amount; Utter v. Franklin, 172 U. S. 424, 19 S. Ct. 186, bonds of Arizona Territory may be validated by Congress; State v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 33 Fed. 771, holding confirmation of acts of railroad equivalent to original authority, and not repealable; Schneck v. Jeffersonville, 152 Ind. 217, 52 N. E. 216, collecting case, bond issue may be legalized where vested rights have not intervened.

Distinguished in Deland v. Platte Co., 54 Fed. 832, disallowing retrospective legislation under Missouri Constitution; Daniells v. Watertown, 61 Mich. 517, 28 N. W. 674, vested rights may not be affected by curative acts.

Courts.- Construction of State law under which rights accrued, will be adhered to by Federal courts, p. 361.

Approved in Bolles v. Brimfield, 120 U. S. 764, 30 L. 788, 7 S. Ct. 738, refusing to follow State decision made long after rights acerued, against settled doctrines; Rollins v. Lake County, 34 Fed. 846, applying rule as to limits on county debts; Braun v. Board of Commissioners, 66 Fed. 479, showing this rule only an apparent exception to rule that State decisions are followed; German Ins. Co. ▼. Manning, 78 Fed. 909, settled construction of State followed on rights of municipalities to issue bonds; Southern Ry. v. North Carolina R. R., 81 Fed. 602, State decisions in force when leave was made are binding on Federal court; Vermont Loan, etc., Co. v. Dygert, 89 Fed. 124, contract made before construction of statute by State court, Federal court not bound by subsequent decision; Coler v. Board of Commrs., 89 Fed. 261, change of decision by State court invalidating bonds, not followed; Haskett v. Maxey, 134 Ind. 191, 33 N. E. 360, 19 L. R. A. 382, change in construction of statute cannot operate retrospectively so as to impair contracts; Stephenson v. Boody, 139 Ind. 66, 38 N. E. 333, new construction of statute cannot act retrospectively; Town of Hardinsburg v. Cravens, 148 Ind. 9, 47 N. E. 155, no contract being made on faith of decision, and position not changed, last construction of statute is followed; Ray v. National Gas Co., 138 Pa. St. 590, 21 Am. St. Rep. 927, 20 Atl.. 1067, 12 L. R. A. 293, and n., change in construction of statute does not impair contract made in reliance thereon.

Distinguished in German Bank v. Franklin County, 128 U. S. 339, 32 L. 524, 9 S. Ct. 163, bonds issued without compliance with conditions provided by prior State decision, are invalid in hands of bona fide holders; Miller v. Ammon, 145 U. S. 423, 36 L. 761, 12 S. Ct. 885, following State decision that license ordinance is valid; Central Land Co. v. Laidley, 159 U. S. 111, 40 L. 94, 16 S. Ct. 82, Federal Supreme Court cannot review State construction of statute admitted valid; Jones v. Great Southern, etc., Hotel Co., 79 Fed. 480, 482, rule of following first decisions not applied in construction of radical amendments.

Municipal corporations.- Construction of railroad through township is a "corporate purpose," p. 363.

Approved in Folsom v. Township Ninety-Six, 159 U. S. 628, 40 L. St. 16 S. Ct. 179, collecting cases, applying rule to South Carolina ya pahips.

15. &. 366, 29 L. 636, CONFARR v. SANTA ANNA TWP.

adjudged on authority of Anderson v. Santa Anna, supra, q. v.

C. S. 366-380, 29 L. 652, LITTLE v. HACKETT. Jegligence.-One may recover for negligence of another unless gent also, p. 371.

Approved in Missouri, etc., Ry. v. Turley, 85 Fed. 370, 56 U. S.

4 disallowing recovery for contributory negligence; Railroad - McKay, 69 Miss. 143, 12 So. 448, master cannot recover for fire lowed to spread by negligence of his servant; Moakler v. Wilmee Valley Ry., 18 Or. 192, 17 Am. St. Rep. 720, 22 Pac. 949, 6 RA. 658, holding contributory negligence is for jury herein; am V. Sharon, 71 Conn. 688, 71 Am. St. Rep. 226, 43 Atl. 143, gnendo.

