History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815, Volum 4

Archibald Alison

W. Blackwood, 1860

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CHAPTER	1

Progress and development of his character there	10

Napoleons growing horror of the revolutionary system	13

Sent to Genoa and refuses the command of the national guard of Paris	16

Perilous condition notwithstanding of Napoleon	19

Early history of Murat	22

Progress of the negotiation	25

the Plain of Lombardy	28

Prodigious transference of fortunes which it had occasioned ib 17 Public bankruptcy finally declared and twothirds of the national debt confiscated	371

Successful efforts of the Directory to restore order in France	373

But irreligion continues still triumphant The Theophilanthropists ib 20 Napoleons views on this subject	375

Renewed efforts of the Jacobins	376

Principles of the new conspirators	377

Babœuff His extreme revolutionary principles	378

Mr Burkes early appreciation of this tendency of the Jacobins	379

Progress of the insurrection	380

General want of practicable roads through the country at this period	29

And as an object of taste	31

Constant effort requisite to prevent the terraces going to ruin	33

Great division of land in the Apennines and its admirable effects	39

Its rivers as a source of defence	45

Undaunted courage by which he suppressed the mutiny in his own ship	51

Extinction of the liberty of the press and transportation of the royalist	52

Napoleons secret reasons for signing this treaty	67

Commencement of the system of making war support war	70

The Directory jealous of his power orders Napoleon to march to Rome He refuses	71

Alarming insurrection at Pavia	72

Storm and sack of that city by the French troops	73

Moral turpitude of this massacre	74

Napoleon enters Brescia and the Venetian territory	75

Debates in the Venetian Senate on what should be done ib 89 They merely deprecate the hostility of France	77

Perfidy of Napoleon towards the Venetian commissioners	78

Massena enters Verona and Napoleon is established on the Adige ib 92 Description and blockade of Mantua	79

Napoleon resolves to proceed against Florence and Rome before the Aus trian succours arrive 80	80

Castle of Milan taken Genoese fiefs subdued Napoleon enters Modena and Bologna	81

Submission of the Pope and measures against Genoa	82

Violation of the neutral territory of Tuscany and seizure of Leghorn	83

Massacre of the peasants at Lugo	84

Napoleons secret measures to bring on a rupture with Venice ib 99 Efforts of the Austrians for the relief of Mantua	85

Description of the theatre of war	86

Positions of the French and Austrian plan of attack	87

And great success in the outset	88

he raises the siege of Mantua	89

Napoleon resumes the offensive and arrests Quasdanovich	90

Battle of Lonato	91

Glorious efforts of Augereau at Castiglione	92

Surrender of four thousand Austrians to Napoleons staff and twelve hundred men	93

Both parties prepare for a decisive battle	94

Result of these actions and causes of the French success	95

Blockade of Mantua resumed Formation of the Polish legion	96

Wurmser again advances and the French issue forth to meet him	97

Napoleon resumes the offensive	98

Defeat of Davidowich near Calliano	99

Napoleon advances against Wurmser ib 116 Action near Primolano in the Val Sugana	100

Wurmser defeated near Bassano by Massena	101

He throws himself into Mantua ib 119 Where he is shut up by the French	102

Results of these actions	103

Vast efforts on both sides to recruit their forces	104

Alvinzi again advances	105

Defeat of Vaubois by the Imperialists	106

Napoleon hastens in person to the plateau of Rivoli ib 125 Returns to Caldiero and is there defeated	107

Perilous situation of Napoleon	108

His new designs	109

His first naval services	117

He moves down the Adige to turn the position of Caldiero by Arcola	128

Results of these actions	134

The Austrians make a fourth effort to relieve Mantua	140

Attempts to assassinate the king	142

Arguments of the Opposition on the war	143

Answer of government ib 9 Real objects in view by the different parties	144

Supplies voted by parliament	145

He hastens to the lower Adige	146

Productions of nature in the mountain region	147

Reflections on these measures	148

Proposals for peace by the British government which are rejected by the Directory	149

