The master must cause the apprentice to be taught reading, writing, and the ground rules of arithmetic, ratio, and proportion, must give him the requisite instruction in the different branches of his trade, and, at the expiration of his term of service, must give him $50 in gold and two new suits of clothes to be worth in the aggregate at least $60. In all cases the master must pay and deliver to the apprentice the money, clothes, and other property to which he is entitled under the indenture. It is unlawful to entice, counsel, or persuade an apprentice to run away, or to employ, harbor, or conceal him, knowing him to be a runaway. A master may not remove his apprentice out of the State, but he may be discharged from the indenture by the superior court, if he wishes to leave the State.

Source: Acts of 1901, chapter 157, sections 51 to 63.

COLORADO.

A minor may be bound out by his father, or by his mother or guardian if the father is dead, incompetent, has willfully abandoned his family for six months without making suitable provision for their support, or has become a habitual drunkard; by the mother alone if the child is illegitimate, but subsequent marriage defeats her power to bind a child during marriage, whether illegitimate or not. In the above cases the consent of the minor, who is over 14 years of age, is necessary, and must be expressed in the indentures and testified to by his signing the same. A minor may also be bound out by a superintendent of the poor of the county if either the minor or his parents are, or may be, chargeable to the county or shall beg for alms; if the parents are poor and the father a habitual drunkard, and if the father is dead and the mother is of a bad character or suffers the minor to grow up in idleness, etc. A minor may bind himself if he has no parents competent to act and no guardian.

A male may be bound until 21 years, and a female until 18 years of age or until marriage within said age.

An apprentice must be taught his trade and must be instructed in the common English branches of education, in some public or other school, at least three months in every year until he shall have arrived at the age of 14 years, and until he shall have received a common school education. He must be furnished with suitable clothing, food, and attention in sickness and health. Upon the expiration of his term of service, the master must furnish him a new Bible, and two new suits of clothes, to be worth, respectively, $15 and $25.

A master may not remove an apprentice out of the State, but the court may dissolve the indenture and again bind out the child, if the master wishes to leave the State. The death of the master discharges the apprenticeship.

Source: Statutes of 1891, chapters 6 and 26.

CONNECTICUT.

A minor may be bound out by the father or guardian, in which case the consent of a minor who is over 14 years of age is necessary; this must be expressed in the indentures and testified to by his signing the same. The selectmen of a town may, with the consent of a justice of the peace, bind out the children of any person who, having had relief from said town, allows his children to misspend their time and neglects to employ them in some honest calling, and of any person who does not provide competently for his children, whereby they are exposed to want; also any poor children who live idly or are exposed to want and have no one to take care of them. The trustees of the State Reform School may, with the consent of the boy or his parents or guardian, bind out any boy who is committed to said school during his minority. The directors of the Industrial School for Girls may bind out any girl committed to said school. The overseers of an Indian tribe may, with the consent of two justices of the peace, bind out children of said tribe who are poor, idle, and unprovided for. A minor, when of the age of 14, may, with the consent of the selectmen of his town, bind himself if he has no father or guardian within the State.

Males may be indentured as apprentices until 21, and females until 18 years of age, or until their marriage within that age. In the case of Indian children, males may be indentured until 18, and females until 16 years of age, or until married within that age. Inmates of the Connecticut Industrial School for Girls may be indentured only for the terms of their commitment.

It is unlawful to eloign or entice any lawfully bound minor from the service or custody of his master.

Source: General Statutes of 1902, sections 1250, 2828, 2829, 2841, 4427, 4684 to 4690.

DELAWARE.

A minor may be bound out by the father; by the guardian if there be no father residing in the State; by the mother if there be no father residing in the State and there is no guardian; by any two trustees of the poor if the minor is living in the almshouse, and by any two justices of the peace acting together if the minor has no parents residing in the State and has not sufficient property for his maintenance, or if his parents are not able to maintain and bring him up to industry and suitable employment. A minor when of the age of 14 may also bind himself if he has no parents and no guardian residing in the State, and in this case the consent of a justice of the peace is necessary.

The term for which apprentices may be bound is until 21 years of age in the case of males, and until 18 years of age in the case of females. Immigrants of full age may be bound out for a period of not more than five years.

Apprentices must be given a reasonable education in reading and writing, and must be furnished with proper support and clothing. Upon the expiration of the term of service the master must provide his apprentice with two new suits of clothing. The master has power to enforce obedience and good behavior by moderate correction and by suitable and sufficient means.