Master and servant.- One riding in carriage with livery-stable ver is not the master of driver, p. 371.

Negligence of driver of hired conveyance is not imputable to pasger merely directing destination, p. 380.

approved in Missouri Pac. Ry. v. Texas Pac. Ry., 41 Fed. 317, Sans v. Lake Erie, etc., R. R., 78 Fed. 783, East Tenn. Ry. v. Marsens, 88 Ga. 62, 13 S. E. 856, 14 L. R. A. 282, Holzab v. Rail

. 38 La. Ann. 189, 190, 58 Am. Rep. 179, 180, Randolph v. Kordon, 155 Mass. 337, 29 N. E. 584, collecting cases, Kuttner Lindell Ry., 29 Mo. App. 508, Becke v. Missouri Pac. Ry., 102 Mo. 48 13 S. W. 1054, 9 L. R. A. 162, and n., and Crampton v. Ivie, 124 C605, 32 S. E. 972, 973 (see dissenting opinion in S. C., 124 N. 8 32 S. E. 973), all applying rule to passengers in public converances; Union Pac. Ry. v. Lapsley, 51 Fed. 178, 4 U. S. App. 542, R. A. 802, Pyle v. Clark, 79 Fed. 748, 49 U. S. App. 265 (affirmS C., 75 Fed. 646), Town of Knightstown v. Musgrove, 116 Ind. 9 Am. St. Rep. 829, 18 N. E. 453, collecting cases, Nesbit v. own of Garner, 75 Iowa, 319, 9 Am. St. Rep. 490, 39 N. W. 518, 1 RA. 154, and n., Leavenworth v. Hatch, 57 Kan. 61, 57 Am. St. $11, 45 Pac. 66, Philadelphia, etc., R. R. v. Hogeland, 66 Md. 7 Atl. 109 (see note in 57 Am. Rep. 494), Follman v. Mankato, § Minn. 527, 29 N. W. 320 (see note in 57 Am. Rep. 491), Noyes y. scawen, 64 N. H. 364, 367, 368, 10 Am. St. Rep. 412, 415, 416, 10 692, 694, 695, and Ouverson v. Grafton, 5 N. Dak. 293, 65 N. W. * all applying rule to guest in private conveyance; Cincinnati, . Ry. v. Wright, 54 Ohio St. 194, 43 N. E. 691, 32 L. R. A. 343, spplied to one riding uninvited on private conveyance; Honey v. Cango, etc., By., 59 Fed. 425, 426, contributory negligence of wife

does not defeat husband's right of action for his damage; Robinson v. Detroit, etc., Nav. Co., 73 Fed. 894, 43 U. S. App. 190, negl1gence of tug is not imputable to a passenger; Kowalski v. Chicago, etc., Ry., 84 Fed. 588, negligence of father driving team is not imputable to his child with him; Munger v. Sedalia, 66 Mo. App. 632, negligence of husband driving carriage is not imputed to wife; Elyton Land Co. v. Mingea, 89 Ala. 527, 7 So. 666, negligence of driver of hosecart not imputable to firemen thereon, though fellow servants; Schindler v. Railway, 87 Mich. 417, 49 N. W. 676, negligence of parents should not be imputed to infants; New York, etc.. R. R. v. New Jersey, etc., Ry., 60 N. J. L. 348, 38 Atl. 832, 43 L. R. A. 853, action of bailor for negligence against third person, not barred by negligence of servants of bailee; Bunting v. Hogsett, 139 Pa. St. 376, 23 Am. St. Rep. 196, 21 Atl. 33, 12 L. R. A. 270, negligence of carrier not imputed to passenger; Garteiser v. Galveston, etc., Ry., 2 Tex. Civ. App. 236, 21 S. W. 633, negligence of master is not imputable to servant; New York, etc., R. R. v. Cooper, 85 Va. 943, 9 S. E. 322 (see dissenting opinion in S. C., 85 Va. 951, 9 S. E. 325), applied to passenger on ferry-boat; Sears v. Seattle, etc., Street Ry., 6 Wash. 236, 33 Pac. 393, carrier liable to passenger for negligence occurring through concurring negligence of third party; Perez v. Railroad, 47 La. Ann. 1397, 17 So. 871, applied to passengers in tally-ho, hiring it for a certain destination; Hardy v. Shedden Co., 78 Fed. 613, 47 U. S. App. 367, 37 L. R. A. 39, servant hired out cannot recover from general master for negligent appliance supplied by hirer; Byrne v. Kansas City, etc., R. R., 61 Fed. 610, 22 U. S. App. 220, 24 L. R. A. 698, and Scarborough v. Alabama Midland Ry., 94 Ala. 500, 10 So. 317, both holding master not liable for negligence of servants under control of another.