Operations of Hoche in La Vendée His character	150

Early history of Hoche ib 18 His first rise to eminence in the Republican armies	151

Napoleon marches towards Rome and concludes the Treaty of Tolen	152

Hoches plan of operations	153

Successes of Charette and Stofflet during the winter Death of the latter ib 22 Necessities of Hoche	154

Heroic conduct of Charette ib 24 He is at length taken prisoner and condemned to be shot	155

His death and character and observation of Napoleon regarding him	156

Termination of the war in La Vendée	157

But it will not succeed against troops equally brave and skilful	158

Forces of the contending parties on the Rhine	159

Plans of the Austrians	160

Plan of the Republicans	161

Early history of Kleber note ib Early history of Soult note	162

They are driven back across the Rhine by the Archduke	163

Early history of Moreau	164

His first exploits as a general	165

His character as a general	166

Organisation of his army	167

Early history of Desaix note ib Early history of St Cyr note	168

Admirable skill shown in the passage which proves successful	169

Cautious movements of Moreau	171

Indecisive actions on the Murg	172

The French gain success on the Imperial right	173

The Archduke resolves to retreat and retires through the Black Forest into Bavaria	174

Operations on the Lower Rhine	175

Erroneous plan of the campaign by the Directory	176

Admirable plan of the Archduke to counteract it He retires through the Black Forest	177

Early history of Augereau	178

Operations of Jourdan He advances into Franconia	179

The Archduke joins Wartensleben and defeats Jourdan at Amberg	180

S Page Early history of Ney note	181

His character	182

He is again routed near Würtzburg	183

Great effects of this victory	184

Continued and disastrous retreat of Jourdan ib 53 The Archduke again defeats them and drives them across the Rhine	185

Early history of Marceau note	186

The Archduke threatens his retreat at Kehl	188

Moreau retreats in the most firm and methodical manner	189

And defeats Latour at Biberach	190

Retires leisurely through the Black Forest	191

Battle of Emmendingen between Moreau and the Archduke ib 60 Moreaus last stand at Hohenblau but is driven across the Rhine	192

The Austrians refuse an armistice	193

Long and bloody siege of Kehl	194

Fall of the têtedepont at Huningen	195

Reflections on this campaign ib 65 Errors in the plan of the Directory	196

Prodigious contributions levied by the Republicans in Germany	197

Great difficulties of the French government at the commencement	198

Naval operations of the year Deplorable state of the French marine	200

Successes of the British in the West and East Indies	201

General joy which these successes diffused in England ib 72 Continued deplorable state of St Domingo	202

Treaty of St Ildefonso between France and Spain	203

Overture for a general peace made by Great Britain which proves un successful	204

Alarming state of Ireland	207

Designs of the Directory and Hoche against that country	208

Measures to deceive the British government and their defensive pre parations	209

The expedition sets sail and is dispersed by tempests	211

Reflections on the failure of this expedition	212

Probable consequences if the expedition had effected a landing	213

Her character	214

Retirement of Washington from public life His perfect character and admirable valedictory address to his countrymen	216

CHAPTER XXII	218

Gloomy aspect of public affairs in Britain in the beginning of 1797	219

Debates on this subject in Parliament	221

Bill prolonging this suspension	222

Immense consequences of this change both during the war and after	223

Double set of causes which affect the value of government paper	224

True test as to which is in operation ib 9 Parliamentary reform brought forward by Mr Grey	225

Arguments against it by Mr Pitt It is rejected by Parliament	227

Reflections on this subject	228

Difference between redress of grievances and concessions to clamour	229

Arguments against continuing the war	230

Supplies voted for the year	231

Naval preparations of France and Spain	232

Mutiny in the fleet Its origin	233

First breaks out in the Channel fleet Perfect order preserved by the mutineers	234

