his actions accordingly. In this state, the subject will remember, after being aroused, all that has happened; and, during such stage, the attempts to excite mental manifestations will generally fail, unless with such as are quite in accordance with the will of the subject. When, however, the subject lapses into the deeper stage-during which he will not remember, when awake, what had been done or said—the reason seems also to be less active; whereas the imagination has become more vivid, and the consequence is, that he obeys the dictates of instinct rather than of reason and reflection. Every idea now suggested partakes of all the attributes of present reality; and, accordingly, the subject acts as during a fit of monomania, being entirely absorbed in some particular contemplation, or in the execution of some special act; and hence the remarkable vigour and precision of such acts. Of course, those subjects-and there are many such-who do not pass into this deeper stage, cannot properly exhibit these manifestations which are so characteristically and beautifully done by those in the deeper stage.

I shall, however, give an additional illustration, which, I think, cannot fail to make any one comprehend my meaning, both as to how and why certain attitudes are produced in the reverse order, in the third stage, from what is realised by the application of the same means during the second stage. Let us suppose a spring fixed perpendicularly, with two cords, passing over two pulleys, placed to the right and left; and that one end of each cord is made fast to the point of the spring, and the other to scales for receiving weights. The two scales being loaded with weights, and equipoised, of course the spring will maintain its perpendicular position; but, if additional weight is put into the right-hand scale, the spring will assume a corresponding inclination, from the greater or additional weight drawing the spring in that direction. But, supposing that, instead of loading the right-hand scale with this addi tional weight, an equal amount had been taken out of the lefthand scale, there would still have been the same loss of equipoise, an equal amount of inclination of the spring from the perpendicular; and this change would still have been in the same direction, as happened in the former experiment, namely, to the right. There would thus have been produced the same amount, and the same direction, in both experiments; but the former I call the direct mode, because it arises from an addition of force on the right, drawing the spring in that direction; and the latter I call indirect, because, in this case, it arises from a diminution of the antagonist power, or that on the left, permitting it to be drawn in the opposite direction.

Remembering the opposite results, mental and physical, which arise from manipulating patients at these two different stages, and the modification which is characteristic of what I call the first stage; and keeping in view, also, the important fact, that these different stages gradually merge into each other, and, consequently, that it is only when the exact nick of time is hit for manipulating, we can insure the successful and characteristic manifestation of the feelings at first trials, we are furnished with a pretty rational solution of the cause why so many patients had been manipulated or handled, for so many years, without the characteristic feelings having been excited and recorded, as has happened within these last three years, when manipulations have been made, and patiently persevered in, with the hope of eliciting them.

There can be no doubt of the power we possess of rousing the various feelings and mental manifestations, during Hypnotism, through muscular excitation only, through the laws of sympathy and association of ideas. But, in this manner, the same muscular motion may excite different feelings and ideas in the minds of different patients, according to their previous occupation and habits in respect to such physical efforts; e. g. set the subject to the exercise of moving his hand and arm with a rotatory motion, as if turning something, and then put the question, "What are you doing?" I know, from experience, that the answer will be in accordance with the usual ideas and occupation with which such motion is associated in such an individual's mind, during the waking condition. Thus, an Italian boy would think he was grinding an organ; a cook, that she was winding her jack or coffee-mill; a blacksmith, that he was turning a grind-stone, or some other wheel he was accustomed to drive; a reeler, that she was winding: a person, accustomed to turn an organ for psalmody, would be inspired with devotional feeling; another, accustomed to playing or hearing waltzes on the same instrument, would think of dancing; and so on. It thus plainly appears that, through the laws of sympathy and association, connected with muscular action, you may excite various feelings from the same point, according to circumstances. On this ground, therefore, I still consider that none of the experiments hitherto instituted give any decided proofs, of themselves alone, either for or against Phrenology, or the existence of separate organs in the brain, for the manifestation of each of the mental functions. However, as it is the peculiar feature of this excitable state of the nervous system, that the mind should manifest itself as entirely absorbed in whatever individual passion or emotion it may be directed to, it appears to me to be quite

possible to institute a series of experiments which might determine the relative powers or intensities of the feelings and propensities, which, being afterwards compared with the phrenological indications and known character of the subjects, would be a more decided test for or against Phrenology than any hitherto applied. I intend, shortly, to perform such a set of experiments, with every possible precaution to guard against deception. They shall be performed before a number of respectable and intelligent gentlemen, when a faithful and minute record shall be taken for publication. This appears to me to be the only mode of determining this question in a satisfactory manner. The discrimination of what is true from what is erroneous, is my sole object in entering upon the inquiry; and my motto shall be

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Nothing conceal,

Nor set down aught in malice."

I remain, Sir, your most obedient servant,

JAMES BRAID, M.R.C.S. Edin., &c.

3 ST PETER'S SQUARE, MANCHESTER,

17th July 1844.