It is unlawful knowingly to harbor, conceal, or employ an apprentice who has run away from service; to deal with an apprentice without the consent of his master, or knowingly to encourage him to disobey his master's lawful orders or to neglect his business. An apprentice may be assigned from person to person by assignment executed under seal by both assignor and assignee, with the approbation of any judge of the State or any two justices of the peace, whose approval must appear on the assignment, if bound to a person and his executors, administrators, and assigns. An assignee, executor, or administrator must take a minor upon the terms of the original agreement and be liable for all unperformed covenants.

Source: Revised Code, edition of 1893, chapter 79.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

A minor child may be bound as an apprentice by his guardian; or, if he has none, by his father; or if he has neither father nor guardian, by his mother, with the consent, entered of record, of the probate court, or without such consent if the minor, being 14 years of age, agree in writing to be so bound. The probate court may bind out an orphan child or any child abandoned by its parents or guardian; any child of habitually drunken, vicious, or unfit parents, when such child is not in the custody of a person who is providing for its maintenance and education; also any child habitually begging or kept in vicious or immoral associations.

The utmost term of apprenticeship is until the apprentice attains the age of 21 if a boy, and 18 if a girl. The term of a child bound out by the probate court is in the discretion of the court.

The master is required to teach the apprentice a trade, and also reading, writing, and common arithmetic; to supply him with suitable clothing and maintenance, and to pay such amount, if any, as may be agreed upon in the contract.

It is unlawful for any person to conceal, harbor, or facilitate the running away of an apprentice, or for a master, except in the case of mariners, to send or carry his apprentice out of the District. The contract of apprenticeship may, with the approbation of the court, be assigned by the master, or after his death by his personal representatives on such terms as the court may prescribe.

Source: Code of 1901, sections 173, 402 to 411.

FLORIDA.

A minor may be bound out by any court or by a guardian. If the minor is under 16 years of age the approval of the judge of the county court of the county of which his parent or guardian is a resident is necessary, and if said minor is of the age of 16 or over, his own assent, evidenced by his signature to the indentures, is required. Poor orphans, without estate sufficient for their maintenance out of the profits, shall be bound out by order of the judge of the county court. When a person having control of a child under 16 years of age is adjudged a vagrant, said child shall be bound out by the court rendering the judgment. When a person applies to be placed on the pauper list of a county, the board of county commissioners, in granting said application, may in their discretion require that the children of such applicant under the age of 16 be bound out. When a child under the age of 16 is abandoned

by the father, who fails to provide it with support and maintenance, it may be bound out by the judge of the county court, but not without the assent of the mother, unless she is unable or neglects to provide for its support and maintenance. Male apprentices may be bound until they arrive at the age of 21 and females at the age of 18 years.

The master is required to teach the apprentice, in addition to his trade, the elements of reading, writing, and arithmetic. He must give the apprentice a new suit of clothes, shoes, and a blanket immediately upon the expiration of the term.

It is unlawful for any parent, guardian, or other person to entice, take, carry away, or harbor a child duly apprenticed to another, or to cause the same to be done. Source: Revised Statutes.of 1891, sections 2112 to 2116, 2404.

GEORGIA.

Minors may be bound out by their parents, and those whose parents are dead or residing out of the county and whose estates yield profits insufficient for support and maintenance, or those whose parents, from age, infirmity, or poverty, are unable to support them, shall be bound out by the judge of the county court or the ordinary. Minors may be bound out until they are 21 years of age, or for a stated period. A person of full age may bind himself for a valuable consideration for a limited number of years, not exceeding five.

It is the duty of the master, in addition to teaching the apprentice a trade, to teach him to read English, to furnish him with protection, wholesome food, suitable clothing, necessary medicine and medical attendance, and to teach him habits of industry, honesty, and morality. The master is permitted to use any such degree of force to compel obedience as a father may use with a minor child. At the expiration of the term of service the master must give the apprentice a small allowance with which to begin life, the amount to be left to the master's generosity. If he offers · less than $100, the apprentice may decline it, and cite the master before the judge of the county court or the ordinary, who, after a hearing, fixes the sum to be paid. The master has a right of action against any other person who, after notice, employs his apprentice.

Source: Code of 1895, Volume II, sections 2542, 2598 to 2609; Volume III, sections 119 to 122.

ILLINOIS.

