etc., R. Co. v. East Tennessee, etc., Ry., 60 Fed. 996, 22 U. S. App. 102, where law required train to stop at crossing; Cincinnati, etc., Ry. v. Farra, 66 Fed. 501, 31 U. S. App. 306, question as to whether failure to stop, look and listen was contributory negligence, properly left to jury; beatty v. Mutual Reserve Fund, etc., Assn., 75 Fed. 68, 44 U. S. App. 527, collecting numerous authorities, case improperly taken from jury; Graven v. MacLeod, 92 Fed. 849, holding implied invitation to passenger to alight on track, question of contributory negligence for jury; Georgia Pac. Ry. v. Lee, 92 Ala. 267, 9 So. 232, plaintiff's duty to alight and look left to jury; Gratiot v. Missouri Pac. Ry., 116 Mo. 465, 21 S. W. 1098, 16 L. R. A. 196, collecting numerous authorities, train running in violation of speed ordinance, case left to jury.

Trial. When evidence given at trial, with all justifiable inferences, is insufficient, so that verdict for plaintiff would have to be set aside, court may direct verdict for defendant, pp. 618, 619.

The following cases approve the rule and hold circumstances were such as to justify court in directing verdict: Ferguson v. Arthur, 117 U. S. 490, 29 L. 982, 6 S. Ct. 865, citing cases, action to recover duties; Gunther v. Liverpool Ins. Co., 134 U. S. 116, 33 L. 860, 10 S. Ct. 450, action on policy of insurance; Franklin Brass Co. v. Phoenix Assur. Co., 65 Fed. 776, 25 U. S. App. 119, action on fire policy; Smyth v. New Orleans Canal, etc., Co., 93 Fed. 927, reviewing authorities, patent case; Knapp v. Sioux Falls Nat. Bank, 5 Dak. 396, 40 N. W. 589, action of trover; Bunt v. Sierra Butte, etc., Min. Co., 138 U. S. 485, 34 L. 1032, 11 S. Ct. 464, Elliott v. Chicago, etc., Ry., 150 U. S. 246, 37 L. 1070, 14 S. Ct. 85, Southern Pac. Co. v. Seley, 152 U. S. 156, 38 L. 396, 14 S. Ct. 533, Ward v. Richmond, etc., R. Co., 43 Fed. 425, Missouri Pac. Ry. v. Moseley, 57 Fed. 923, 12 U. S. App. 601, Southern Pac. Co. v. Johnson, 69 Fed. 566, 44 U. S. App. 1, reviewing authorities, Reynolds v. Great Northern Ry., 69 Fed. 810, 32 U. S. App. 577, 29 L. R. A. 697, MacLeod v. Graven, 73 Fed. 632, 43 U. S. App. 129, St. Louis, etc., R. Co. v. Whittle, Fed. 301, 40 U. S. App. 23, Southern Ry. v. Smith, 86 Fed. 295, 52 U. S. App. 716, 40 L. R. A. 749, Claus v. Northern Steamship Co., 89 Fed. 647, 60 U. S. App. 718, Detroit Crude-Oil Co. v. Grable, 94 Fed. 82, Elliott v. Chicago, etc., Ry., 5 Dak. 546, 41 N. W. 762, 3 L. R. A. 367, Werk v. Illinois Steel Co., 154 Ill. 432, 40 N. E. 444, Gregory v. Cleveland, etc., R. R., 112 Ind. 388, 14 N. E. 229, Oleson v. Lake Shore, etc., Ry., 143 Ind. 409, 42 N. E. 737, 32 L. R. A. 150, Candelaria v. Atchison, etc., R. Co., 6 N. Mex. 284, 27 Pac. 503, Butte v. Pleasant Valley Coal Co., 14 Utah, 285, 4T Pac. 78, and Northern Pac. R. R. v. Holmes, 3 Wash. 210, 14 Pac. 690, all damage cases.