The demands of the fleet are granted by the government	235

Alarming mutiny at the Nore and consternation in London ib 21 Firmness of the king and government	236

Noble conduct of parliament Bill against the mutineers passed	237

Admirable conduct of Mr Pitt on this occasion	239

Glorious firmness of Admiral Duncan	240

The mutiny was totally unconnected with France	241

Mutiny in the fleet at Plymouth and off Cadiz	242

Execution of a prisoner	244

Continuance and final suppression of the mutiny	245

Battle of Cape St Vincent	246

First appearance of Nelson and Collingwood	248

Glorious successes of Collingwood and Nelson	249

Combats in the other parts of the fleet	250

Great effect produced by this victory	251

Early history of Nelson	252

His first entrance into the navy	253

His character ib 38 And failings	254

Biography of Lord St Vincent	255

His first services in the navy	256

His noble and disinterested spirit	257

Birth and early life of Earl Howe ib 43 His generosity and disinterested virtue	258

Birth and early history of Collingwood	259

His incessant public duties	260

His character as a man	261

His character as an admiral	262

Birth and early years of Lord Duncan	263

His first services at sea ib 50 His character	264

Expedition of Nelson to Teneriffe	269

Results of this battle	276

CHAPTER XXIII	284

Serrurier	285

Napoleons proclamation to his soldiers	290

Desperate action at the pass of Clausen which is at length carried	297

S Page	302

his duplicity	313

But her foreign relations had greatly improved	317

Resources still at the command of Venice	320

Napoleons first proclamation to his soldiers and plan of the campaign	325

Operations cut short by the armistice	326

character	332

Consternation in Venice at the publication of that treaty	347

Striking contrast exhibited at the same period by the nobility and people	356

Extreme penury of the government	362

And ultimate fall Recourse had in despair to barter	367

Starvation of the fundholders and all the public functionaries	368

Deplorable state of the armies from the same cause Great speculations of foreigners	369

Open abandonment of the paper system	370

But they fail now in rousing the people	381

Renewed efforts of the democrats and plans of the conspirators	382

Ultimate views of the conspirators	383

The conspiracy is discovered and Babœuff arrested	384

His partisans break out at Grenelle but are defeated	385

Babœuffs address to the jury	386

Abortive attempts of the royalists	387

Singular manners at this period in France	388

Young generals and others who appeared in the salons of Paris	389

But the result of the elections is preparing a catastrophe from the success of the royalists	390

Barthélemy is chosen a director in lieu of Letourneur and joins Carnot	391

Club of Clichy and club of Salm General reaction in favour of the royalists	392

The royalists now supported the liberty of the press ib 39 Measures of the Directory to avert the danger Camille Jourdans speech in favour of religion	393

General return of the emigrants and clergy	394

Great alarm of the Directory	395

Measures of Napoleon He resolves to support the republicans and for that purpose sends Lavalette to Paris	396

His proclamation to his soldiers on July 14	397

The army strongly supports the Directory Extravagant addresses from the soldiers	398

Strength of the opposite party consisted only in talent and elo quence	399

Slender military force at their command Reorganisation of the national guard decreed by the Councils	400

Violent measures of the Directory They surround the Tuileries with troops Revolution of the 18th Fructidor	401

Passive submission of the people	402

Address of the Directory to the Councils	403

Tyrannical measures of the minority of the Councils	404

leaders	405

Cruel fate of the exiles	406

Escape of Pichegru from Guiana	407

Vigorous and despotic measures of the Directory	408

This revolution was previously concerted with Napoleon	409

But he is disgusted with the severe use they make of their victory	410

Fatal defect in the constitution of 1795	411

A more equitable government was then impossible in France	412

This is the true commencement of military despotism in France ib 61 Terrible retribution which awaited France	413

CHAPTER XXV	415

If the war had been uninterrupted it would have been hard to say which was right	416

