archæological Association at Manchester in August, Dr. Phené, one of the vice-presidents, maintained that the pre-Roman occupation of Britain was a commercial and hence a civilized one, and proceeded to show that the pre-Roman roads of Italy bore the same peculiar features as the early roads of Great Britain. He cited a variety of evidence of close commercial intercourse between Britain and Italy in pre-Roman times. By the evidence of his own surveys and of the researches of other persons, he concluded that two Italian tribes the Vennones and the Senones-were domiciled in Britain long prior to the Roman conquest. These points were sufficient to prove Italian occupation at a very early date, and to account for the formation of roads in Britain, which might thus be correctly called Italian roads. The author then proceeded to give his evidence in detail.

German. In relaying the pavement of the Church of Sainte-Foy, at Schlettstadt, in Alsace, a passage was found leading to a suite of two subterranean apartments, and farther on the vacant tombs and a fourth tomb containing a quantity of rubbish. A block of mortar in the rubbish heap attracted attention from its bearing an impression like that of a human body. On making a cast of this impression, a bust of a beautiful woman, represented in Fig. 2, was revealed. The expression of the face was calm and gentle, though sad, and the features bore

the stamp of nobility. Some persons supposed that the impression belonged to the Countess Hildegarde, great-grandmother of the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa, who founded the church about A. D. 1087, but reasons appeared which made this identification improbable; and it has been ascribed with more plausibility to Hilde

FIG. 2.-CAST OF AN IMPRESSION OF A WOMAN'S BODY OF THE ELEVENTH CENTURY, DISCOVERED IN A SEPULCHRAL CRYPT IN THE CHURCH OF SAINTE-FOY, SCHLETTSTADT, ALSACE.

garde's daughter Adelaide. Its existence is accounted for by referring to the plague which ravaged Alsace toward the end of the eleventh century, and from which Hildegarde, her son Conrad, and her daughter Adelaide died. It is supposed that the deceased was encased in mortar previous to burial as a prophylactic against the spread of the malady, and that the plaster, hardening quickly, took the impression of her figure and preserved it, after the body had decayed. There are apparent evidences of haste in the disposition of the corpse, in the position of the head, which has sunken, the condition of the left side, and the distortion of the nose. The lower part of the figure was not recovered, having been broken up by the tools of the excavators. Grecian.-At Athens, Dr. Dörpfeld, of the German school, has suggested, on the basis of a recent discovery he has made, a rectification of the accepted geography of the ancient city. Thucydides (II, 15) describes the ancient city as situated on the Acropolis and most directly south under it, and places here, too, the fountain Enneakrounos, or Callirhoë. Pausanias, too, in his tour of the city, mentions the Enneakrounos next after the Odeum, and as if close to the Areopagus. According to the universal acceptation, however, this fountain was by the Ilissus, southeast of the Acropolis, and far from its gateway. Dr. Dörpfeld has now discovered

a natural spring in the museum, or hill south of the Areopagus, with deep artificial hollows in the rock to gather the water, which flowed hence into the limnæ or basins. He has come upon traces of an old sanctuary to Dionysus in the long inscription of the Io Bacchoi, set up in Roman times within the sanctuary; he has uncovered the stone lenos or winepress, a square trough with an exit for the juice into a large terra-cotta vessel; and he has found the great water conduits of the Pisistratidæ, leading to this spot, tunneled through the rocks in the same fashion as the contemporary conduit of Polycrates at Samos.

The excavations of the site of the Heræon, near Mycena and Argos, begun by the American school in 1892, have been carried on through three seasons. The explorations on the site of the older temple-of which nothing was visible save a few layers of the Cyclopean retaining wall supporting the platform on which it was built-revealed a pavement of large polygonal slabs, about 45 metres long by 35 broad, covering a considerable portion of the terrace supported by the Cyclopean retaining wall; but on foundations or other clews were found to make it possible to say whether the pavement lay in front of the temple or supported its columns. Beneath a certain line of a piece of wall that apparently formed a part of the substructure of the cella, in a position implying that they antedated the erection of the temple, were found fragments of primitive pottery, bronzes, rudely engraved stones, beads of glass and bones, "a very curious bronze goat," and other articles. the metal objects seeming to have been melted. On clearing the site of the later temple, the substructure was found preserved throughout its entire circuit, and displaying the plan and outline of the building. The superstructure had been wholly destroyed. Enough of the fragments, however, remain from all parts of the building to make a fairly accurate idea possible of its construction and architectural features. It was a Doric peripteral hexastyle, with 12 columns on the planes, and a stereobate measuring 39-60 by 19.94 metres. The columns were of Poros stone, with a fluting of twenty channels, and the echinus of the capital showing a delicate convex curve. The entablature was also of Poros stone, with the exception of the triglyphs, which, as well as the pediments, were of black marble. The sculptures in the metopes and pediments were of Parian marble. The clearance of the structures around this temple formed the principal task of the operations of the season of 1894. Beneath the Cyclopean wall were found vestiges of buildings of a very remote antiquity, a stoa with at least 19 pillars, some of which were in situ, and with bases of statues which once occupied it, and a curious system of water works at its western end; two large rectangular buildings, one of which is ascribed to the sixth century B. C.; another stoa; a tunnel cut through the rock of the mountain side, and two tombs similar to those of Mycena. Hundreds of works of primitive art-terra-cotta figurines, plaques, and images of animals, bronze statuettes, rings, pins, beads, scarabs, seals of glass, amber, or porcelain, many of them Phoenician or Egyptian in type-were recovered; and besides these, fragments of