116 U. S. 307-347, 29 L. 636, RAILROAD COMMISSION CASES, STONE v. FARMERS' LOAN & TRUST CO.

Railroads. State can regulate railroad rates unless interstate, or restrained by corporate charter, p. 325.

Approved in Chicago, etc., Ry. v. Wellman, 143 U. S. 344, 36 L. 179, 12 S. Ct. 402, Dow v. Beidelman, 49 Ark. 334, 5 S. W. 301, Chicago, etc., R. R. v. Jones, 149 Ill. 376, 41 Am. St. Rep. 284, 37 N. E. 250, 24 L. R. A. 144, Wellman v. Railway, 83 Mich. 611, 47 N. W. 494, Norfolk, etc., R. R. v. Pendleton, 86 Va. 1007, 11 S. E. 1063, and Dow v. Beidelman, 125 U. S. 688, 31 L. 843, 8 S. Ct. 1029, all holdIng State statute fixing maximum rate, valid; Georgia Bank Co. v. Smith, 128 U. S. 179, 32 L. 380, 9 S. Ct. 48, holding State regulation of railroad rates valid; Budd v. New York, 143 U. S. 547, 36 L. 257, 12 S. Ct. 477, holding statute fixing maximum rates for grain elevators, valid; Covington, etc., Bridge Co. v. Kentucky, 154 U. S. 215, 38 L. 967, 14 S. Ct. 1091, holding regulation of toll rates charged by interstate bridge, void; Chicago, etc., Ry. v. Dey, 35 Fed. 872, 1 L. R. A. 748, and n., Express Co. v. Railroad, 111 N. C. 472, 32 Am. St. Rep. 806, 16 S. E. 393, 18 L. R. A. 395, and n., Caldwell v. Wilson, 121 N. C. 472, 28 S. E. 562, and Reagan v. Farmers' Loan, etc.. Co., 154 U. S. 394, 38 L. 1022, 14 S. Ct. 1053, all holding State statute establishing railroad commission, with power to regulate rates, valid; Illinois Cent. R. R. v. Illinois, 163 U. S. 154, 41 L. 111, 16 S. Ct. 1101, holding statute requiring railroads to stop at county seats, void as to interstate trains; Covington, etc., Turnpike Co. v. Sandford, 164 U. S. 586, 41 L. 562, 17 S. Ct. 201, holding statute regulating rates chargeable by turnpike road, valid; Illinois Cent. R. R. v. People, 143 Ill. 454, 33 N. E. 178, 19 L. R. A. 126, and Gladson v. Minnesota, 166 U. S. 430, 41 L. 1066, 17 S. Ct. 628, holding statute requiring trains to stop at county seats valid as to trains running wholly within State; Mobile, etc., R. Co. v. Sessions, 28 Fed. 593, holding State regulation of interstate transportation, void; Anderson v. Louisville, etc., R. Co., 62 Fed. 48, holding statute requiring separation of white and black passengers, void as applied to interstate transportation; Atlantic, etc., R. Co. v. United States, 76 Fed. 195, holding Congress can regulate rates for army transportation over railroad incorporated under Federal statute; Storrs v. Pensacola, etc., R. R. Co., 29 Fla. 623, 11 So. 228, and Railroad v. Pensacola, etc., R. R., 24 Fla. 474, 12 Am. St. Rep. 233, 5 So. 137, 2 L. R. A. 510, both holding statute authorizing commissioners to regulate railroad rates, valid; Indianapolis v. Navin, 151 Ind. 143, 47 N. E. 526, 41 L. R. A. 340, holding statute regulating street railroad fares, valid; Louisville, etc., Ry. v. State, 66 Miss. 675, 14 Am. St. Rep. 604, 6 So. 205, 5 L. R. A. 134, and Ohio, etc., Receiver v. Lander, Ky. 47 S. W. 348, both holding statute requiring railroads to separate white and colored passengers, valid as to domestic traffic; State v. Edwards, 86 Me. 106, 41 Am. St. Rep. 531, 29 Atl. 948, 25