Fair opportunity afforded to France of pursuing a pacific system after the peace of Campo Formio	417

Limited estimates for the year in Britain ib 5 Mr Pitts new financial policy	418

Establishment of the volunteer system in Great Britain	419

Noble speech of Mr Dundas on this occasion	420

The volunteer system is sanctioned by parliament	421

Its great effects and change in the nature of the war which it indicated	422

French finances National bankruptcy	423

External policy of the French Directory	424

Attack upon Holland Its situation since the French conquest	425

State of the Dutch Assembly at this period	426

Measures of the French Directory to revolutionise the state ib 15 Tyrannical acts of the new Directory	427

Political state of Switzerland	429

Physical description of Switzerland ib 18 Resemblance of the level part of the country to England	430

Effects of the general security ib 20 Extraordinary beauty of the mountain region	431

Singular failure of the arts in portraying Swiss scenery	432

Gradations of vegetation in the Alps	433

The woody grass and snowy regions	434

Lakes of Switzerland	435

Great central chain of the St Gothard ib 26 Great lateral valleys in the Alps	436

Valleys of the Rhone the Rhine and the Inn	437

Early influence of the religious houses in spreading cultivation	441

Its rapid growth in the large towns	448

Resolute conduct of the Senate of Berne	455

Its great consequences Action at Millesimo	458

Dreadful excesses of the Swiss after defeat Capture of Berne and	461

An alliance offensive and defensive with France is forced upon Switzerland	469

there dies	483

Systematic and infamous pillage of Rome by the French ib 79 Confiscation of the whole church property in the Papal territories	485

Revolt of the Roman populace Its rapid suppression	487

Violent revolutions effected by the French in the Cisalpine republic	488

Excessive discontent excited by these changes in Lombardy	489

The spoliation of the King of Sardinia is resolved on His cruel humilia tions	490

Successful intrigues of the French who seize Turin	491

The king is reduced to the state of a prisoner	492

He is at length forced to abdicate and retire to Sardinia	493

Affairs of Naples	494

Their military preparations	496

Forces levied by the French in the affiliated republics	498

Mack takes the command in Naples ib 95 Dispersed situation of the French troops	499

Mack commences hostilities and enters Rome	500

The Neapolitans everywhere defeated when advancing farther	501

Fresh disasters of the Neapolitans and retreat of Mack	502

The Neapolitan court take refuge on board the English fleet	503

Championnet resolves to invade Naples His plan of operations ib 101 His surprising success	504

Critical situation of Championnet in front of Capua	505

Mack proposes an armistice which is gladly accepted	506

Description of Naples Beauty of its bay	507

Romantic character of the city itself	508

Peculiar character of the lazzaroni of Naples	509

Its capabilities for defence ib 108 Indignation which the armistice excites among the Neapolitan populace	510

Advance of the French against Naples	511

Desperate resistance of the lazzaroni and frightful combats before the capital	512

The French force the gates and forts bloody conflicts in the streets	513

Establishment of the Parthenopeian republic	515

State of Ireland Reflections on the melancholy history of that country	516

Great effects of the rule of James I in Ireland	517

Causes of the failure of all attempts to pacify it Confiscation of its land	518

Peculiar causes which have aggravated this evil in Ireland	519

The Irish are as yet unfit for free privileges ib 118 Which is the real cause of their misery	520

Intimate union formed by the Irish malcontents with France	521

Revolutionary organisation established throughout Ireland	522

Combination of Orangemen to uphold the British connection	524

Treaty of the Irish rebels with France	525

Ignorance of the English government of the danger ib 124 The insurrection at length breaks out	526

Various actions with the insurgents and their total rout at Vinegar Hill	527

Suppression of the rebellion and imminent danger from which England then escaped	529

Nugatory efforts of the Directory to revive the insurrection	530

Firmness of the British government at this period	532

Maritime affairs of the year	533

Disputes of France with the United States ib 131 Shameful rapacity of the French government	534

