Chapter I. Origins

1 James C. Sylvis, The Life, Speeches, Labors and Essays of William H. Sylvis (Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger, 1872), p. 74.

2 Terence V. Powderly, Thirty Years of Labor (Columbus, Ohio: Excelsior Publishing House, 1889), pp. 302-303.

3 U. S. Congress, House, Select Committee on Depression in Labor and Business, Investigation Relative to the Causes of the General Depression in Labor and Business (46C,2S, 1879), pp. 8-9, 118-119.

4 American Federation of Labor, Proceedings, 1881, p. 4, and Proceedings, 1883, p. 14; Joseph P. Goldberg and William T. Moye, "The AFL and a National BLS," Monthly Labor Review, March 1982, pp. 21–29.

5 U. S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Education and Labor, Labor and Capital (48C, 1885), Vol. I, pp. 87, 271, 327, 382, 790-791, 1142.

6 Ibid., pp. 570-571; ibid., Vol. III, pp. 278–280.

7 Congressional Record (48C, 1S), Apr. 19, 1884, p. 3140.

8 Congressional Record (48C, 1S), Mar. 7, 1884, pp. 1675-1676; Apr. 19, 1884, p. 3139; May 14, 1884, p. 4157.

9 The New York Times, Feb. 10, 1884, p. 6; Apr. 10, 1884, p. 8.

10 Journal of United Labor, May 25, 1884, p. 702; Powderly, Thirty Years, pp. 314-315.

11 National Archives Record Group (NARG) 48, Secretary of the Interior, Appointments Division, Powderly to President Arthur, June 30, 1884.

12 NARG 48, Secretary of the Interior, Appointments Division, Anonymous, re. labor question and appointment of a Commissioner, stamped received Mar. 16, 1885; The New York Times, July 24, 1884, p. 4; July 29, 1884, p. 4; Aug. 15, 1884, p. 5; Nov. 27, 1884, p. 1.

13 AFL, Proceedings, 1884, p. 14.

14 The New York Times, July 1, 1884, p. 4.

15 NARG 48, Secretary of the Interior, Appointments Division, Henry Feuerbach to President Arthur, Aug. 14, 1884.

16 NARG 48, Secretary of the Interior, Appointments Division, Wright to Secretary, Aug. 26, 1884; Anonymous, Mar. 16, 1885; and National Labor Convention, July 30, Chicago, received Oct. 18, 1884.

17 The New York Times, Jan. 20, 1885, p. 4.

Chapter II. Carroll Wright

1 James Leiby, Carroll Wright and Labor Reform: The Origin of Labor Statistics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960), pp. 204-205.

2 Joseph Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization, Vol. III, 1865-1918 (New York: Viking Press, 1949), pp. 123–130.

3 Wendell D. Macdonald, "The Early History of Labor Statistics in the United States," Labor History, Spring 1972, p. 275; Read Bain and Joseph Cohen, "Trends in Applied Sociology," in George A. Lundberg, Read Bain, and Nels Anderson, eds., Trends in American Sociology (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1929), p. 350.

4 Carroll D. Wright, The Relation of Political Economy to the Labor Question (Boston: A. Williams and Co., 1882), pp. 11-12, 16-17.

5 Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, Eighth Annual Report, 1877, p. vii; Wright, Popular Instruction in Social Science (Boston: Geo. E. Crosby & Co., 1886), p.

11.

6 Wright, "The Factory System as an Element of Civilization," Journal of Social Science, December 1882, p. 125; Massachusetts Bureau, Sixteenth Annual Report, 1885, p. 26.

7 Wright, "Factory System" (1882), p. 110.

Wright, Outline of Practical Sociology (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1909, seventh edition, revised), pp. 251, 256-257.

Wright, "The Relation of Invention to Labor," The Liberal Club, Buffalo (Buffalo: The Matthews-Northup Co., 1893), p. 32; Wright, "The Factory as an Element in Social Life," Catholic University Bulletin, January 1901, p. 64.

10 Wright, Relation of Political Economy, pp. 25, 27; Wright, "Why Women Are Paid Less Than Men," Forum, July 1892, p. 637.

11 Wright, "Does the Factory Increase Immorality?" Forum, May 1892, pp. 344-349.

12 Wright, Outline, p. 295.

13 Wright, The Battles of Labor (Philadelphia: G.W. Jacobs & Co., 1906), pp. 174, 176.

14 Wright, Battles of Labor, p. 186; Wright, Outline, p. 299.

15 Massachusetts Bureau, Eighth Annual Report, 1877, p. vi.

16 Wright, "The Working of the United States Bureau of Labor," Bulletin (54), September 1904, p. 978.

17 John R. Commons, Myself (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1934), p. 93.

18 Walter F. Willcox, "Development of the American Census Office since 1890," Political Science Quarterly, September 1914, p. 11; S.N.D. North, "The Life and Work of Carroll Davidson Wright," American Statistical Association Journal, June 1909, p. 461.