LR. A. 506, holding statute regulating tolls for public grist-mills, valid; Attorney-General v. Old Colony R. R., 160 Mass. 87, 35 N. E. 256, 22 L. R. A. 118, holding statute requiring railroads to provide mileage tickets good on all railroads in State, valid; Bullard v. Northern Pac. R. R., 10 Mont. 181, 25 Pac. 123, 11 L. R. A. 250, and a., holding Federal statute regulating rates for interstate transportation, valid; Buffalo, etc., R. R. v. Buffalo Street R. R., 111 N. Y. 140, 19 N. E. 65, 2 L. R. A. 386, holding statute fixing maximum street railroad fares, valid, although interfering with contracts between such railroads; Lake Shore, etc., Ry. v. State, 8 Ohio C. C. 224, holding statute requiring trains to stop at towns of certain size, valid; Gulf, etc., Ry. v. Eddins, 7 Tex. Civ. App. 127, 26 S. W. 165, holding statute regulating shipping contracts, valid; Northern Pac. R. R. v. Barnes, 2 N. Dak. 346, 51 N. W. 395, arguendo. See 16 Am. St. Rep. 134, 25 Am. St. Rep. 889, 27 Am. St. Rep. 559, and 62 Am. St. Rep. 291, notes.

Distinguished in Louisville, etc., R. R. v. Commonwealth, 99 Ky. 138, 59 Am. St. Rep. 459, 35 S. W. 130, 33 L. R. A. 212, and n., statute making railroad liable for charging more than reasonable" rates, is vold for uncertainty.

Bailroads. State's power to regulate rates can only be lost by positive grant or equivalent, p. 325.

Approved in Wabash, etc., Ry. v. Illinois, 118 U. S. 575, 30 L. 250, 7 S. Ct. 12, holding State statute prohibiting short-haul discrimination, void as applied to interstate transportation; Winchester, etc., Road Co. v. Croxton, 98 Ky. 744, 746, 34 S. W. 520, 33 L. R. A. 190, and n, holding statute regulating rates of toll chargeable by turnpike road, valid; Wellman v. Railway, 83 Mich. 616, 47 N. W. 496, holding statute fixing maximum railroad rates, valid; McGowan v. Railroad, 95 N. C. 428, holding statute requiring railroads to ship freight within five days after its delivery, valid; State v. Cleveland Gas-Light, etc., Co., 3 Ohio C. C. 254, holding ordinance regulating gas rates, valid; New Orleans, etc., Co. v. New Orleans, 143 U. S. 195, 36 L. 122, 12 S. Ct. 407, Opinion of the Justices, 66 N. H. 631, 33 Atl. 1077, and Dow v. Railroad, 67 N. H. 30, 48, 36 Atl. 525, 534, all arguendo.

Railroad's charter power to make by-laws does not create contract of exemption from State regulation of rates, p. 329.

Railroad's charter power to fix rates implies reasonable ones, and State may still determine them, p. 329.

Approved in Stone v. Illinois Cent. R. R., 116 U. S. 354, 29 L. 651, 6 S. Ct. 349, and Stone v. New Orleans, etc., R. R., 116 U. S. 351, 29 L. 650, 6 S. Ct. 348 (dissenting opinion in S. C., 116 U. S. 352, 29 L. 651, 6 S. Ct. 349), both applying rule, and holding railroad subject to supervision by State railroad commission; Pingree v. Michigan Cent. R, R., Mich., 76 N. W. 640, and St. Louis, etc., Ry. v.

GIL 136 U. 8. 8, 39 L 570, 15 S. Ct. 488, both applying rule, and holding statute fixing maximum rates, valid; Louisville, etc., R. R. ▼. Kentucky, 151. U. S. 696, 40 L. 857, 16 S. Ct. 721, holding charter allowing manection with other railroads, does not permit consolldation as prohibited by statute; Capital City Gas-Light Co. v. City of Des Moines, 72 Fed. 833, holding ordinance fixing gas rates, valid; Arante, etc. R. Co. v. United States, 76 Fed. 191, holding Federal scartes regulating rates for army transportation, over railroad incorporated by act of Congress, valid; Pensacola, etc., R. R. v. State of Florida. 5 Fla. 324, 325, 5 So. 839, 3 L. R. A. 666, and n., holding mares fxed by railroad commission too low to pay operating expenses, void.

Bailroads.-State's regulation of rates must not amount to a depreracion of property, p. 331.

Approved in Dow v. Beidelman, 125 U. S. 689, 31 L. 843, 8 S. Ct. 200, boiding statute fixing maximum rate at three cents per mile, rauld: Chicago, etc.. Ry. v. Minnesota, 134 U. S. 455, 33 L. 979, 10 $ 466 dissenting opinion in S. C., 134 U. S. 464, 33 L. 984, 10 S.