Cited also in Louisville, etc., R. R. v. East Tennessee, etc., Ry., 60 Fed. 994, 22 U. S. App. 102, arguendo; dissenting opinion in Mullen v. Owosso, 100 Mich. 107, 108, 58 N. W. 664, 23 L. R. A. 694, majority holding negligence of driver imputable to his guest. See the following valuable notes: 54 Am. Rep. 135, 57 Am. Rep. 506, 16 Am. St. Rep. 254, 43 Am. St. Rep. 438, 54 Am. St. Rep. 75, 10 Am. St. Rep. 419.

Modified in State v. Boston, etc., R. R., 80 Me. 446, 15 Atl. 40, guest in team has some duty, but has not same degree of responsibility as driver, and negligence is not imputed; Dean v. Pennsylvania R. R., 129 Pa. St. 522, 523, 15 Am. St. Rep. 736, 737, 18 Atl. 719. 720, 6 L. R. A. 144, 145, and n., affirming rule that negligence is not imputed, but holding guest liable for not keeping lookout or requesting driver to stop.

Distinguished in Minster v. Citizens' Ry., 53 Mo. App. 280, negllgence of gripman is imputed to conductor, being under his control.

116 U. S. 380-386, 29 L. 593, MOWER v. FLETCHER.

Public lands.- Pre-emptioner cannot get title to State school Lands selected in disputed territory, p. 385.

Approved in Durand v. Martin, 120 U. S. 369, 30 L. 677, 78. Ct. 589, applying rule; Garrard v. Silver Peak Mines, 94 Fed. 985, and Buena Vista, etc., Co. v. Tulare Oil, etc., Co., 67 Fed. 228, both holding listing of lands to State under Federal grant cannot be questioned collaterally: Bullock v. Rouse, 81 Cal. 595, 22 Pac. 920, holding publie land in actual possession of one person, not subject to pre-emption or homestead by another; Mower v. Kemp, 42 La. Ann. 1018, 3 So. $32, holding lands listed to State under Federal grant, not susceptible to pre-emption; Goodwin v. McCabe, 75 Cal. 588, 17 Pac. 707. Iowa R. R. Land Co. v. Davis, 102 Iowa, 132, 71 N. W. 230. Weeks v. White. 41 Kan. 572, 21 Pac. 601, and Caldwell ▼. Bush. 6 Wyo. 361, 45 Pac. 492, arguendo.

116 U. S. 386–392, 29 L. 667, STEBBINS v. ST. ANNE.

Equity-Two alternative claims, in both of which all are not interested, cannot be joined in one bill, p. 392.

Not cited.

126 U. S. 392–393, 29 L. 671, JOHNSON v. WILKINS.

Error to judgment in ejectment will be dismissed where no showing of value in controversy, p. 393.

Not cited.

115 U. S. 393–394, 29 L. 671, WELLS v. WILKINS.

Error to judgment in ejectment will be dismissed, where affidavits filed show value less than $5,000, p. 394.

Not cited.

