v. Bullion, etc., Min. Co., 15 Utah, 549, 50 Pac. 838, awarding damages for injury to employee through defective machinery; Madden V. Railway, 28 W. Va. 619, 57 Am. Rep. 697, holding railroad liable for death of engineer, through negligence of conductor of another train, and telegraph operator; Criswell v. Railway, 30 W. Va. 819, 6 S. E. 48, holding railroad liable for death of laborer on hand-car, through negligence of foreman; dissenting opinions in Dewey v. Railway, 97 Mich. 338, 52 N. W. 943, 16 L. R. A. 343 (see S. C., 97 Mich. 344, 56 N. W. 759, 22 L. R. A. 295), majority holding railroad not liable for injury to brakeman through defective loading of freight car, passed by car-inspector; Treadwell v. Whittier, 80 Cal. 592, 13 Am. St. Rep. 190, 22 Pac. 271, 5 L. R. A. 504, arguendo.

Distinguished in Atchison, etc., R. R. v. Meyers, 76 Fed. 446, 46 U. 8. App. 226, and Atchison, etc., R. R. v. Myers, 63 Fed. 798, 24 U. 8. App. 295, both holding railroad not liable for injury to switchman by defects in foreign car, of which he was warned; Chesapeake, etc., R. R. v. Hennessey, 96 Fed. 716, and Alabama, etc., R. R. v. Carroll, 84 Fed. 786, 788, 52 U. S. App. 470, 473, both refusing recovery for injury to brakeman, through defective couplings, which he was required to inspect; Bennett v. Northern Pac. R. R., 2 N. Dak. 116, 49 N. W. 408, 13 L. R. A. 468, and n., refusing recovery to brakeman, where rule required him to inspect couplings before using them; Stewart v. Toledo Bridge Co., 15 Ohio C. C. 610, refusing recovery to employee injured through latent defects in scaffold; Johnson v. Chesapeake, etc., Ry., 38 W. Va. 211, 18 S. E. 574, and Darracott v. Chesapeake, etc., R. R., 83 Va. 294, 5 Am. St. Rep. 270, both refusing recovery to brakeman injured while coupling moving cars, against rules.

Master is liable for servant's injury from defective machinery, unless same could not have been foreseen, p. 652.

Approved in Washington, etc., R. R. v. McDade, 135 U. S. 669, 40 L. 241, 10 S. Ct. 1049, refusing recovery to employee guilty of contributory negligence; Fink v. Des Moines Ice Co., Iowa, 326, 51 N. W. 157, Chesson v. Lumber Co., 118 N. C. 67, 23 S. E. 925, and Hines Lumber Co. v. Ligas, 172 Ill. 319, 64 Am. St. Rep. 41, 50 N. E. 226, all holding employer liable for injury through defective scaffold.

Railroad is liable for employee's injury from defective cars, if It has no inspector, or he is negligent, p. 652.

Approved in Carpenter v. Mexican Nat. R. R., 39 Fed. 317, instructing jury that brakeman, injured through negligence of carinspector, may recover; Southern Pac. Co. v. Lafferty, 57 Fed. 542, 15 U. S. App. 193, awarding damages for death of brakeman, through insufficient number of employees to take care of engines; Cincinnati, etc.. R. R. v. McMullen, 117 Ind. 444, 10 Am. St. Rep. 71, 20 N. E. 289, Ohio, etc., Ry. v. Pearcy, 128 Ind. 203, 27 N. E. 481, and

Felton v. Bullard, 4 Fed. 78%, all bolding railroad Hable for injury to brakeman, through defective car, negligently inspected by car Inspector; Morton v. Railroad, 81 Mich. 431, 46 N. W. 113, holding railroad liable for death of brakeman, caused by breaking of defective brake chain

Distinguished in Atchison, etc., R. R. v. Myers, 63 Fed. 799, 24 U. S. App. 26, bolding railroad not liable for injury to switchman by defects in foreign car, of which he was warned.

Master's non-hability for fellow servant's act, in business," means same department, p. 653.

same general

Common law. Code declaring common law abrogated, does not prevent reference thereto in explaining terms, p. 654.

Approved in Viterbo v. Friedlander, 120 U. S. 726, 30 L. 782, 7 S. Ct. 972, holding former statutes embodied in code, may be referred to, to aid interpretation.

