OBITUARIES, AMERICAN, FOR 1894. Abbett, Leon, jurist, born in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 8, 1836; died in Jersey City, N. J., Dec. 4, 1894. He was graduated at the Philadelphia High School in 1853; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1857; and removed to Hoboken, N. J., in 1862. At the beginning of his practice in Hudson County, N. J., he formed a partnership with William J. A. Fuller, of New York city, which lasted till Mr. Fuller's death, nearly thirty years afterward. In 1863 he was appointed corporation attorney of Hoboken, and in 1864 and 1866 he was elected to the Legislature as a Democrat. During his second term he took up a permanent residence in Jersey City. In 1868 he was again sent to the Legislature, and was chosen Speaker of the House, and in the following year he was similarly honored. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Baltimore in 1872, and to that at St. Louis in 1876, and was one of the secretaries at the former and the chairman of the New Jersey delegation at the latter. In 1874 and 1876 he was elected to the State Senate, of which he was chosen president in 1877. Under Gov. McClellan he became a member of the commission to draft a general charter for the government of cities; and under Gov. Ludlow, of the commission to devise means for a more equitable mode of taxation. In the meantime he was appointed corporation counsel for Jersey City, Bayonne, and the town of Union, and was for some years President of the Board of Education of Jersey City. He was elected Governor of the State, over Judge Jonathan Dixon, in 1883, and over Gen. E. Burd Grubb in 1889; was the unsuccessful candidate for United States Senator in 1887 and 1892; and was appointed an associate justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey in 1893. He received the degree of LL. D. from the College of New Jersey during his first term as Governor.

Adams, John Quincy, legislator, born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 22, 1833; died in Quincy, Mass., Aug. 14, 1894. He was a son of Charles Francis Adams, the diplomatist, a great-grandson of President John Adams, and a grandson of President John Quincy Adams. He was graduated at Harvard in 1853, and was admitted to the bar in 1855, but after a brief practice he abandoned the law, became the farmer member of the family, and interested himself in town affairs and in State and national politics. During the civil war he served on the military staff of Gov. John A. Andrew. In 1865 he was elected to the Legislature; in 1867 he advocated the cause of President Johnson and was defeated as Democratic candidate for Governor of Massachusetts; in 1868, 1869, and 1870 he was similarly defeated; in 1867 and 1870 he was elected to the Legislature; in 1872 was candidate for Vice-President of the United States on the ticket with Charles O'Conor; and in 1573 was defeated for LieutenantGovernor and again elected to the Legislature. He received the Democratic nomination for Congress in the old 2d District in 1884, but declined it on account of the pressure of private interests. In 1887 he accepted an appointment on the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, and in 1891 became a member of the Rapid Transit Commission. Mr. Adams inherited the valuable Adams estate, acquired large additional properties, created one of the finest model farms in Massachusetts, and had heavy interests in large financial concerns. The adoption of what has become known as the "Quincy School System" was due in large measure to his efforts while chairman of the school committee of the town of Quincy.

Alcorn. James Lusk, lawyer, born near Golconda, Ill., Nov. 4, 1816; died in Eagle Nest, Miss., Dec. 20, 1894. He was brought up in Livingston County, Ky., re

ceived a collegiate education, was deputy sheriff for five years, and was elected to the Legislature as a Whig in 1843. In the following year he removed to Coahoma County, Miss., and began practicing law. During the nineteen years, 1846-65, he served for sixteen years in the Legislature of Mississippi, part of the time in the House and part in the Senate. He was a Whig candidate for presidential elector in 1852; was nominated by the Whigs for Governor in 1857, but declined, and the same year was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Congress; and was elected President of the Levee Board of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta in 1858. In 1861 he was a member of the State Convention, by which he was chosen a brigadiergeneral, but his commission was refused by Jefferson Davis because of past political differences. He was elected United States Senator in 1865, and was refused his seat was the successful candidate for Governor of Mississippi in 1869; and having been elected United States Senator again, resigned the office of Governor, Nov. 30, 1871, and took his seat in the Senate on Dec. 4 following, for the term ending March 3, 1877. In 1873 he was an independent candidate for Governor, and was defeated by Gen. Adelbert A. Ames. After his retirement from the United States Senate he lived quietly on a highly improved plantation. His last political service was as a member of the State Constitutional Convention in 1890. He was the founder of the levee system of Mississippi, and the State Agricultural and Mechanical College for Colored Youth, at West Side, bears his name.