II. CASES AND FACTS,

I. On the Reputed Head of Oliver Cromwell. By Mr C. DONOVAN.

Of no man, perhaps, who has ever occupied so large a space in the world's thought, have the judgments both of his contemporaries and of posterity been so various, and so opposite, as of Oliver Cromwell. He was the idol of his own family, and he found great men to love and to trust him. Milton knew him, and praised him; the great and good Hale served him as Chief Justice; the spotless Howe and Owen officiated as his chaplains; and the patriotic and illustrious Blake wielded under him the truncheon of that navy, which then, as now, made "the Ocean Queen " secure at home, and reverenced abroad. But the vulgar of men, then, as now, (and some who may not be so classed,) have deemed him "a fierce, coarse, hypocritical Tartuffe, turning all that noble struggle for constitutional liberty into a sorry farce played for his own benefit." That the head of such a man must be an object of the liveliest, the profoundest interest to the phrenologist, will be instantly admitted;-but what phrenologist has ever looked upon that head? Reader, I do verily believe that I have

looked upon that head. Last winter, during my sojourn in a provincial town, where I was engaged in the delivery of a course of lectures on Phrenology, I heard it affirmed that the head of Oliver Cromwell was still in existence, and in the actual possession of a gentleman residing near London. My surprise and incredulity on hearing this spoken of as matter of fact, were naturally great. My informant was a clergyman, and through his interest I had the good fortune, on my return to London, to become acquainted with the gentleman in whose possession the relic now remains; and who, with kind and ready courtesy, allowed me a deliberate and ample inspection. That gentleman fully believes the skull to be that of Oliver Cromwell, and were I at liberty to refer to him by name, it would be seen that his station, education, and character, alike forbid the remotest suspicion of fraud.

It is perhaps scarcely necessary to remind the reader, that the body of Cromwell, which had undergone the process of embalming, was, together with those of Ireton and Bradshaw, disinterred, after the Restoration, in 1661, and hanged at Tyburn, where the bodies remained a whole day upon the gallows, until sunset; that they were buried under the gallows; and that the heads were struck off, stuck upon pikes, and placed upon the top of Westminster Hall.

The tradition handed down, in print and MS., along with the head in question, and now in the possession of its owner, is this:-That, at the latter end of the reign of James II., it was blown off one stormy night from the top of the Hall, and taken up by the sentinel on duty, one probably of the many persons whose loyalty had been alienated by the conduct of that monarch and his brother, and detained, in spite of a proclamation issued by the Government, commanding its immediate restoration. It was subsequently sold to one of the Cambridgeshire Russells, a family united to that of Cromwell by three distinct marriages within the space of twenty years; through which family it descended privately, along with the box in which it is now deposited, until it came into the hands of the well-known Samuel Russell, who exhibited it publicly for money, and ultimately sold it, in April 1787, to Mr Cox, the proprietor of the celebrated museum in Spring Gardens. Mr Cox never exhibited the head, but kept it in strict privacy on disposing of his museum, he sold it to three joint purchasers for L.230, and these individuals, being violent democrats, exhibited it publicly, in Mead's Court, Bond Street, at the period of the French Revolution, about the year 1799, charging half-a-crown for admission. The MS. states that the latest survivor of these three persons fell from his horse

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in an apoplectic fit, of which he died; and that the head, having become the property of his daughter, was by her sold to the father of its present proprietor, who, from a memorandum in his father's hand-writing, has permitted me to make the following extract:

"June 25. 1827. This head has now been in my possession nearly fifteen years. I have shewn it to hundreds of people, and only one gentleman ever brought forward an objection to any part of the evidence. He was a member of Parliament, and a descendant, by a collateral branch, from Oliver Cromwell. He told me, in contradiction to my remarks that chestnut hair never turned grey, that he had a lock of hair at his country-house, which was cut from the Protector's head on his death-bed, and had been carefully passed down through his family to his possession; which lock of hair was perfectly grey. This gentleman has since expressed his opinion that the long exposure was sufficient to have changed the colour of the hair." *

In the same memorandum, it is attested that the late Oliver Cromwell, Esq., a descendant of the Protector, compared this head with the original cast of that of his ancestor; and after measuring, with compasses, the proportions of the features, both of the head and of the cast, declared that their perfect correspondence satisfied his mind of the genuineness and identity of the skull. To this testimony may be added that of Dr Southgate, late librarian to the British Museum, who, after a very attentive comparison of the head with several medals and coins, expressed himself to the joint-proprietors already referred to, thus:-"Gentlemen, you may be assured that this is really the head of Oliver Cromwell." The celebrated medallist, Mr Kirk gave his opinion in writing as follows:

"The head shewn to me for Oliver Cromwell's, I verily believe to be his real head, as I have carefully examined it with the coin, and think the outline of the face exactly corresponds with it, so far as remains. The nostril, which is still to be seen, inclines downwards, as it does in the coin ; the cheek-bone seems to be as it was engraved; and the

* In an article in the Dublin University Magazine of April last, it is stated, that when the coffin of Charles I. was opened, and a lock of his hair cut off and washed, it was found to be of a bright brown colour; though it was known that at the period of his death his hair was grizzled black." This change may be attributed to the influence of the materials used in embalming.

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