Bailroad brakeman, failing to use ordinary care, or notice obvious defects, cannot recover for injuries, p. 655.

Approved in Kane v. Northern Cent. Ry., 128 U. S. 95, 32 L. 341 9 S. Ct. 17, holding question of contributory negligence should be left to jury, when not conclusively established; Davidson v. Southern Pac. Co., 44 Fed. 481, and Carpenter v. Mexican Nat. R. R., 39 Fed. 318, both applying rule in instructing jury; Southern Pac. Co. v. Johnson, 64 Fed. 958, 29 U. S. App. 201, refusing recovery for death of engineer who went out on running board of locomotive while in motion; Overman Wheel Co. v. Griffin, 67 Fed. 662, 33 U. S. App. 147, holding plaintiff cannot recover unless deceased used care of ordinary prudent man under similar circumstances; Clyde v. Richmond, etc., R. R., 72 Fed. 124, 25 U. S. App. 642, refusing recovery for death of brakeman while climbing ladder on box-car, while train was moving; Beall v. Pitts, etc., Ry., 38 W. Va. 530, 534, 18 S. E. 731, 732, refusing recovery to brakeman injured by using brake which he knew was defective.

116 U. S. 661-664, 29 L. 763, PRESTON v. MANARD.

Patent for combination hose-reel and device to permit passage of water, is void for previous knowledge, p. 664.

Approved in Jones v. Clow, 39 Fed. 788, applied to heating ap paratus, being mere aggregation of two prior patents; Steiner Fire, etc., Co. v. Adrian, 59 Fed. 136, 16 U. S. App. 409, affirming S. C., 52 Fed. 736, applied to chemical fire extinguisher.

116 U. S. 665-671, 29 L. 770, VICKSBURG, ETC., R. R. v. DENNIS. Courts. Effect of State law, creating a contract, will be deter mined by Supreme Court for itself, p. 667.

Approved in Bryan v. Board of Education, 151 U. S. 650, 38 L 802, 14 S. Ct. 469, holding contract herein not impaired; Mobile,

etc., R. R. v. Tennessee, 153 U. S. 495, 38 L. 797, 14 S. Ct. 971, collecting cases, retaining jurisdiction to review validity of charter, alleged impaired; Shelby County v. Union, etc., Bank, 161 U. S. 151, 40 L. 652, 16 S. Ct. 558, refusing to follow State decisions on construction of exemption; Douglas v. Kentucky, 168 U. S. 502, 42 L. 558, 18 S. Ct. 204, collecting cases, refusing to follow State decision that lottery grant is irrevocable. See 66 Am. St. Rep. 335, note.

Distinguished in New Orleans Water Works v. Louisiana Sugar Co., 125 U. S. 37, 31 L. 614, 8 S. Ct. 751, collecting cases, where State court gives no effect to law alleged to impair contract, but holds right claimed was not conferred, case is dismissed.

Taxing power is never presumed relinquished, p. 668.

Approved in Given v. Wright, 117 U. S. 655, 29 L. 1024, 6 S. Ct. 910, acquiescence in imposition of tax for sixty years, waives an exemption; Chicago, etc., R. R. v. Guffey, 120 U. S. 575, 30 L. 734, 7. S. Ct. 696, exemption of stock of railroad does not apply, to branch road; New Orleans City, etc., Co. v. New Orleans, 143 U. S. 195, 36 L. 122, 12 S. Ct. 406, agreement to pay real estate tax, does not preclude license tax; Schurz v. Cook, 148 U. S. 409, 37 L. 503, 13 S. Ct. 649, holding tax herein not invalid; Winona, etc., Land Co. v. Minnesota, 159 U. S. 529, 40 L. 249, 16 S. Ct. 84, land exempt till sold and conveyed, ceases to be on transfer of full equitable title; Bank of Commerce v. Tennessee, 161 U. S. 146, 40 L. 649, 16 S. Ct. 460, tax to be paid by corporation for each share in lieu of all others, exempts them in hands of stockholders; Ford v. Delta, etc., Land Co., 164 U. S. 666, 41 L. 592, 17 S. Ct. 232, collecting cases, exemption does not extend to land subsequently acquired, and not used in business; Yazoo, etc., R. R. v. Thomas, 65 Miss. 562, 5 So. 109, similar to cited case; Dow v. Railroad, 67 N. H. 49, 36 Atl. 535, collecting cases, applied to surrender of repealing power of legislature; State Board, etc. v. Paterson, 50 N. J. L. 450, 14 Atl. 612, right of repeal reserved in charter, includes tax exemption; Railroad v. Alsbrook, 110 N. C. 149, 161, 14 S. E. 654, 658, exemption of main roads does not extend to branch; Lee v. Sturges, 46 Ohio St. 159, 19 N. E. 563, 2 L. R. A. 558, exemption of stock, where corporation pays tax, does not apply to foreign corporation; Railroad v. Harris, 99 Tenn. 694, 43 S. W. 117, exemption from tax on stock, road, etc., does not exempt from privilege taxation; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Harris, Tenn., 52 S. W. 753, payment of privilege tax in Heu of others, does not preclude further privilege tax; State v. Harshaw, 76 Wis. 240, 45 N. W. 312, exemption of lands for year, to be given to railroad at various stages of completion, begins to run at date of statute; Bank v. Memphis, 101 Tenn. 167, 46 S. W. 661, arguendo.