116 U. S. 394-398, 29 L. 674, HUNT v. UNITED STATES.

Army and navy.- Naval officer's promotion delayed by absence on duty, will date back to proper time, p. 397.

Army and navy. By act of 1862, examination for naval officer's promotion must be at or near proper time, p. 397.

Not cited.

116 U. S. 398-401, 29 L. 675, UNITED STATES v. WALLACE.

Courts. R. S., §§ 847, 828, giving Circuit Court commissioners same fees as clerks for "like services," means substantially like, p. 400.

Courts.- Under R. S., §§ 847, 828, Circuit Court commissioner's docket fee is same as clerk's, p. 400.

Approved in Phillips v. United States, 33 Fed. 164, Bell v. United States, 35 Fed. 889, Rand v. United States, 36 Fed. 675, M'Dermott v. United States, 40 Fed. 221, United States v. Rand, 53 Fed. 350,

5 U. S. App. 230 (affirming S. C., 48 Fed. 358), and United States v. Knox, 128 U. S. 233, 32 L. 467, 9 S. Ct. 64, all applying rule; United States v. Harmon, 147 U. S. 276, 37 L. 167, 13 S. Ct. 330, Gayer v. United States, 33 Fed. 627, and Harmon v. United States, 43 Fed. 564, arguendo.

Distinguished in Strong v. United States, 34 Fed. 22, Calvert v. United States, 37 Fed. 762, M'Kinstry v. United States, 40 Fed. 819, Marvin v. United States, 44 Fed. 412, and United States v. Ewing, 140 U. S. 147, 35 L. 390, 11 S. Ct. 745, all holding commissioner not entitled to such fees, under later statute.

116 U. S. 401-402, 29 L. 676, EX PARTE BROWN.

Mandamus will not lie to territorial court dismissing cause lack ing proper assignment of errors, p. 402.

Distinguished in Hollow Parker, 131 U. S. 225, 33 L. 124, 9 S. Ct. 709, issuing mandamus to compel court to hear appeal, where notice was sufficient.

Mandamus lies to compel court to take jurisdiction, not to control its discretion, p. 402.

Approved in Ex parte Parker, 120 U. S. 743, 30 L. 820, 7 S. Ct. 769, Issuing mandamus to compel court to take jurisdiction of appeal, where sufficient notice was given; Craig v. Leitensdorfer, 123 U. S. 209, 31 L. 122, 8 S. Ct. 95, holding remedy to compel land office to hear appeal is by mandamus, and not in equity; In re Pennsylvania Co., 137 U. S. 453, 34 L. 739, 11 S. Ct. 141, refusing mandamus to Circuit Court to hear cause remanded to State court; In re Morrison, 147 U. S. 26, 37 L. 63, 13 S. Ct. 250, refusing mandamus to District Court, dismissing libel for want of jurisdiction; State v. Young, 31 Fla. 601, 34 Am. St. Rep. 44, 12 So. 675, 19 L. R. A. 638, refusing mandamus to judge refusing to hear cause because he is disqualified by interest; State v. King, 32 Fla. 419, 13 So. 892, refusing mandamus to correct error committed while court was exercising jurisdiction; State v. Philips, 97 Mo. 343, 10 S. W. 859, 3 L. R. A. 480, and n., issuing mandamus to inferior court erroneously dismissing appeal; State v. Eddy, 10 Mont. 324, 25 Pac. 1037, issuIng mandamus to compel justice of the peace to order garnishee to testify.

116 U. S. 402-404, 29 L. 677, UNION PAC. RY. v. UNITED STATES. Appeal and error.- Findings of fact in first appeal are no part of record on second, p. 403.

Approved in Nashua, etc., R. Corp. v. Boston, etc., R. Corp., 61 Fel. 242, 21 U. S. App. 50. holding appeal from proceedings subsequent to mandate from Supreme Court brings up only matters following the mandate.

Certiorari will not lie to bring up original petition on second appeal from trial on amended petition, p. 404.