the trial court and rejecting the claim on the ground that the Texas license law was not repugnant to the commerce clause and afforded ample authority to the Express Company for refusing to complete the interstate shipments in question. 258 Missouri, 97.

Passing minor contentions whose want of merit will be hereafter demonstrated, it is clear that the issue is this: Was the state license law if applied to C. O. D. interstate commerce shipments repugnant to the commerce clause of the Constitution? It is certain that this question, in view of the date of the law and of the shipments involved, must be determined in the light of the operation of the commerce clause as affected by the power conferred upon the States by what is usually known as the Wilson Law (Act of August 8, 1890, c. 728, 26 Stat. 313), and wholly unaffected by § 239 of the Penal Code enacted by Congress March 4, 1909, prohibiting the shipment of intoxicating liquors under C. O. D. contracts, and also without reference to the act of Congress known as the Webb-Kenyon Law of March 1, 1913 (c. 90, 37 Stat. 699).

Thus limited, as it is not controverted and indeed is indisputable that the provisions of the statute placed a direct burden on the shipments with which it dealt and in fact were prohibitive of such shipments, it follows that error was committed in holding that the statute was not repugnant to the Constitution of the United States in so far as it applied to interstate C. O. D. shipments for the following reasons: (a) Because it is settled from the beginning and too elementary to require anything but statement that speaking generally the States are without power to directly burden interstate commerce and that commodities moving in such commerce only become subject to the control of the States or to the power on their part to directly burden after the termination of the interstate movement, that is, after the arrival and delivery of the commodities and their sale in the original packages, and that this rule is

as applicable to the movement of intoxicating liquors as to any other commodities. (b) Because the Wilson Act only modifies these controlling rules by causing interstate commerce shipments of intoxicating liquors to come under state control at an earlier date than they otherwise would, that is, after delivery but before sale in the original packages. (c) Because the power in interstate commerce shipments to make C. O. D. agreements, that is, agreements on delivery of the commodity shipped to collect and remit the price, is incidental to the right to make such shipments and the commodities when so shipped do not come under the authority of the State to which the commodities are shipped under such agreements until arrival and delivery, and therefore any attempt on the part of the State to directly burden or prohibit such contracts or prevent the fulfillment of the same necessarily comes within the general rule and is repugnant to the Constitution of the United States.

These propositions in substance have been by necessary implication or by direct decision so authoritatively and repeatedly determined as shown by the cases cited in the margin,1 that there is no necessity for going further. But in view of the fact that the court below held the statute to be not repugnant to the commerce clause not because it overlooked the rulings of this court referred to but because it considered them distinguishable or inapposite to this case for reasons deemed by it to be conclusive, there being some difference of opinion on the subject in the court below, we briefly refer to those reasons.

1 Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U. S. 100; In re Rahrer, 140 U. S. 545; Rhodes v. Iowa, 170 U. S. 412; Vance v. W. A. Vandercook Co., 170 U. S. 438; Heyman v. Southern Railway, 203 U. S. 270; Adams Express Co. v. Kentucky, 214 U. S. 218; Louisville & Nashville R. R. v. Cook Brewing Co., 223 U. S. 70; Kirmeyer v. Kansas, 236 U. S. 568; Rossi v. Pennsylvania, 238 U. S. 62; American Express Co. v. Iowa, 196 U. S. 133; Adams Express Co. v. Kentucky, 206 U. S. 129.

Opinion of the Court.

