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Book I. to each of its angles. And, by the preceeding propofition, all the angles of thefe triangles are equal to twice as many rightangles as there are triangles, that is, as there are fides of the figure; and the fame angles are equal to the angles of the figure, together with the angles at the point F, which is the common vertex of the triangles; that is, together with four right angles. Therefore all the angles of the figure, together with four right angles, are equal to twice as many right angles as the figure has fides.

a. 2. Cor. 15. 1.

b 13. 1.

a 29. I.

b 4. I.

COR. 2. All the exterior angles of any rectilineal figure, are together equal to four right angles.

Because every interior angle

ABC, with its adjacent exterior
ABD, is equal to two right
angles; therefore all the interi-
or, together with all the exterior
angles of the figure, are equal
to twice as many right angles as
there are fides of the figure; that

is, by the foregoing corollary, D B
they are equal to all the inte-

rior angles of the figure, toge

ther with four right angles; therefore all the exterior angles are equal to four right angles.

THE

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HE ftraight lines which join the extremities of two equal and parallel ftraight lines, towards the fame

parts, are also themselves equal and parallel.

Let AB, CD be equal and parallel ftraight lines, and joined towards the fame parts by the ftraight lines AC, BD; AC, BD are alfo equal and parallel.

Join BC; and because AB is pa rallel to CD, and BC meets them, the alternate angles ABC, BCD

C

B

D

are equal; and becaute AB is equal to CD, and BC common to the two triangles ABC, DCB, the two fides AB, BC are equal to the two DC, CB; and the angle ABC is equal to the angle ECD; therefore the bafe AC is equal to the base BD, and the triangle ABC to the triangle BCD, and the other angles

to

to the other angles ", each to each, to which the equal fides are Book I. appofite; therefore the angle ACB is equal to the angle CBD;

and because the straight line BC meets the two ftraight lines b 4. I. AC, BD, and makes the alternate angles ACB, CBD equal to

one another, AC is parallel to BD; and it was fhown to be c 27. I, equal to it. Therefore ftraight lines, &c. Q. E. D.

PRO P. XXXIV. THEOR.

THE oppofite fides and angles of parallelograms are equal to one another, and the diameter bifects them,

that is, divides them in two equal parts.

N. B. A parallelogram is a four fided figure, of which the oppofite fides are parallel; and the diameter is the ftraight line joining two of its oppofite angles.

Let ACDB be a parallelogram, of which BC is a diameter; the oppofite fides and angles of the figure are equal to one another; and the diameter BC bifects it.

a

C

B

D

a 29. Ti

Because AB is parallel to CD, A and BC meets them, the alternate angles ABC, BCD are equal to one another; and becaufe AC is parallel to BD, and BC meets them, the alternate angles ACB, CBD, are equal to one another; wherefore the two triangles ABC, CBD have two angles ABC, BCA in one, equal to two angles BCD, CBD in the other, each to each, and one fide BC common to the two triangles, which is adjacent to their equal angles; therefore their other fides fhall be equal, each to each, and the third angle of the one to the third angle of the other", viz. b 26, I, the fide AB to the fide CD, and AC to BD, and the angle BAC equal to the angle BDC: And because the angle ABC is equal to the angle BCD, and the angle CBD to the angle ACB; the whole angle ABD is equal to the whole angle ACD: And the angle BAC has been shown to be equal to the angle BDC; therefore the oppofite fides and angles of parallelograms are e qual to one another; also, their diameter bifects them; for AB being equal to CD, and BC common, the two AB, BC are equal to the two DC, CB, each to each; and the angle ABC

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Book I. is equal to the angle BCD; therefore the triangle ABC is e qual to the triangle BCD, and the diameter BC divides the parallelogram ACDB into two equal parts. Q. E. D.

C 4. I.

See N.

See the ad

and 3d fi-
gures.

a 34. I.

b 1. Ax.

c 2. or 3.
Ax.

d 29. 1. € 4. I.

f 3. Ax.

PROP. XXXV. THEOR.

ARALLELOGRAMS upon the fame base and between the fame parallels, are equal to one another.

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Let the parallelograms ABCD, EBCF, be upon the same bafe BC, and between the fame parallels AF, BC; the parallelogram ABCD fhall be equal to the parallelogram EBCF.