Alexander, Samuel Davies, clergyman, born in Princeton, N. J., May 3, 1819; died in New York city, Oct. 26, 1894. He was the fifth son of Rev. Archibald Alexander, D. D.; was graduated at Princeton in 1838; began studying civil engineering, but soon abandoned it and took the full course in Princeton Theological Seminary; and was licensed to preach in 1847. In 1848-50 he was pastor of the Port Richmond Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia, Pa.; in 1850-255, of the village church in Freehold, N. J.; and from 1855 till 1893, of the Phillips Presbyterian Church in New York city. On resigning his last pastorate he was made clerk of the Presbytery of New York, and he held the office till his death. Dr. Alexander was for many years a contributor to the "Princeton Review," and was author of "Princeton College during the Eighteenth Century " and a "History of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland."

Allen, Jerome, educator, born in Westminster West, Vt., July 17, 1830; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., May 26, 1894. He was graduated at Amherst College in 1851, studied theology at East Windsor Hill, Conn., and took charge of the academy at Maquoketa, Iowa, in 1853. From 1855 till 1859 he was Professor of Natural Sciences in Alexander College, Dubuque, and he then became principal of Bowen Collegiate Institute and pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Hopkinton. In 1861 the institute was incorporated as Lenox College, and he was chosen its first president. After he had served here for eight years failing health constrained him to resign. He spent the next two years as superintendent of schools at Monticello, Iowa, and in organizing teachers' institutes throughout the State, and then, removing to New York city, he engaged in literary educational work. Subsequently he became a member of the faculty of Institute Conductors of the State of New York; Professor of Natural Sciences in the State Normal School at Geneseo, N. Y.; editor of "Barnes's Educational Monthly"; President of the New York State Teachers' Association; and principal of the State Normal School at St. Cloud, Minn. To his efforts more than to any other agency was due the founding of the New York School of Pedagogy. In

1887 he was elected Professor of Pedagogy in the University of the City of New York, and on March 30, 1890, he saw the fruition of his years of labor and hope in the establishment, by the council of the university, of the School of Pedagogy. In 1893 his health forced him to relinquish active work, and he was elected professor emeritus. During his career as an educator Dr. Allen produced a large amount of literary work of permanent value. Besides editing "Barnes's Educational Monthly" for four years, and assisting in editing the Teachers' Institute and School Journal" for five years, he published "A Handbook of Experimental Chemistry for Laboratory Use"; "A Grammar and Analysis"; "Methods for Teachers in Grammar"; "Manual of Map Drawing"; Mind Studies for Young Teachers"; "Temperament in Education"; and "Short Studies in English”; and was joint author of the first part of" Boltwood's Grammar " and a reviser of " Monteith's Geographical Series," in which he incorporated his system of map drawing.

Allyn, Robert, educator, born in Ledyard, Conn., Jan. 25, 1817; died in Carbondale, Ill., Jan. 7, 1894. He was graduated at Wesleyan University in 1841; was principal of Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham in 1845-48 and of the academy at East Greenwich, R. I., in 1848-52; and was also a Methodist Episcopal clergyman, a member of the Rhode Island Legislature, State Commissioner of Public Instruction in Rhode Island, and editor of the "Rhode Island Schoolmaster." On removing to the West he was successively Professor of Ancient Languages in Ohio University. President of Wesleyan Female College and of McKendree College, and, from 1874 till his death, President of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbondale. He had received the degrees of D. D. and LL. D.

Ames, Sarah Etta, educator, born in Laurens. Otsego County, N. Y., May 10, 1826; died in Round Lake, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1894. She was a daughter of the Rev. Elijah King; was graduated at Miss Willard's Seminary, Troy, N. Y., with the degree of Mistress of Liberal Learning in 1852; taught for thirty-five years; and was widely known as the principal for twelve years of the Mechanicsville, N. Y., Academy. She married the Rev. B. D. Ames in 1854; shared with him the experiences of the itinerary in Vermont; taught with him at Fort Edward, N. Y., Institute, East Greenwich, R. I., Seminary, and Mechanicsville Academy; and on his death succeeded him as principal of the latter institution. She was a sister of the Rev. Joseph E. King, D. D., principal of the Fort Edward Collegiate Institute, and the mother of Prof. Charles B. Ames, of Rutgers College.