Contributions levied on the Hanse towns by the Directory	535

Retrospect of the late encroachments of France	536

Progress of the negotiations at Rastadt	538

The secret understanding between France and Austria is made manifest ib 137 Universal terror which this treaty awakens in Germany	539

Tumult at Vienna and insult to the French ambassador	541

Conferences opened at Seltz	542

Which issue in a rupture between Austria and France	543

Financial measures of the Directory to meet the approaching hostilities	544

Adoption of the law of the conscription by the legislature ib 143 Reflections on this event	545

CHAPTER XXVI	546

Its importance early perceived by Leibnitz Alexander the Great and Napoleon equally appreciated its value	547

Napoleons ideas are matured at Passeriano	549

His parting address to the Italians ib 5 His triumphal journey across Switzerland to Rastadt and Paris Political objects of this journey Its ominous chara...	550

His retired manner of life at Paris	551

His reception in state by the Directory Talleyrands speech	552

Napoleons answer	553

Successive fêtes given by other public bodies	554

Napoleons private views in regard to his future life	555

Secret views of the Directory Their desire to get quit of Napoleon Preparations for a descent on England	556

Pompous speech of Barras on giving him the command of the Army of England Real views of both parties	557

Napoleon persuades the Directory to undertake the Egyptian expedition	561

Arrives off Malta which capitulates without firing a shot	567

Astonishing effects of the inundations of the Nile	573

And the Copts Ibrahim Bey and Mourad Bey the rulers of the country	579

Severe combat at Chebreiss	585

Its immense importance to Napoleon	590

His able and impartial civil government He affects the Mussulman faith	592

S Page 56 Nelsons plan of attack and forces on both sides	598

Battle of the Nile	599

Commencement of the action	600

Its dreadful nature	601

The Orient blows up	602

Glorious victory in which the action terminates	604

Heroic deeds in the French squadron	605

Capitulation of the Grandduke of Parma Commencement of the spolia	606

Honours bestowed on Nelson	608

Disastrous effects of this blow to the French army	609

Despair of the inferior officers and soldiers	611

It at once brings on a war between France and Turkey	612

Passage of the Hellespont by the Russian fleet	613

Critical situation of the French army Vast efforts of Napoleon	614

Expedition of Desaix to Upper Egypt	615

Bloody suppression of a revolt at Cairo	616

Expedition of Napoleon to the Red Sea	617

Extraordinary proclamation of Napoleon ib 75 He resolves to penetrate into Syria His vast designs	618

Limited extent of his forces	619

Passage of the Syrian desert	620

Storming of Jaffa Four thousand of the garrison capitulate	621

Massacre of these prisoners	622

Terrible scenes which occurred there	623

Unpardonable atrocity of this act	624

The French advance to Acre Description of that fortress	625

Sir Sidney Smiths preparations for its defence	626

Commencement of the siege	628

Desperate conflicts in the breach The Ottomans advance to its relief	629

The French advance to meet them	630

Battle of Mount Thabor	631

Defeat of the Turks	632

Renewal of the siege of Acre	633

Desperate assault of the tower ib 91 Sir Sidney Smith enters the fight	634

Last assault by the French	635

Napoleon at length retreats	636

Vast designs which this defeat frustrated	637

His adherence to the same view through life	638

Napoleons proclamation on raising the siege ib 97 Disastrous retreat of the troops to Egypt	639

Poisoning the sick at Jaffa It was justifiable	640

The army regains Egypt	641

Contests in Egypt during Napoleons absence	642

Great discontents in the army	643

Landing of the Turks in Aboukir Bay	644

Force of the invaders	645

Position which the Turks occupied	646

Napoleons dispositions for an attack First line carried	647

General reflections on the probable fate of an Eastern empire under	653

VOL IV	654

Andre utgaver - Vis alle

History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to ..., Volum 4
Sir Archibald Alison
Uten tilgangsbegrensning - 1860