74), holding statute not allowing contest of reasonableness of rates fred by railroad commission, void; Chicago, etc., Ry. v. Dey. 35 Fed. $75, 87S, 1 L. R. A. 730, 751, and n., and Reagan v. Farmers' Loan, etc., Co.. 154 U. S. 397, 38 L. 1023, 14 S. Ct. 1054, both hiding statute establishing railroad commission, with power to regulate rates, valid; Covington, etc., Turnpike Co. v. Sandford, 164 U. S. 392, 41 L. 565. 17 S. Ct. 204, holding statute regulating rates chargeable by turnpike road, valid; Wellman v. Railway, 83 Mich. 512, 513, 47 N. W. 495, and Smyth v. Ames, 169 U. S. 523, 42 L. 841, 18 S. Ct. 425, both holding statute fixing maximum railroad rates, waild; Chicago, etc., Ry. v. Becker, 35 Fed. 886, holding railroad commission cannot enforce rates allowing compensation at less than actual cost to railroad; Mercantile Trust Co. v. Texas, etc., By.. 51 Fed. 536. holding mortgage bondholders can sue State offcers to enjola enforcement of unjust rates; Clyde v. Richmond, etc.. R. Co., 57 Fed. 439, applying rule and appointing master to take testimony as to reasonableness of rates; Capital City Gas-Light Co. v. Des Moines, 72 Fed. 838, holding ordinance fixing reasonable gas rates, valid; Atlantic, etc., R. Co. v. United States, 76 Fed. 192, holding Federal statute, regulating rates for army transportation, over railroad incorporated by act of Congress, valid; Southern Pac. Co. v. Railroad, 78 Fed. 245, holding courts can enjoin enforcement of unjust rates; Cotting v. Kansas City Stock-Yards Co., 79 Fed. al (S C., 82 Fed. 853), holding statute fixing maximum charges for stock yards, valid; San Joaquin, etc., Canal Co. v. Stanislaus County, 90 Fed. 521, applying rule to ordinance fixing rates chargesole by irrigation company: San Diego Water Co. v. San Diego, 18 Cal. 580, 62 Am. St. Rep. 280, 50 Pac. 641, 38 L. R. A. 467, and Water Works v. San Francisco, 82 Cal. 313. 16 Am. St. Rep. 130, 22

Pac. 916, 6 L. R. A. 762 (dissenting opinion in S. C., 82 Cal. 322, 325, 326, 327, 22 Pac. 1048, 1049), both holding ordinance fixing water rates too low to allow profit, void; Pensacola, etc., R. R. Co. v. State, 25 Fla. 318, 319, 50 So. 836, 837, 3 L. R. A. 664, and n., holding schedule of rates which will not pay operating expenses, invalid; City of Indianapolis v. Navin, 151 Ind. 144, 47 N. E. 526, 41 L. R. A. 340, holding statute fixing maximum for street railroad fares, valid; Des Moines v. Water-Works Co., 95 Iowa, 364, 64 N. W. 275, holding ordinance fixing reasonable water rates, valid; State v. Sioux City, etc., R. R., 46 Neb. 691, 65 N. W. 768, 31 L. R. A. 51, holding statute requiring different railroads to haul freights between same points at same rates, void; Griffin v. Water Co., 122 N. C. 210, 30 S. E. 320, 41 L. R. A. 242, holding court will enjoin collection of unreasonable water rates, although within maximum fixed by ordinance. See 16 Am. St. Rep. 135, and 62 Am. St. Rep. 298, note.

Railroad through several States may be regulated in each as to domestic rates, p. 334.