19 Wright, "The Working," pp. 976-977.

20 Great Britain, Royal Commission on Labour, Fourth Report, 1893-1894, Vol. XXXIX, Pt. 1, Minutes of Evidence (c.7063.1) (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1893), pp. 478, 491, 493.

21 Wright, "The Working," p. 977.

22 National Archives Record Group 257, BLS, Telegrams, 1897-1902, Wright to J. B. Crockett, Mar. 30, 1898.

23 E.R.L. Gould, "The Progress of Labor Statistics in the United States," International Statistical Institute Bulletin (Rome, 1892), p. 188.

24 Wright, "A Basis for Statistics of Cost of Production," ASA Journal, June 1891,

p. 258.

25 American Federationist, June 1897, p. 76.

26 Wright, "The Work of the U.S. Bureau of Labor," Association of Officials of Bureaus of Labor Statistics, Proceedings, 1885, pp. 129, 132–133.

27 Leiby, Carroll Wright, pp. 80-82.

28 Henry Jones Ford, The Cleveland Era (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921), pp. 131-132; Denis Tilden Lynch, Grover Cleveland (New York: Horace Liveright, Inc., 1932), p. 328.

29 National Labor Tribune, Feb. 25, 1888, p. 1; June 30, 1888, p. 1; Journal of United Labor, Sept. 20, 1888, p. 2702.

30 Terence V. Powderly, The Path I Trod, ed. by Harry J. Carman, Henry David, and Paul N. Guthrie (New York: Columbia University Press, 1940), pp. 230-232; Journal of United Labor, May 5, 1888, p. 2672.

31 U. S. Congress, House, Select Committee on the Tenth Census, Result of the Tenth Census (House Report 2432, 48C, 2S, 1884), p. 3; House, Committee on the Census, Permanent Census Bureau (House Rept. 262, 57C, 1S, 1902), Appendix A, Part 1, Historical Summary.

32 Wright with William C. Hunt, The History and Growth of the Untied States Census (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1900), p. 81; U.S. Congress, Senate (52C, 1S, 1891), Senate Executive Document No. 1, Letter from the Secretary of the Interior, A Permanent Census Bureau, pp. 65–66.

33 Willcox, "Development," pp. 444-445.

34 S.N.D. North, "The Life," p. 459.

35 Willcox, "Development," p. 443.

36 Ibid., pp. 445-446; Wright and Hunt, The History and Growth, pp. 82-83; House, Committee on Appropriations, Hearings, Permanent Census (54C, 2S, 1897), pp. 3, 7, 11.

37 Senate, Committee on the Census, Permanent Census Service (54C,2S, 1897), p. 28; House, Committee on Appropriations, Report: The Twelfth and Subsequent Censuses (House Rept. 2909, 54C, 2S, 1897), p. 2; House, Committee on the Census, Permanent Census (House Rept. 262), Historical Summary.

38 Congressional Record (55C, 2S), Jan. 5, 1898, p. 316; Feb. 21, 1898, p. 1965. 39 Ibid., pp. 1965, 1967.

40 Ibid.,

p. 1965.

41 Wright and Hunt, The History and Growth, p. 84.

42 Albert K. Steigerwalt, The National Association of Manufacturers, 1895-1914 (Ann Arbor: Bureau of Business Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Michigan, 1964), pp. 83-84.

43 American Federation of Labor, Proceedings, 1896, p. 81; Proceedings, 1897, p. 22; Library of Congress, American Federation of Labor Papers, Samuel Gompers Letterbooks, Gompers to Frank Hall, New Orleans, Feb. 10, 1899.

44 U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor, Organization and Law of the Department of Commerce and Labor (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904), pp. 501 and 520; Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1931), pp. 244-246; Thomas Beer, Hanna (New York: Octagon Books, 1973), p. 275.

863.

45 AFL, Proceedings, 1901, p. 27; Congressional Record (57C, 1S), Jan. 22, 1902, p.

46 House, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Hearing, Department of Commerce (57C, 1902), pp. 30, 40, 105.

50 Ibid., p. 501.

51 Ibid., pp. 492, 495; NARG 257, BLS, Letters Sent, Wright to Fawcett, Jan. 31, 1902.

52 Francis E. Rourke, "The Department of Labor and the Trade Unions," The Western Political Quarterly, 1954, p. 660.

53 The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Presidential Addresses and State Papers (New York: P.F. Collier & Son Publishers), Vol. III, pp. 126–127.

54 Wright, "The Working" (1904), p. 975.

55 Wright, "The Working of the Department of Labor," Cosmopolitan, June 1892, p. 236.

56 House, Committee on Appropriations, Hearings, Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Appropriations, FY 1897 (54C, 1896), p. 83; ibid., FY 1903 (1902), p. 290. 57 U.S. Commissioner of Labor, First Annual Report, Industrial Depressions (1886), pp. 290–293.