241 U.S.

It was said that the shipment of commodities contains two elements, one the obligation arising from the duty of the carrier to receive and carry without express contract, and the other such obligation as arises from contracts made concerning the shipment not embraced in the duty which rested by law upon the carrier in the absence of contract, the latter being illustrated by C. O. D. contracts. These two classes of obligations, it was pointed out, arising from different sources, were controlled by a consideration of the source whence they sprang, the one, the duty independent of contract, being commerce, and the other, the duty depending upon express contract in a sense independent of commerce, being governed by the law controlling contracts; that is to say, the one being controlled by the commerce clause and the other by the law of the State. And from these generalizations it was concluded that however complete and efficacious was the control of the Constitution of the United States over the obligation resulting from shipments in the proper sense, it was clear that the power of the State was complete over the other class of obligations, those arising from distinct contracts, and hence the act imposing the burden on the contract to collect on delivery did not reach over into the domain of shipment, was independent of the same, and therefore was not repugnant to the commerce clause. But we think it is a sufficient answer to say that the reasoning referred to rests upon a misconception of the elementary notion of interstate commerce as inculcated and upheld from the beginning and as enforced in a line of decisions of this court beginning with the very birth of the Constitution and which in its fundamental aspect has undergone no change or suffered no deviation: that is, that the interstate commerce which is subject to the control of Congress embraces the widest freedom, including as a matter of course the right to make all contracts having a proper relation to the subject. Indeed, it must be at once apparent that if

the reasoning we are considering were to be entertained, the plenary power of Congress to legislate as to interstate commerce would be at an end and the limitations preventing state legislation directly burdening interstate commerce would no longer obtain and the freedom of interstate commerce which has been enjoyed by all the States would disappear. But to state these general considerations is indeed superfluous since in one of the previous cases which we have cited (American Express Co. v. Iowa, 196 U. S. 133, 143, 144) substantially the identical contention which we have just disposed of was relied upon and its unsoundness was expressly pointed out and the destructive consequences which would arise from its adoption stated.

The minor contentions to which we previously referred are these:

1. That although it be that § 239 of the Penal Code has no retroactive operation, it should be used as an instrument of interpretation from which to deduce the conclusion that the power of a State to prohibit shipments of intoxicating liquors in interstate commerce under C. O. D. contracts existed at the time here in question. But this by indirection simply seeks to cause the Act of Congress to retroactively apply by reasoning which if acceded to would require it to be said that all the previous decisions of this court dealing with the subject before the Penal Code was enacted were wrong and that in addition the enactment of § 239 was wholly unnecessary.

2. That even although there was a wrongful refusal of the Express Company to carry out the shipments its doing so was a mere violation of contract, giving a right to sue in damages but not for conversion. We see nothing in the record to indicate that this contention was urged in the trial court or in the court below. But passing this consideration, in view of our previous action rejecting a motion to dismiss, the question is foreclosed. But again

Opinion of the Court.

241 U. S.

even if this be put out of view, the proposition is without merit under the controlling state law. Rice v. Indianapolis & St. Louis R. R., 3 Mo. App. 27; Loeffler v. Keokuk Packet Co., 7 Mo. App. 185; Danciger Bros. v. American Express Co., 172 Mo. App. 391.

3. That this case is taken out of the settled rule to which we have referred and is controlled by the ruling in Delamater v. South Dakota, 205 U. S. 93. But the proposition presupposes that the decision in that case overruled the many decisions sustaining the rule without the slightest indication of a purpose to do so. It proceeds upon an obvious misconception of the Delamater Case which instead of disregarding the construction put upon the Wilson Act and the many cases dealing with the subject, was on the contrary but an application in a new form of the additional power which that act gave. In other words the case but held that inasmuch as Congress by virtue of its regulating authority had caused shipments of intoxicating liquors in interstate commerce to become subject to state authority after arrival and before sale in the original packages, the exertion by the State of its authority to prevent the carrying on in the State of the business of soliciting purchases of liquor to be shipped from other States was lawful as a mere exertion of police power not constituting a direct burden upon interstate commerce, since such a regulation was within the scope of the remedial authority conferred by Congress by virtue of the Wilson Act.

And the contention just stated leads to a reference to suggestions which we deem to be wholly irrelevant to the issue for decision made both in the opinion of the court below and in the argument at bar concerning possible abuses committed as the result of C. O. D. shipments of intoxicating liquors into States where the use of such liquor is prohibited, such as the unreasonable detention of such liquors before delivery, the ultimate delivery to a