If the fides AD, DF of the pa-
rallelograms ABCD, DBCF oppofite A
to the bafe BC be terminated in the
fame point D; it is plain that each
of the parallelograms is double a of
the triangle BDC; and they are there-
fore equal to one another.

a

D

C

b

F

But, if the fides AD, EF, oppofite B to the bafe BC of the parallelograms ABCD, EBCF, be not terminated in the fame point; then, becaufe ABCD is a parallelogram, AD is equal to BC; for the fame reafon EF is equal to BC; wherefore AD is equal to EF; and DE is common; therefore the whole, or the remainder, AE is equal to the whole, or the remainder DF; AB alfo is equal to DC; and the two EA, AB are therefore equal to FAE D F

A

DE

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B

d

B

the two FD, DC, each to each; and the exterior angle FDC is equal to the interior EAB; therefore the bafe EB is equal to the bafe FC, and the triangle EAB equal to the triangle FDC; take the triangle FDC from the trapezium ABCF, and from the fame trapezium take the triangle EAB; the remainders therefore are equal f, that is, the parallelogram ABCD is equal to the parallelogram EBCF. Therefore parallelograms. upon the fame bafe, &c. Q. E. D.

PROP.

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ARALLELOGRAMS upon equal bases and between the
fame parallels, are equal to one another.

P

Let ABCD, EFGH be

parallelograms upon e-A

qual bafes BC, FG, and between the fame parallels AH, BG; the parallelogram ABCD is equal to EFGH.

DE

H

Book I.

Join BE, CH; and

becaufe BC' is equal toB

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a

FG, and FG to EH, BC is equal to EH; and they are pa- a 34. I. rallels, and joined towards the fame parts by the straight lines BE, CH: But ftraight lines which join equal and parallel ftraight lines towards the fame parts, are themselves equal and parallel; therefore EB, CH are both equal and parallel, and b 33. Xv EBCH is a parallelogram; and it is equal to ABCD, because c 35. I. it is upon the fame bafe BC, and between the fame parallels BC, AD: For the like reason, the parallelogram EFGH is equal to the fame EBCH: Therefore alfo the parallelogram ABCD is equal to EFGH. Wherefore parallelograms, &c. Q. E. D.

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PROP. XXXVII. THE OR..

RIANGLES upon the fame base, and between the
fame parallels, are equal to one another.

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E

A

D

F

Let the triangles ABC, DBC be upon the fame base BC and between the fame parallels AD, BC: The triangle ABC is equal to the triangle DBC.

a

Produce AD both ways to the points E, F, and thro' B draw BE parallel to CA; and thro' C draw CF parallel to BD: Therefore each

B

a 31. I

of the figures EBCA, DBCF is a parallelogram; and EBCA is equal to DBCF, because they are upon the fame base BC, and b 35. r. between the fame parallels BC, EF; and the triangle ABC is

the

Book I. the half of the parallelogram EBCA, because the diameter AB bifects it; and the triangle DBC is the half of the parallelogram DBCF, because the diameter DC bifects it: But the halves of equal things are equal; therefore the triangle ABC is equal to the triangle DBC. Wherefore triangles, &c. Q. E. D.

C 34. I. d 7. Ax.

a 31. 1.

TR

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RIANGLES upon equal bafes, and between the fame parallels, are equal to one another.

Let the triangles ABC, DEF be upon equal bafes BC, EF, and between the fame parallels BF, AD: The triangle ABC is equal to the triangle DEF.

Produce AD both ways to the points G, H, and through B draw BG parallel to CA, and through F draw FH parallel to

ED: Then each of G

the figures GBCA,

DEFH is a paralle-
logram; and they
are equal to one an-

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b 36. I.

other, because they

are upon equal bafes

BC,EF and between

the fame parallels

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C 34. I.

d 7. Ax.

A 31. I

BF, GH; and the triangle ABC is the half of the parallelogram GBCA, because the diameter AB bifects it; and the triangle DEF is the half of the parallelogram DEFH, because the diameter DF bifects it: But the halves of equal things are equal; therefore the triangle ABC is equal to the triangle DEF. Wherefore triangles, &c. Q. E. D.

PROP. XXXIX. THEOR.

EQUAL triangles upon the fame base, and upon the

fame fide of it, are between the fame parallels.

Let the equal triangles ABC, DBC be upon the same base BC, and upon the fame fide of it; they are between the fame parallels.

Join AD; AD is parallel to BC; for, if it is not, through the point A draw *AE parallel to BC, and join EC: The tri

angle

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