Only a minor under the age of 16 years may be bound out as an apprentice. Such a minor may be bound out by the father with the consent of the mother, or, in case of her death, habitual drunkenness, prostitution, imprisonment in the penitentiary, incapacity, or willful desertion of the family for six months, without her consent; by the mother, in case of the death, habitual drunkenness, imprisonment in the penitentiary, or incapacity of the father, and by the guardian in case neither father nor mother is living and free from above objections. An illegitimate minor may be bound by his or her mother. A minor may also be bound out by the executor or executors who are directed by the father's last will and testament to bring the child up to some trade or calling. A minor who habitually begs for alms, who is or whose parents are chargeable to the county or town, or who is supported in whole or in part at the charge of the county or town, may be bound out by the county board or overseers of the poor, as the case may be, with the approval of the judge of the county or circuit court. A boy committed to a training school for boys, or a girl committed to a girls' industrial school or to the State Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, may be bound out by the officers of said institution.

Apprentices may be bound out until they arrive at the age of 16 years.

An apprentice must be taught reading, writing, and the ground rules of arithmetic. Upon completing the apprenticeship the master must give the apprentice a new Bible, two complete suits of wearing apparel suitable to the condition in life of the apprentice, and $20 in money. The above must be given only in case the apprentice has served one year or more, and they must be secured to and for the sole use and benefit of the apprentice.

It is unlawful for any person to counsel, persuade, or entice an apprentice to run away or absent himself from the service of his master, or for an apprentice to rebel against or assault his master. The master may not remove an apprentice out of the State without the consent of the county court. The death of the master discharges the apprenticeship.

Source: Annotated Statutes of 1896, chapter 9, sections 1 to 19; chapter 23, sections 121, 135, 136.

INDIANA.

A minor may be bound out by the father; by the mother, if there be no father, or if he be incompetent; by the guardian, if there be neither father nor mother. If the minor is over 14 years of age his consent is necessary, and must be expressed in the indentures and attested by his signature. The overseers of the poor (township trustees), may, with the consent of the county judge, indorsed on indentures, bind out the child of any pauper supported in whole or in part by the county, and any child whose parents abandon or neglect or are unable to support it. They may also bind out a child having neither father, mother, nor guardian, and having no sufficient means of support or education; and any white child taken from any asylum in any other State and brought into the State of Indiana to be bound. Children so bound out by the overseers of the poor must be under 16 years of age. The superintendents of county asylums may bind out such poor children as from time to time fall under their care and charge. The board of children's guardians of a county may, by leave of the circuit court of the county, bind out children abandoned, neglected, or cruelly treated by their parents; children begging on the streets; children of habitually drunken or vicious or unfit parents; children kept in vicious or immoral associations; children known by their life and language to be vicious and incorrigible, and juvenile delinquents and truants. Any association for the purpose of establishing and maintaining an asylum and home for the care, support, discipline, and education of orphan children, may bind out any inmate who has neither father, mother, nor guardian, or one whose parents have granted to the corporation the authority to bind the child. A minor may be bound out by manual-labor schools organized and incorporated under the laws of the State. The superintendent of the female reformatory of the State may bind out a girl committed there during her minority, but only with her consent. The superintendent of the Reform School for Boys may bind out a boy during minority, but only with his consent. A minor over the age of 14, having no father, mother, nor guardian, may bind himself, but the consent of the probate judge of the county, to be indorsed on the indentures, is necessary. Children may be bound for a term not extending beyond the age of 21 years if males and 18 if females, but the marriage of a female annuls her indenture.

The indenture is not assignable.

An indenture binding a white apprentice who has more than three years to serve must contain an agreement on the part of the master to cause the apprentice to be taught reading, writing, and the rules of arithmetic to the double rule of three, inclusive, if practicable. All valuable agreements on the part of the master must be for the benefit of the apprentice and may be sued on and recovered in his name. It is unlawful for a master to compel an apprentice to work more than ten hours per day, without additional compensation. An absconding apprentice may by order of court be returned to the master or if he refuses may be committed to jail. The master's death discharges the apprentice. In case the master removes from the State the discharge is optional with the apprentice.

Source: Annotated Statutes of 1901, sections 3186a, 3186e, 3188, 7299 to 7317, 8168, 8285, 8319.

IOWA.