Approved also in Delaware, etc., R. R. v. Converse, 139 U. S. 472, 35 L. 215, 11 S. Ct. 571, collecting cases, holding court properly instructed jury that defendant was guilty of negligence; Sparf ▼ United States, 156 U. S. 100, 39 L. 360, 15 S. Ct. 292, reviewing au

thorities, in absence of evidence, court properly charged that jury could not find defendant guilty except as charged; Norris v. MCanna, 29 Fed. 762, holding there was no evidence to justify finding of partnership; Northern Pac. R. Co. v. Sullivan, 53 Fed. 222 10 U. S. App. 473, instruction that blowing of whistle was Begligent act, sustained; Northwestern Fuel Co. v. Danielson, 57 Fed. 920, 12 U. S. App. 688, sustaining instruction that certain acts of defendant constituted negligence; Mann v. Belt R. R., etc., Co., 128 Ind. 141, 26 N. E. 820, collecting authorities, holding evidence did not sustain verdict for damages; Clark v. Jenkins, 162 Mass. 338, 38 N. E. 974, setting aside verdict proper, though motion to direct had been denied; Swallow v. Bain, 7 N. Mex. 114, 32 Pac. 304, refusal to direct verdict for plaintiff, held error, in action of covenant; Linkhauf v. Lombard, 137 N. Y. 426, 33 Am. St. Rep. 749, 33 N. E. 475, 20 L. R. A. 51, refusal to direct verdict for defendant, held error: Pool v. Southern Pac. Co., Utah, 58 Pac. 333, instruction limiting jury to finding of damages only, sustained. See 50 Am. Rep. 653, note.

Distinguished in Travelers' Ins. Co. v. Randolph, 78 Fed. 760, 47 C. & App. 260, reviewing authorities, question as to deceased's voluntary exposure to danger, for jury; Stewart v. Sixth Ave. R. Co., 45 Fed. 22, refusing to set aside verdict where evidence was conflicting; Kansas City, etc., R. Co. v. Kirksey, 60 Fed. 1002, 22 C. S. App. 94, holding court wrongfully withheld question of negligence from jury; Louisville, etc., R. Co. v. Kelly, 63 Fed. 410, 24 U. S. App. 103, question of contributory negligence properly left to jury; State v. Union R. R., 70 Md. 77, 18 Atl. 1034, under facts, court erred in taking case from jury; Ladouceur v. Northern Pac. R. R., 4 Wash. St. 44, 29 Pac. 945, damage suit, non-suit held error; Lewis v. Prien, 98 Wis. 90, 73 N. W. 655, direction for verdict property denied; dissenting opinion in Sparf v. United States, 156 U. S. 174, 39 L. 386, 15 S. Ct. 321, majority holding proper an instruction that defendant could be found guilty only as charged.

114 U. S. 619–622, 29 L. 254, UNITED STATES v. CORSON.

Army and navy. Prior to act of 1866, president had power to dismiss any officer of army or navy, p. 620.

Army and navy.- Officer dismissed from army by president canbot regain his position by subsequent revocation of the dismissal, bat only by new appointment concurred in by senate if in session, ne if not, operative only until end of the next ensuing session, pp. 521 622

Not cited.

114 U. S. 622-635, 29 L. 257, BROWN v. HOUSTON.

Commerce.- Federal prohibition of State tax on "imports and exprs" has reference only to goods brought from or carried to foreign countries, not from one State to another, pp. 628, 629.

Reaffirmed in Ex parte Brown, 48 Fed. 442.

Approved in Coe

v. Errol, 116 U. S. 527, 29 L. 719, 6 S. Ct. 478, State may tax intended exports not yet in carriers' hands; Rothermel v. Meyerle, 136 Pa. St. 263, 20 Atl. 586, 9 L. R. A. 367, and n., upholding license law. See 62 Am. St. Rep. 474, note.

Commerce.- State tax on coal on board towboats on river, offered for sale generally, does not become export tax by fact that it is thereafter sold to vessels going abroad, p. 629.

Approved in Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U. S. 120, 34 L. 136, 10 S. Ct. 688, prohibition law void as to imports in original packages.

Commerce.- General State tax, on all property alike, does not become duty on exports because some of it is thereafter exported, p. 630.

Approved in State v. French, 109 N. C. 726, 26 Am. St. Rep. 592, 14 S. E. 384, tax on merchants, based on all their purchases, is valid license tax.

Commerce.- Power of Congress is exclusive whenever the matter is national or admits of uniformity of regulation, and no State may affect the freedom of interstate intercourse, p. 631.