58 Wright, "The Working," Cosmopolitan, p. 233.

59 AFL, Proceedings, 1887, p. 9.

60 Richmond Mayo-Smith, "The National Bureau of Labor and Industrial Depressions," Political Science Quarterly, September 1886, p. 441.

61 Commissioner of Labor, First Annual Report, p. 291; Alvin H. Hansen, Business Cycles and National Income (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1951), pp. 64-65, 222-224.

62 Commissioner of Labor, Thirteenth Annual Report, Hand and Machine Labor (1898), pp. 5-6.

63 Macdonald, "Carroll D. Wright and His Influence on the BLS," Monthly Labor Review, January 1955, p. 8.

64 Locomotive Firemen's Magazine, August 1896, pp. 99-100.

65 Locomotive Firemen's Magazine, September 1903, pp. 457, 460–461.

66 Senate, A Report on Labor Disturbances in the State of Colorado, from 1880 to 1904, Inclusive (Senate Doc. 122, 58C, 3S, 1905). Also, NARG 257, BLS, Letters Sent, May 17 to July 20, 1904, G. W. W. Hanger to President, June 15, 1904; and July 21 to Sept. 24, 1904, Wright to President, Sept. 8, 1904.

67 Commissioner of Labor, Eleventh Special Report, Regulation and Restriction of Output (1904), p. 27.

Clyde O. Fisher, Use of Federal Power in Settlement of Railway Labor Disputes, Bulletin 303 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1922), pp. 18-19.

69 U. S. Strike Commission, Report on the Chicago Strike of June-July, 1894 (1895), pp. 194-201.

70 Ibid., p. 52.

71 American Federationist, December 1894, p. 231.

72 House, Committee on Labor, Carriers Engaged in Interstate Commerce (House Rept. 1754, 53C, 3S, 1895), Wright to L. E. McGann, Feb. 1, 1895, p. 4; Locomotive Firemen's Magazine, March 1895, p. 262.

73 House, Labor, Carriers (1895), p. 4.

74 Congressional Record (54C, 2S), Feb. 26, 1897, pp. 2388-2389.

75 House, Committee on Labor, Carriers Engaged in Interstate Commerce and Their Employees (House Rept. 454, 55C, 2S, 1898), pp. 2-3.

76 United Mine Workers of America Journal, Sept. 11, 1902, pp. 1, 2, 4.

77 "Our Splendid Labor Commissioner," Current Literature, December 1902, p. 689; "Colonel Wright's Inconsistent Awards," American Federationist, November 1903, p. 1156; UMWA Journal, April 21, 1904, p. 4.

78 Commissioner of Labor, Fourth Annual Report, Working Women in Large Cities (1888), p. 10.

79 Ibid., pp. 70, 73.

80 Association of Officials of Bureaus, Proceedings, 1895, p. 21.

81 Commissioner of Labor, Eleventh Annual Report, Work and Wages of Men, Women and Children (1895-96); H. L. Bliss, "Eccentric Official Statistics, III," American Journal of Sociology, November 1897.

82 Commissioner of Labor, Seventeenth Annual Report, Trade and Technical Education (1902), p. 10.

83 Congressional Record (52C, 1S), May 20, 1892, p. 4474.

84 Wright, Relation of Political Economy, p. 33.

85 Commissioner of Labor, Fourteenth Annual Report, Water, Gas, and ElectricLight Plants Under Private and Municipal Ownership (1899), p. 7; Association of Officials of Bureaus, Proceedings, 1902, p. 77.

86 Wright, "The Industrial Progress of the South," Association of Officials of Bureaus, Proceedings, 1897, pp. 116-117; Leiby, Carroll Wright, p. 107.

87 NARG 257, BLS, Letters Sent, Jan. 2 to Feb. 26, 1901, Wright to Reuben S. Smith, Washington, D.C., Feb. 8, 1901.

88 NARG 257, BLS, Letters Sent, Aug. 11 to Oct. 28, 1903, Wright to Du Bois, Aug. 24, 1903.

89 Dorfman, The Economic Mind, pp. 350–351.

John Higham, Strangers in the Land (New York: Atheneum, 1971), pp. 90-91. 91 Senate, Committee on Finance, Retail Prices and Wages (Senate Rept. 986, 52C, 1S, 1892), p. I.

92 25 Stat. 183.

93

Senate, Committee on Finance, Retail Prices and Wages; and Wholesale Prices, Wages, and Transportation (Senate Rept. 1394, 52C, 2S, 1893).

94 "Retail Prices under the McKinley Act," Quarterly Journal of Economics, October 1892, p. 105; "Notes and Memoranda," Quarterly Journal of Economics, October 1893, p. 104; Frank W. Taussig, "Results of Recent Investigations on Prices in the United States," ASA Journal, December 1893, pp. 487-488; Mayo-Smith, Science of Statistics, part II, Statistics and Economics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1899), pp. 207, 316–317.