A minor may be bound out, with a written consent appended to or indorsed on the indentures by the father; if the father is dead, has abandoned his family, or is for any cause incapacitated, then by the mother; if she is dead, or incapacitated, then by the guardian; or, if there be no guardian, then by the clerk of the circuit court. If the minor is more than 12 years of age, the indentures must be signed by him of his own free will. A pauper minor may be bound out by the clerk of the circuit court without obtaining his assent. Poor children under 16 years of age in a poorhouse or house of refuge may be bound out by the board of supervisors of the county until 18 years of age or such earlier time as may be fixed, or until married before that time. Children in the State reform school may, with the written consent of their parents or guardians, if any, be bound out by the trustees thereof until the end of their term or an earlier time.

The terms of apprenticeship, except as above indicated, may continue until the attainment of the age of majority, which is 21 years in the case of males, and 18 years in the case of females, or until marriage.

It is the duty of the master to send the apprentice who is 6 years old or over, to school, if there is one in the district, at least four months in each year, and he must clothe him in a comfortable and becoming manner and provide him with suitable and sufficient food.

H. Doc. 733, 58-2-2

The death of the master or his removal from the State dissolves the indenture unless otherwise provided or unless the apprentice elects to continue in his service. Source: Code of 1897, sections 2704, 3229 to 3249.

KANSAS.

A minor may bind himself with the consent of the father, indorsed on the indentures, or, if he is dead, has no legal capacity to give consent, has willfully abandoned his family for six months without making suitable provision for their support, or has become an habitual drunkard, then of the mother or guardian, and if there is no parent or guardian, then of the probate court. An orphan or minor who has no estate sufficient for his maintenance may be bound out by his guardian with the consent of the probate court. An executor who is directed by the last will of a father to bring up a child to some trade or calling, has the power, with the consent of the mother, if living, to bind the child out. A poor child who is or may be chargeable to the county or shall beg for alms, whose parents are poor and the father an habitual drunkard, or, if there be no father, whose mother is of a bad character, or suffers her children to grow up in habits of idleness without any visible means of obtaining an honest livelihood, may be bound out by the probate court. Overseers of the poor of townships and cities and superintendents of county asylums may bind out such poor children as fall under their care and charge. The trustees of the State Reform School may bind out any boy committed thereto with his consent. An inmate of the Industrial School for Girls may be bound out by the trustees of said school.

Male apprentices may be bound until they reach the age of 18 years and females 16 years. Inmates of the State Reform School and of the State Industrial School for Girls may be bound out during their minority or for a shorter period.

An apprentice must be taught reading, writing, and the ground rules of arithmetic, the compound rules, and the rule of three. At the expiration of his term of service, the master must give him or her a new Bible, two new suits of clothes of the value of $40, and $10 in currency.

It is unlawful to counsel, persuade, entice, or assist any apprentice to run away or absent himself from the service of his master, or to harbor or conceal such an apprentice, knowing him to be a runaway. The master may not take his apprentice out of the State, but the probate court may discharge the apprentice from the service of such master, and again bind him, if necessary, to some other person. Source: General Statutes of 1901, sections 295 to 318, 6988, 7129, 7130, 7151.

KENTUCKY.

A poor orphan and any other child whose relatives or parents, in the judgment of the court, will not bring them up in moral courses, may be bound out by the county court. Any orphan minor may be bound out by his guardian, or, if he has no guardian, by his mother, with the consent of the county court. Children of a man sentenced to the penitentiary may be bound out by the courts in their discretion. The board of trustees of the State House of Reform for Boys and the State House of Reform for Girls may also bind out inmates of these institutions.

The term of apprenticeship is until the apprentice attains the age of 21 years if a boy, and 18 years if a girl.

The master is required to furnish the apprentice proper medical attention, food, and clothing, and to treat him humanely. At the end of the term of service the master must pay the apprentice, if a boy, $100, and if a girl, $50, but if the master has taught the apprentice to read and write he is not bound to pay any money at the end of the term.

It is unlawful to entice an apprentice from his master or knowingly to conceal, harbor, or employ an apprentice who has left the service of his master. A runaway apprentice may, by order of the county court, be arrested and returned to his master or confined in jail for not more than twenty days. It is unlawful to take or send an apprentice out of the State, or to sell his term of service or any part thereof, to any person, or to give another person the right to control such child. If the master dies the apprentice may be bound again to another by order of the county court. Sources: Statutes of 1894, sections 2591 to 2610; Acts of 1896, chapter 33, sections 11, 18.

LOUISIANA.

A minor may bind himself as an apprentice. The consent of a parent, tutor, or curator is necessary, or, if there be no such person in the parish where the minor resides,