Vanlige uttrykk og setninger

Adige admirable afterwards Alps Alvinzi Apennines Archduke Arcola arms arrived artillery attack Augereau Aulic Council Austrian bank battle blockade Britain British Calliano campaign cavalry centre CHAP character Cisalpine Republic columns command commenced Conq contest Corresp courage danger defeated defiles democratic Desaix despatched Directory disasters division effect enemy engaged fleet forces fortresses France French army French Directory Genoa guard hundred Imperialists infantry inhabitants Italian Italy Jourdan lake of Garda Legnago Lombardy Mantua Marm Massena ment Milan military Moreau mountains Napoleon Nelson Paris party peace pieces of cannon Piedmont plain possession Quasdanovich rear received regiment Republic Republicans retired retreat Revolution revolutionary Rhine Rome Serrurier ships siege siege of Mantua soldiers soon speedily spirit success thousand tion town treaty troops Tyrol valley Venetian Venice Verona Vict victory viii whole Wurmser XXII

Populære avsnitt

Side 216 - Constitution of a country; that facility in changes upon the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion exposes to perpetual change, from the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion; and remember especially that for the efficient management of your common interests, in a country so extensive as ours, a Government of as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect security of Liberty is indispensable.‎

Vises i 441 bøker fra 1800-2006

Side 217 - The disorders and miseries which result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an individual ; and, sooner or later, the chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation on the ruins of public liberty.‎

Vises i 503 bøker fra 1797-2008

Side 216 - Towards the preservation of your government, and the permanency of your present happy state, it is requisite, not only that you steadily discountenance irregular oppositions to its acknowledged authority, but also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its principles, however specious the pretexts.‎

Vises i 427 bøker fra 1789-2006

Side 607 - And but the booming shots replied, And fast the flames rolled on. Upon his brow he felt their breath, And in his waving hair, And looked from that lone post of death In still yet brave despair. And shouted but once more aloud, "My father! must I stay?‎

Vises i 402 bøker fra 1826-2008

Side 307 - In Venice Tasso's echoes are no more, And silent rows the songless gondolier; Her palaces are crumbling to the shore, And music meets not always now the ear: Those days are gone — but Beauty still is here. States fall, arts fade — but Nature doth not die, Nor yet forget how Venice once was dear, The pleasant place of all festivity, The revel of the earth, the masque of Italy!‎

Vises i 319 bøker fra 1817-2007

Side 217 - The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge natural to party dissension, which in different ages and countries has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an individual...‎

Vises i 485 bøker fra 1789-2007

Side 606 - THE boy stood on the burning deck, Whence all but he had fled ; The flame that lit the battle's wreck Shone round him o'er the dead. Yet beautiful and bright he stood, As born to rule the storm, — A creature of heroic blood, A proud, though childlike form.‎

Vises i 444 bøker fra 1826-2008

Side 217 - This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed ; but in those of the popular form it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.‎

Vises i 448 bøker fra 1789-2008

Side 217 - It is, indeed, little else than a name, where the government is too feeble to withstand the enterprises of...‎

Vises i 375 bøker fra 1789-2006

Side 241 - To be deserted by my fleet in the face of an enemy, is a disgrace which I believe never before happened to a British admiral; nor could I have supposed it possible. My greatest comfort under God is, that I have been supported by the officers, seamen, and marines, of this ship; for which, with a heart overflowing with gratitude, I request you to accept my sincere thanks. I flatter myself much good may result from your example, by bringing those deluded people to a sense of the duty which they owe...‎

Vises i 40 bøker fra 1801-1963

Bibliografisk informasjon

Tittel	History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815, Volum 4 History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815, Archibald Alison
Forfatter	Archibald Alison
Utgave	10
Utgiver	W. Blackwood, 1860
Original fra	New York Public Library
Digitalisert	9. aug 2007

Eksporter sitat	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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