Approved in Wabash, etc., Ry. v. Illinois, 118 U. S. 564, 30 L. 246, 7 S. Ct. 6 (dissenting opinion in S. C., 118 U. S. 593, 30 L. 256, 7 S. Ct. 22), holding State statute prohibiting short-haul discrimination, vold as applied to interstate transportation; Philadelphia S. S. Co. V. Pennsylvania, 122 U. S. 346, 30 L. 1205, 7 S. Ct. 1125, holding State tax on gross receipts of steamship company engaged in interstate and foreign transportation, void; Louisville, etc., Ry. v. Mississippi, 133 U. S. 592, 33 L. 786, 10 S. Ct. 349, holding statute requiring railroads to separate white and colored persons, valid as to domestie traffic; Mobile, etc., R. Co. v. Sessions, 28 Fed. 595, 596, holding State regulation of interstate transportation, void; Central Trust Co. v. Charlotte, etc., R. Co., 65 Fed. 260, and Western, etc., R. Co. v. Roberson, 61 Fed. 596, 22 U. S. App. 187, both holding corporation a citizen of each State where incorporated; Illinois Cent. R. R. v. People, 143 Ill. 455, 33 N. E. 179, 19 L. R. A. 126, holding statute requiring trains to stop at county seats, valid; Cleveland, etc., Ry. v. People, 175 Ill. 365, 368, 51 N. E. 844, 845, bolding statute requiring all trains to stop at county seats, valid; Pittsburgh, etc., Ry. v. Harden, 137 Ind. 492, 37 N. E. 327, holding railroad property subject to township taxation to aid rival road; Norfolk & W. R. Co. v. Commonwealth, 88 Va. 110, 13 S. E. 345, 13 L. R. A. 112, and n., holding statute prohibiting running of freight trains on Sunday, vold as to interstate trains; Martin v. Baltimore, etc., R. R., 151 U. S. 677, 38 L. 313, 14 S. Ct. 535, and Louisville, etc., Ry. v. Louisville Trust Co., 174 U. S. 562, 19 S. Ct. 821, arguendo. See 29 Am. St. Rep. 714, note.

Railroads. Mississippi railroad commission act of 1884 is valid, p. 336.

Approved in Chicago, etc., R. R. v. Jones, 149 Ill. 381, 41 Am. St. Rep. 288, 37 N. E. 252, 24 L. R. A. 146, holding Illinois statute valid. VOL. XI-3

116 U. S. 347-352, 29 L. 650, STONE v. ILLINOIS CENT. R. R. Railroad charter authorizing directors to establish rates, does not prevent State regulation thereof, p. 351.

Approved in Stone v. New Orleans, etc., R. R., 116 U. S. 854, 29 L. 651, 6 S. Ct. 349, applying rule; Dow v. Beidelman, 125 U. S. 689, 31 L. 843, 8 S. Ct. 1030, holding statute fixing maximum rates, valid; Budd v. New York, 143 U. S. 547, 36 L. 257, 12 S. Ct. 477, holding statute fixing maximum rates for grain elevators, valid; Capital City Gas, etc., Co. v. Des Moines, 72 Fed. 838, holding ordinance fixing reasonable gas rates, valid; Illinois Cent. R. R. v. People, 143 Ill. 454, 33 N. E. 178, 19 L. R. A. 126, holding statute requiring all passenger trains to stop at county seats, valid; Attorney-General v. Old Colony R. R., 160 Mass. 87, 35 N. E. 256, 22 L. R. A. 118, holding statute requiring railroads to provide mileage tickets good on all railroads in State, valid; McGowan v. Railroad, 95 N. €. 428, holding statute requiring railroads to ship freight within five days after its delivery, valid.

Railroads.- Corporation of one State leasing and operating railroad in another State, is subject to such local legislation as would have been applicable to latter railroad if no lease had been made, p. 352.

116 U. S. 352-356, 29 L. 651, STONE v. NEW ORLEANS, ETC., R. R.

Railroad charter authorizing directors to fix rates, with reserve power in State, does not prevent State regulation, p. 354.

Approved in Dow v. Beidelman, 125 U. S. 689, 31 L. 843, 8 S. Ct. 1030, holding statute fixing maximum rates, valid; Budd v. New York, 143 U. S. 547, 36 L. 251, 12 S. Ct. 477, holding statute fixing maximum rates for grain elevators, valid; Attorney-General v. Old Colony R. R., 160 Mass. 87, 35 N. E. 256, 22 L. R. A. 118, holding statute requiring railroads to provide mileage tickets good on all railroads in State, valid; McGowan v. Railroad, 95 N. C. 428, holding statute requiring railroad to ship freight within five days after its delivery, valid.

116 U. S. 356-366, 29 L. 633, ANDERSON V. SANTA ANNA.

Municipal acts, unauthorized when committed, may be ratified by legislature; e. g., bond elections, p. 361.

Approved in Confarr v. Santa Anna, 116 U. S. 366, 29 L. 636, 6 S. Ct. 418, and Mahomet v. Quackenbush, 117 U. S. 509, 29 L. 982, 6 S. Ct. 858, both involving same matters; Graham v. Boston, etc.. R. R., 118 U. S. 170, 30 L. 202, 6 S. Ct. 1014, allowing ratification of place of meeting of corporation by legislature; Bolles v. Brimfield, 120 U. S. 760, 762, 763, 765, 30 L. 787, 788, 789, 7 S. Ct. 736, 737, 738, allowing ratification of bond election in excess of authorized