Ammen. Jacob, military officer, born in Botetourt County, Va., Feb. 7, 1806; died in Lockland, Ohio, Feb. 6, 1894. In 1818 he removed to Ohio, and was appointed from that State to the United States Military Academy, where he was graduated in 1831. He served a year at the academy as assistant instructor in inathematics and infantry tactics, was then assigned to duty in Charleston harbor, and was a full instructor at the academy in 1834-37, resigning his commission on Nov. 30 of the latter year. From the time of his resignation till 1855 he held the chair of Mathematics in Bacon College, Georgetown, Ky., Jefferson College, Washington, Miss., and the University of Indiana. During 1855-61 he was employed as a civil engineer in Ripley, Ohio. In April, 1861, he entered the Union army as a captain in the 12th Ohio Volunteers; in May following he was promoted lieutenant-colonel; and on July 16, 1862, he was commissioned a brigadier-general of volunteers. He took part in the first West Virginia campaign; was in command of camps of instruction in Ohio and Illinois in 1862-63, and of the military district of East Tennessee in 1864; and was retired from the army on Jan. 4, 1865. Several Grand Army posts and Sons of Veteran camps in Hamilton County had arranged to celebrate the eighty-eighth birthday of the general at his home on the day following his death.

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Andrews, Judson Boardman, alienist, born in North Haven, Conn., April 25, 1834; died in Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1894. He was a descendant on his mother's side of a brother of Elihu Yale, the founder of Yale University; was graduated at that institution in 1855; and studied medicine in the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa. In the spring of 1861 he was teaching in Mechanicsville, N. Y., where the family of Col. Elmer Ellsworth resided, and on the death of that officer he enlisted in the 77th New York Volunteers, which was recruited in Saratoga County, and went to the seat of war as captain of Company F. With his regiment he took part in the Peninsular campaign, participating in the siege of Yorktown and the battles of Williamsburg, Mechanicsville, Savage Station, White Oaks Swamp, and Malvern Hill. In July, 1862, he resigned his commission, and returning to New Haven, completed his medical studies, and was graduated at the Yale Medical School in February, 1863. In July following he was commissioned assistant surgeon and assigned to the 19th Connecticut Heavy Artillery Volunteers, then on duty at Alexandria, Va. This regiment served in Grant's overland campaign in 1864, performed duty in the trenches at Petersburg, and was mustered out of the service in September, 1865. In 1867 Dr. Andrews was appointed third assistant physician in the New York State Lunatic Asylum at Utica, and from 1880 till his death he was Superintendent of the New York State Hospital for the Insane at Buffalo. He was Professor on Insanity in the Buffalo Medical College from 1881 till 1893; was elected President of the Erie County Medical Society in 1886, of the New York State Medical Association, of which he was a founder, in 1892, and of the American Medico-Psychological Association in the latter year; and was the principal editor of "The American Journal of Insanity" for ten years. Dr. Andrews was a member of numerous scientific and medical societies and of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion.

Andrews, Justin, journalist, born in Worcester County, Mass., about 1819; died in Newton, Mass., Aug. 31, 1894. He removed to Boston in early youth, learned the printer's trade in the office of the Boston Daily Times," and in December, 1844, in conjunction with several other journeymen printers on that paper, started a daily penny paper, in the interest of the Native American party, called the "American Eagle." This paper was successful till the decline of the party it represented, when its proprietors allowed it to die, and immediately started a new paper, neutral in politics, which first appeared Aug. 31, 1846, under the name of the "Boston Herald." In 1856 he became assistant editor of the "Herald," and in 1869, with his brother, Charles H. Andrews, R. M. Pulsiter, E. B. Haskell, and George G. Bailey, purchased the entire outfit of the paper and formed the firm of R. M. Pulsifer & Co. After having been on the editorial staff of the paper for seventeen years, a principal editorial writer for much of the time, and one of the proprietors for four years, he sold his interest to his partners in 1873, and subsequently lived in Newton.