Approved in Walling v. Michigan, 116 U. S. 455, 29 L. 694, 6 S. Ct. 457, annulling State law discriminating against sellers of imported liquors; Bowman v. Chicago, etc., Ry., 125 U. S. 495, 31 L. 710, 8 S. Ct. 703, annulling Iowa law, requiring carriers importing liquors to procure certificate; Fitzgerald v. Fitzgerald, etc., Const. Co., 41 Neb. 468, 59 N. W. 864, interstate commerce act exclusive, and applicable to prior contracts; Bullard v. Northern Pac. R. R., 10 Mont. 180, 25 Pac. 122, 11 L. R. A. 250, and n., interstate commerce law applied to prior unexecuted contract; People v. Wemple, 138 N. Y. 8, 33 N. E. 122, 19 L. R. A. 697, State corporate franchise tax is void as to foreign corporation doing only interstate business; People v. Hawkins, 157 N. Y. 16, 68 Am. St. Rep. 747, 51 N. E. 261, 42 L. R. A. 497, prison-goods law is void as to product of other States; Ex parte Rollins, 80 Va. 319, annulling State license discriminating against importers; Arkansas v. Kansas, etc., Coal Co., 96 Fed. 367, arguendo; dissenting opinion in O'Neil v. Vermont, 144 U. S. 346, 352, 36 L. 461, 463, 12 S. Ct. 702, 704, arguendo. See 27 Am. St. Rep. 548, note.

Distinguished in Territory v. Guyott, 9 Mont. 49, 22 Pac. 134, upholding Montana law prohibiting sale of liquor to Indians.

Commerce.- Omission of Congress to regulate any form of interstate commerce is a declaration that it shall be untrammelled, p. 631. Approved in Pickard v. Pullman, etc., Car Co., 117 U. S. 49, 29 L. 790, 6 S. Ct. 642, annulling Tennessee sleeping-car tax as affecting Interstate commerce; Wabash, etc., Ry. v. Illinois, 118 U. S. 589, 30 L. 255, 7 S. Ct. 20, denying State's right to regulate State rate on

transportation to another State; Robbins v. Shelby Taxing Dist., 12) U. S. 493, 30 L. 696, 7 S. Ct. 594, drummers' license tax invalid as to citizens of other States; Bowman v. Chicago, etc., Ry., 125 T. S. 508, 31 L. 715, 8 S. Ct. 1066, annulling Iowa law requiring carriers importing liquor to procure certificate; Leisy v. Hardin, 15. S. 110, 34 L. 132, 10 S. Ct. 684 (see dissenting opinion in 135 U. & 147, 34 L. 145, 10 S. Ct. 697), annulling prohibition law as applied to imports in original packages; Covington, etc., Bridge Co. Kentucky, 154 U. S. 212, 38 L. 966, 14 S. Ct. 1090, Kentucky reguof charges of interstate bridge, invalid; In re Rebman, 41 1. 868, annulling Virginia meat-inspection law as discriminatory; Swift v. Philadelphia, etc., R. R., 58 Fed. 859, holding common law against discriminating rates by carriers, no part of Federal law; Ex parte Scott, 66 Fed. 46, annulling law prohibiting sale of oleoDargarine; W. A. Vandercook Co. v. Vance, 80 Fed. 789, South Carolina dispensary act invalid as to imports in original packages; Grafity v. Rushville, 107 Ind. 510, 57 Am. Rep. 135, 8 N. E. 613,

ing city peddlers' ordinance; Gatton v. Chicago, etc., Ry., 95 Iowa, 129, 63 N. W. 595, 28 L. R. A. 562, common law as to unrea*able freight charges is no part of Federal jurisprudence; Bagg Railroad, 109 N. C. 284, 26 Am. St. Rep. 574, 14 S. E. 81, 14 L. R. A. 598, State statute, penalizing failure to ship freight promptly, applies to interstate trade; Arkansas v. Kansas, etc., Co., 96 Fed. 37. arguendo. See 27 Am. St. Rep. 550, valuable note, and 59 Am. Rep. 269, note.

Commerce. Products of other States are not to be free from taxation in State whither carried for use or sale, in absence of Congressional act so providing, p. 633.

Reaffirmed in Pittsburgh, etc., Coal Co. v. Bates, 40 La. Ann. 228, 8 Am. St. Rep. 321, 3 So. 643.

Commerce. State tax on property imported from another State, which has reached its destination and become part of the general # of property of the State, and is taxed only in common with ich other property, is valid; e. g., tax on coal on towboats in city Larbor, imported for general sale, p. 634.