Angel, Benjamin Franklin, lawyer, born in Otsego County, N. Y., in November, 1815; died in Geneseo. N. Y., Sept. 11, 1894. He was admitted to the bar in Geneseo when nineteen years old; became surrogate of Livingston County when twenty-two years old, and held the office for eight years. In 1844-'47 he was again surrogate; in 1852 was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in Baltimore; in 1853 was appointed United States consul at Honolulu; and in 1855 was appointed by President Pierce a special commissioner to China to settle a dispute between some American merchants and the Chinese Government regarding export duties. This mission was successful, and on his return he was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated. On the accession of James Buchanan to the presidency, he appointed Mr. Angle United States minister to Norway and Sweden, where he remained till near the close of 1862. In 1864 he was a delegate to the Democratic National

Convention which nominated Gen. McClellan for the presidency, and since then he had not been active in politics. In 1873-74 he was President of the New York State Agricultural Society.

Astor, Mary Paul, philanthropist, born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 4, 1858; died near London, England, Dec. 22, 1894. She was a daughter of James W. Paul, of Philadelphia, and a niece of the late Admiral Dahlgren and of Abbott Lawrence, of Boston, and married William Waldorf Astor on June 6, 1878. After marriage she found her chief delight in domestic life and the systematic but unostentatious dispensation of charity. At her homes in New York city and Newport, R. I., she was a genial and accomplished hostess, but she took no part in the fashionable life of those cities till after the birth of her three children and the expiration of the period of mourning for her husband's father. During her residence in Rome, while her husband was United States minister to Italy, she became a special favorite of Queen Marguerita, who pronounced her to be the most beautiful woman in all Italy, and after Mr. Astor made his home in England she made herself beloved by all with whom she became intimate. One of her warmest English friends was the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne.

Austin, Mrs. Jane Goodwin, novelist, born in Worcester, Mass., Feb. 25, 1831; died in Boston, March 30, 1894. She was the daughter of Isaac Goodwin, of Worcester, and in 1850 married Loring H. Austin, of Cambridge, a classmate of James Russell Lowell. She lived for several years in Cambridge and afterward in Concord, Mass., but her later life was spent mainly in Boston. She was well known as a writer for magazines in the earlier part of her career, but her literary reputation will rest upon the series of historical tales relating to the life of the Pilgrim Fathers and their descendants. Neither novels nor romances, in the stricter sense of the words, they reproduce with great faithfulness of detail the life of the Plymouth colonists, and as lifelike representations of the period with which they are concerned they have no rivals. In these chronicles, as they may be called, Mrs. Austin succeeded in putting before the present generation an extremely interesting account of the daily life of the Pilgrims and their immediate descendants, and has realized for us as no other writer has done or is likely to do the purely human side of those early founders of the Commonwealth. Mr. and Mrs. Austin had three children, all of whom are living, and with the eldest of these, Mrs. Albert De Silva, they made their home for many years. Mr. Austin's death preceded that of his wife by two years. Mrs. Austin was small in figure with abundant white hair which made her a noticeable person in any assemblage; her features were pleasing, and her conversation always bright and animated. Her published books include the following: "Fairy Dreams, or Wanderings in Elf Land” (Boston, 1860); "Dora Darling " (1864); “Outpost: A Novel" (1866); “Cipher: A Romance" (New York, 1869); "The Shadow of Moloch Mountain" (1870); "Moonfolk: A True Account of the Home of the Fairy Tales" (1874); " Mrs. Beauchamp Brown" (Boston, 1880); "A Nameless Nobleman (1881); "The Desmond Hundred" (1882); Nantucket Scraps " (1882); "Standish of Standish" (1889); "Dr. Le Baron and his Daughters" (1891); "Betty Alden" (1891); "David Alden's Daughter, and Other Stories" (1892). At the time of her death Mrs. Austin had partially completed another colonial tale, upon which she had expended her best energies and concerning which she had high hopes.

Bachelder, John B., historian, born in Gilmanton, N. II., in September, 1825; died in Hyde Park, Mass., Dec. 22, 1894. He spent the early part of his life in his native place, and had resided in Hyde Park for twenty years. He was most widely known as the Government historian of the battle of Gettysburg. Almost immediately after that battle he visited the field and began collecting the facts and writing out the history of that decisive conflict. He worked steadily on his history, but left it unfinished. By traversing

the field thoroughly year after year, and by personal interviews with the soldiers on both sides in the battle, he had become more familiar than any one else with the topography of the field and the various positions held by the different corps, divisions, brigades, and regiments. He thus was invaluable in planning and locating the many State and regimental monuments that have been erected on the field, and in ecorting to the chief points of interest the many bodies of veterans and distinguished people who have since visited it. He designed the historical paintings of the battle, and the one depicting the last hours of President Lincoln, and besides his general history had published "Gettysburg: What to see and how to see it," "Geometrical Drawing of the Gettysburg Battlefield," "Descriptive Key to the Painting of Longstreet's Assault of Gettysburg," "The Illustrated Tourist's Guide," and "Popular Resorts and how to reach them." His title of colonel was conferred in the militia service prior to the civil war.

Bailey, James Montgomery, journalist, born in Albany, N. Y., Sept. 25, 1841; died in Danbury, Conn., March 4, 1894. He received a common-school education; was apprenticed to the carpenter's trade, which he followed in Albany and Danbury till 1862; entered the Union army and served in the 17th Connecticut Infantry to the close of the war; and returning to Danbury bought "The Danbury Times" and conducted it till 1870, when he bought "The Danbury Jeffersonian," and consolidated the two papers under the name of "The Danbury News." A series of humorous articles soon gave the paper and its editor a wide reputation. He continued in the active management of his newspaper till within a few years of his death, spent some time in lecturing, and entered a broader field of authorship. He was one of the founders of the Danbury Hospital, president of the Board of Trade and of the Relief Society, and a member of the Connecticut Humane Society, the Connecticut Historical Society, and other organizations. He bequeathed his library to the Danbury Young Men's Christian Association, $15,000 to be divided equally between the Connecticut Humane Society and the Second Baptist Church of Danbury, and all his personal property to the Danbury Relief Society. Mr. Bailey's book publications include "Life in Danbury" and "The Danbury News Man's Almanac " (1873): "They all do it" (1877); "England from a Back Window" (1878); "Mr. Philip's Goneness" (1879); and “The Danbury Boom" (1880).

Bankhead, Henry Cary, military officer, born in Pikesville Arsenal, Baltimore, Md., Oct. 5, 1828; died in Bayonne, N. J., Jan. 9, 1894. He was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1850 and appointed a brevet 2d lieutenant, 5th United States Infantry. In the regular army he was promoted 2d lieutenant, Aug. 4, 1851; 1st lieutenant, July 19, 1855; captain, June 25, 1861; transferred to the 8th United States Cavalry, Dec. 15, 1870; major, 4th Cavalry, Jan. 15, 1873; and was retired for disabilities incurred in the line of duty, Nov. 12, 1879. In the volunteer army he held the rank of lieutenant colonel and assistant inspector general from Jan. 1, 1863, till Aug. 1, 1865. He was brevetted colonel of volunteers, for efficient services in the battles and marches of the campaign, Aug. 1, 1864; and brigadier general, for Five Forks, April 1, 1865; and in the regular army major, for Gettysburg, July 3, 1863; lieutenant colonel, for Spottsylvania, May 8, 1864; colonel, for Petersburg, April 2, 1865; and brigadier general, for energetic and meritorious services in campaigns against hostile Indians and particularly for the prompt relief of Col. Forsythe's beleaguered party in September, 1868. Prior to the civil war he had served in Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico; during that war with the Army of the Ohio in the battles of Shiloh and Perryville, with the 1st and 5th Corps of the Army of the Potomac in all its battles and marches from Gettysburg till the surrender of Lee; and subsequently in the principal Indian campaigns till his retirement.

Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss, statesman, born in Waltham, Mass., Jan. 30, 1816; died there, Sept. 1, 1894. His early education was obtained in the common schools of his native town, and when twelve years old he was put to work in a cotton factory, of which his father was manager. While tending the bobbins he acquired a taste for mechanics, and subsequently he learned the machinist's trade. Naturally ambitious, he applied his leisure to study, became a successful lyceum lecturer, and was made editor of a weekly newspaper in Waltham. Under the Polk Administration he was appointed to a place in the customhouse in Boston, and while there he continued his general studies and read law. He was admitted to the bar, and began practice. In 1849, when the Free-soil party was developing an influence in Massachusetts, he was elected to the Legislature. In 1851 and 1852 he was elected Speaker of the Lower House, as the advocate of coalition. The following year he was elected a delegate and chosen President of the State Constitutional Convention, and was also elected to Congress as a Coalition Democrat. In this term he withdrew from the Democratic party and joined the American or Know-Nothing party, and as its candidate for Congress was re-elected by an overwhelming majority against the Whig and Democratic candidates. The ensuing session was made memorable in the history of Congress by the prolonged and bitter contest for the speakership of the House of Representatives. The session began Dec. 3, 1855. Mr. Banks had already made his influence felt in the House, and had won many friends, who placed him in nomination for the office. William Aiken, a large slaveholder of South Carolina, was the favorite candidate of many of the Southern members. Henry N. Fuller, of Pennsylvania, was favored for a time by the Southern Know-Nothings, and Lewis D. Campbell, an Ohio American, had an influential following. The contest lasted more than two months, because of a deadlock. The President's message was withheld, all legislative business was stopped, the members ate and slept in the hall, and the sergeant-at-arms borrowed $20,000 from a bank in Philadelphia to enable him to make advances to the members of both parties who had become impecunious. After the one hundred and twenty-ninth ballot the House agreed to adopt the plurality rule after three more, and on the one hundred and thirty-third ballot (Feb. 2, 1856) Mr. Banks was elected, having received 103 votes to 100 for Mr. Aiken. As presiding officer of the House, Mr. Banks added much to his fame by his courtly manners, his impartiality, his grasp on the engrossing questions of the hour, and his skill as a parliamentarian. It is said that none of the decisions rendered by him while in the Speaker's chair was ever reversed by the House. With this historic contest the American party passed out of existence. Mr. Banks united with the newly formed Republican party, and as its candidate was again elected to Congress by a larger majority than he had previously received. In November, 1857, he was elected Governor of Massachusetts, and on Dec. 4 following he resigned his seat in Congress. He was re-elected Governor in 1858 and 1859. In 1860 he announced his retirement from political life, removed to Chicago, Ill., and succeeded George B. McClellan in the presidency of the Illinois Central Railroad Company. Early in 1861 he resigned this office, and was appointed by President

Lincoln a major-general of volunteers and assigned to the command of the 5th Corps of the Army of the Potomac. His first duty was the guarding of the fords of the river between Washington and Harper's Ferry. He spent the summer and autumn of 1861 in this service, at the same time drilling his army thoroughly, a task with which he was familiar from early militia experience. In the spring of 1862 he was ordered into the Shenandoah valley, where, on March 23, a part of his corps acquitted itself with credit in the battle of Winchester. With two divisions he guarded the Shenandoah during April and May. In the latter month one of these divisions was withdrawn, and with the other he successfully resisted an attempt by "Stonewall" Jackson, in a sudden movement, to capture his command, and on May 26 he passed the greater part of his force across the Potomac at Front Royal. On Aug. 9 he took part in the battle of Cedar Mountain, under Gen. John Pope; in September he accompanied Gen. Franz Sigel in his movement in the valley of Virginia; and soon afterward he was placed in command of the defenses of the national capital. While he was in Washington on this last duty, secret preparations were made for an expedition by water to New Orleans. Gen. Banks was appointed commander of the expedition, and, on reaching New Orleans, succeeded Gen. Butler in the command of the Department of the Gulf in December, 1862. In the following spring plans were perfected by Admirals Farragut and Porter and Gen. Banks to complete the opening of the Mississippi. In April Gen. Banks captured Opelousas, and then began the investment of Port Hudson in co-operation with the fleet. He made several attempts to carry the works by storm, but was repelled with heavy losses. Vicksburg surrendered on July 4, and the same month Port Hudson, with a garrison of 6,000 men, capitulated. In the spring of 1864 he commanded the land forces in an expedition up Red river to secure control of western Louisiana, while Admiral Porter had command of the accompanying fleet. The expedition, undertaken against his judgment, advanced along the south bank of Red river to Sabine Crossroads, where the Confederates, under Gen. Richard Taylor, made an attack and defeated the national forces severely. Gen. Banks then retreated to Pleasant Hill, where he was again attacked, but without serious results, and thence he continued the retreat to Alexandria. There the subsidence of the Red river after the spring freshets raised a barrier against the descent of the fleet, and the engineering skill of Lieut.-Col. Joseph Bailey alone saved the vessels and enabled the expedition to return to the Mississippi. For the disastrous termination of this expedition Gen. Banks was widely and severely censured, and soon afterward he was relieved of his command. He believed the mistakes of others had been charged to his responsibility, but, having filed protests against the orders to undertake the expedition, he could do nothing except await the vindication he was assured history would give him. Years afterward Gen. Grant, in his "Memoirs," magnanimously furnished the vindication and named the superior officer who had ordered the unfortunate undertaking. On being relieved of this command, Gen. Banks resigned his commission in the army, returned to Massachusetts, and was elected to Congress from his old district for the unexpired term of D. W. Gooch, resigned. He was re-elected in the years 1866-76, and 1888; was for many years chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations; was an active supporter of Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872; and was United States marshal for Massachusetts in 1879-'88. He was afflicted with a mental disorder from 1890, and in 1891 Congress voted him a pension of $1,200 per annum.