Reaffirmed in Pittsburgh, etc., Coal Co. v. Bates, 156 U. S. 584, 1. 589, 39 L. 542, 544, 15 S. Ct. 418, 419, affirming 40 La. Ann. 28 Am St. Rep. 521, 3 So. 643, similar to principal case. Ap

ved in Coe v. Errol, 116 U. S. 527, 29 L. 719, 6 S. Ct. 478, State may tax intended exports not yet in carrier's hands; Robbins v. by Taxing Dist., 120 U. S. 497, 30 L. 697, 7 S. Ct. 596, annulling tromers' license tax as to citizens of other States; Philadelphia mship Co. v. Pennsylvania, 122 U. S. 346, 30 L. 1205, 7 S. Ct. 15 annulling State tax on gross receipts of interstate transpor

Leloup v. Port of Mobile, 127 U. S. 648, 32 L. 314, 8 S. Ct. license tax on interstate telegraph, invalid; Pullman's Car Co. VOL. X-70

v. Pennsylvania, 141 U. S. 23, 35 L. 616, 11 S. Ct. 878, upholding State tax on cars of interstate carrier; Emert v. Missouri, 156 U. S. 317, 319, 39 L. 436, 437, 15 S. Ct. 372, 373, affirming 103 Mo. 245, 246, 23 Am. St. Rep. 877, 15 S. W. 82, 11 L. R. A. 220, upholding peddlers' tax not discriminating against foreign goods or peddlers; Anderson v. United States, 171 U. S. 615, 19 S. Ct. 53, upholding validity of live-stock exchange; Ex parte Brown, 48 Fed. 439, 440, 443, upholding merchants' license tax based on their purchases; In re Greene, 52 Fed. 113, construing act of 1890, against monopolies; Patapsco Guano Co. v. Board of Agriculture, 52 Fed. 693, upholding North Carolina fertilizer-inspection law; American Harrow Co. v. Shaffer, 68 Fed. 757, upholding Virginia license tax on sale of manufactured implements; Preston v. Finley, 72 Fed. 860, 862, upholding occupation tax on sale of certain Sunday papers; In re May, 82 Fed. 426, Montana cigarette license law held valid, because not discriminatory; Oliver Finney Grocery Co. v. Speed, 87 Fed. 413, upholding Tennessee tax on merchants based on amount invested and stock in trade; Price Co. v. Atlanta, 105 Ga. 365, 31 S. E. 622, sale of imported goods from warehouse within State is not interstate commerce; Singer Mfg. Co. v. Wright, 97 Ga. 123, 25 S. E. 252, 35 L. R. A. 501, upholding State sewing-machine license; South Bend v. Martin, 142 Ind. 48, 49, 41 N. E. 320, 29 L. R. A. 537, upholding peddlers' license; State v. Wheelock, 95 Iowa, 583, 58 Am. St. Rep. 444, 64 N. W. 621, 30 L. R. A. 438, and n., upholding State law against itinerant vendors of nostrums; Myers v. Baltimore Co., 83 Md. 389, 391, 55 Am. St. Rep. 352, 354, 35 Atl. 145, 146, 34 L. R. A. 311, 312, upholding tax on cattle imported for sale; Bluefields Banana Co. v. Board of Assessors, 49 La. Ann. 46, 21 So. 629, upholding tax on cash in bank, at agency of foreign importer; McClellan v. Pettigrew, 44 La. Ann. 360, 10 So. 854, license tax on drummers for imported goods is invalid; Lumberville Bridge Co. v. Assessors, 55 N. J. L. 534, 26 Atl. 713, 25 L. R. A. 137, upholding corporate license fee as applied to one in interstate business; Waterbury v. Newton, 50 N. J. L. 542, 14 Atl. 608, State oleomargarine law applicable to imported package; People v. Wemple, 138 N. Y. 11, 33 N. E. 723, 19 L. R. A. 698, State franchise tax void as to foreign corporation doing only interstate business; State v. Gorham, 115 N. C. 727, 44 Am. St. Rep. 496, 20 S. E. 181, 25 L. R. A. 812, upholding tax on itinerant salesmen, as applied to salesmen of imported goods; Kelley v. Rhoads, 7 Wyo. 258, 51 Pac. 597, 598, 599, 39 L. R. A. 600, 602, upholding law taxing live-stock imported for grazing; dissenting opinions in Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U. S. 151, 152, 34 L. 147, 10 S. Ct. 699, majority annulling prohibition law as applied to original packages imported; Adams Exp. Co. v. Ohio, 165 U. S. 234, 41 L. 700, 17 S. Ct. 314, majority upholding State tax on telegraph and express companies; Hynes v. Briggs, 41 Fed. 470, arguendo. See 59 Am. Rep. 272, note, and 62 Am. St. Rep. 449, 474, valuable note on taxation.