Barrow, Frances Elizabeth, author, born in Charleston, S. C., Feb. 22, 1822; died in New York city, May 7, 1894. She was removed in infancy to New York city, where she was educated, and spent nearly her entire life. In 1841 she married James Barrow, Jr., who died over twenty-five years ago. She began

writing books for children, under the pen name of Aunt Fanny," in 1855, and in fifteen years she wrote and published 25 books, among them "Aunt Fanny's Story Book," "Six Nightcaps," "Six Popguns," Four Little Hearts," "Life among the Children," "Take Heed"; and a novel, "The Wife's Stratagem." She was for a long time an officer of the New York Juvenile Asylum, and through life was actively interested in the education of children.

Beckwith, Amos, military officer, born in Vermont, Oct. 4, 1825; died in St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 26, 1894. He was graduated at the United States Military Academy on July 1, 1850, and entered the army as brevet 2d lieutenant, 1st artillery. He was promoted 2d lieutenant, Feb. 22, 1851; 1st lieutenant, Aug. 21. 1854; captain and commissary of subsistence, May 10, 1861; major, Sept. 29, following; lieutenant colonel and assistant commissary general, June 23, 1874; and colonel, Aug. 28, 1888; and was retired, Oct. 4, 1889. In the volunteer service he was commissioned colonel and aid-de-camp, Jan. 1, 1862; was brevetted brigadier general, Jan. 12, 1865; and was mustered out, May 31, 1866. He received regular army brevets of lieutenant colonel and colonel, Sept. 1, 1864, for meritorious services in the Atlanta campaign; brigadier general, March 13, 1865, for services in the campaign ending with the surrender of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston; and major general, the same date, for faithful services in the subsistence department during the war. Gen. Beckwith served against the Seminole Indians in Florida in 1850–53; at Forts Monroe and Mellenry in 1853–55; and at Fort Monroe, Key West, Barrancas, and Fort Leavenworth till the beginning of the civil war. In 1861-63 he was on duty in Washington, D. C., as chief commissary of subsistence; in 1864-'65 was in the field with the Army of the West, under Gen. Sherman; and from the close of the war till his retirement was on commissary duty in the Western and Southern States.

Bedle, Joseph Dorsett, jurist, born in Matawan, Monmouth County, N. J., Jan. 5, 1831; died in New York city, Oct. 21, 1894. He was a son of Judge Thomas J. Bedle of the Court of Common Pleas of Monmouth County; received an academic education; and was admitted to the bar of New York in 1852, and of New Jersey in 1853. In 1855 he removed to Freehold, and soon acquired a lucrative practice. In 1865, after he had settled in Jersey City, he was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and was assigned to a circuit that has been divided since. In 1872 he was reappointed judge, and he served till 1874, when he was elected Governor. During this administration he instituted important reforms in administrative and legislative methods, and was prompt and effective in dealing with the railway strikes in 1877. the close of his term he resumed practice and continued it till his death. He received the degree of LL. D. from the College of New Jersey in 1875.

At

Berry, Nathaniel Springer, manufacturer, born in Bath, Me., Sept. 1, 1796; died in Bristol, N. II., April 27, 1894. When eleven years old he was apprenticed to a shoemaker, and when sixteen to a tanner and currier. In 1818 he removed to Bristol; in 1820 engaged in the manufacture of leather; in 1826 crected the first tannery in New England for tanning with hot liquors; and in 1840-'64 he carried on tanning in Hebron, N. H. For two years he was colonel of the 34th Regiment, New Hampshire militia; for twentyeight years was a justice of the peace; for five terms was a member of the Legislature, and for two terms of the State Senate; and from June, 1841, till June 5, 1861, he was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas. In 1861 and 1862 he was elected Governor, and during his terms of office he enlisted, armed, and equipped 14 regiments of infantry, 3 companies of sharpshooters, 4 companies of cavalry, and 1 company of heavy artillery-in all over 15,000 men. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention in Baltimore in 1840, but the action of the convention on the slavery question led him to leave the Democratic party, and he then became an active organizer of the Free

soil party, and was its first candidate for Governor of New Hampshire.

Bird, Francis William, manufacturer, born in Dedham, Mass., Oct. 22, 1809; died in Walpole, Mass., May 23, 1894. His father was one of the pioneer paper manufacturers in New England, who removed his business to East Walpole in 1818. Francis attended school six months in the year, and worked in the paper mill the other six. In 1831 he was graduated at Brown University. He began teaching, but the confinement impaired his health, and in 1833 he engaged in the manufacture of paper for himself, in which he continued all his life. From an early age he was active in politics. He was elected to the General Court in 1846, and while there affiliated with the Conscience Whig" party, and became actively interested in the antislavery movement and a contributor to the party organ, The Daily Whig." From the association of the leaders in this party grew the famous political organization known as the Bird Club. Mr. Bird served five terms in the Legislature, and one term (1871) in the State Senate, and was conspicuous for his opposition to the project of building the Hoosac Tunnel at the expense of the State treasury. During the greater part of the civil war he was a member of Gov. Andrew's council, and there rendered the State and nation a signal service. His political life was one of extreme independence. He was a Whig till 1846, a Conscience Whig till 1848, a Free-soiler till 1856, a Republican till 1872 (when he was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor), a Liberal Republican till 1874, and an Independent Democrat till his death. He bequeathed $2,000 to the public library of Walpole, and a further sum of $30,000 on the condition that his estate exceeded $150,000.

Blair, Austin, lawyer, born in Caroline, Tompkins County, N. Y., Feb. 8, 1818; died in Jackson, Mich., Aug. 6, 1894. He was graduated at Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., in 1839; studied law for two years in Oswego, N. Y.; and, removing to Jackson, was admitted to the bar in 1842. In the latter year he was elected clerk of Eaton County, and in 1846 was elected to the Legislature as a Whig. His strong antislavery views led him, in 1848, to refuse to support the Whig ticket. He attended the Buffalo Convention, aided in nominating Van Buren and Adams, and supported them in the canvass. In 1852-154 he was prosecuting attorney of Jackson County; in 1854 was conspicuous in the convention in Jackson that resulted in establishing the Republican party in Michigan in 1854-56 was a State Senator; and in 1860 was a delegate to the Republican National Convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln, and was himself elected Governor of Michigan. Under his inspiration the Legislature, as early as February, 1861, tendered to the National Government the full military power and material resources of Michigan, advising that no concession nor compromise be made with the seceding States. During his administration of four years he sent into the field 83,347 soldiers; was unwavering in his zeal for the preservation of the Union; and was one of President Lincoln's favorite "war governors." In 1866, 1868, and 1870 he was elected to Congress from the 3d Michigan District as a Republican, and served on the committees on foreign affairs, rules, militia, and land claims (chairman). On the expiration of his third term he resumed private practice. Subsequently he supported Horace Greeley for President, was defeated as Democratic candidate for Governor, returned to the Republican party, and then supported the candidacy of Grover Cleveland.

Blakeman, Birdseye, publisher, born in Stratford, Conn., Jan. 25, 1824; died in Stockbridge, Mass. Sept. 30, 1894. He was employed in the book trade in early youth; engaged in business for himself in Bridgeport, Conn., in 1843; removed to New York city in 1844; and continued in the book business till within a year of his death. He was first a member of the schoolbook publishing firm of Sheldon, Blakeman & Co.; in 1863 entered the firm of Ivison, Phin