Distinguished in Tennessee v. Whitworth, 117 U. S. 148, 29 L. 886, 6 8. Ct. 653, exemption of constituent railroads passes to consolidation; New Mexico v. United States Trust Co., 172 U. S. 185, 19 8

Ct. 133, exemption of right of way of railroad, exempts land and structures thereon; State Board, etc. v. Holliday, 150 Ind. 232, 49 N. E. 19, 42 L. R. A. 833 (dissenting opinion in S. C., 150 Ind. 250, 49 N. E. 25, 42 L. R. A. 838), property not provided to be taxed is not taxable; Brown University v. Granger, 19 R. I. 709, 36 Atl. 722, 36 L. R. A. 849, clear meaning and positive rule of construction directed by statute controls; Springville v. Johnson, 10 Utah, 356, 87 Pac. 578, statute being clear, effect must be given.

Tax exemption of railroad for ten years after completion, does not exempt prior thereto, p. 669.

Approved in Yazoo R. R. v. Thomas, 132 U. S. 185, 189, 33 L. 306, 308, 10 S. Ct. 72, affirming S. C., 37 Fed. 29, similar case.

Taxation.- Omissions of assessing officers cannot establish construction of alleged tax exemption, p. 670.

Approved in St. Louis, etc., Ry. v. State, 47 Ark. 328, 1 S. W. 557, legislature may require assessment by court of land escaping assessment; Railroad v. Alsbrook, 110 N. C. 157, exemption of main road not extended to branch; Lee v. Sturges, 46 Ohio St. 176, 19 N. E. 571, 2 L. R. A. 563, construction by officers allowing exemption is not binding on successors; Benevolent Soc. v. Kelly, 28 Or. 197, 52 Am. St. Rep. 775, 42 Pac. 7, 30 L. R. A. 171, city not estopped by neglect of officers to collect tax.

116 U. S. 671-687, 29 L. 764, HIGGINS v. MCCREA.

Factor's written contract in his own name binds principal who may sue and be sued thereon, p. 680.

Exchanges.- Chicago Board of Trade rules do not authorize fac tors to release contract without substitution, p. 681.

Trial. Construction of rules of Board of Trade and contract thereunder, is for court, p. 682.

Set-off. Defendant claiming transaction illegal cannot counterclaim for money paid, though plaintiff allege it valid, p. 686.

Approved in White v. Barber, 123 U. S. 424, 31 L. 254, 8 S. Ct. 238. applied in suit to recover money, already paid out, for gambling; Dows v. Glaspel, 4 N. Dak. 268, 60 N. W. 65, defendant cannot recover margins in suit for commissions; Kahn v. Walton, 46 Ohio St. 204, 20 N. E. 207, contracts to pay difference in case of rise or fall are invalid.

Distinguished in Sturm v. Boker, 150 U. S. 334, 37 L. 1102, 14 S. Ct. 106, collecting cases, statements of opinion as to matter of law known to both, create no estoppel; Pullman Palace-Car Co. v. Central Transp. Co., 65 Fed. 161, equity compels restitution of property transferred under unlawful contract, without moral turpitude.

Trial. Verdict for defendant on counterclaim is unavailing where

116 U. S. 687-699, 29 L. 774, REYNOLDS v. IRON SILVER MIN.

Ejectment.- Plaintiff must recover on his own title, not weakness of defendant's, p. 692.

Approved in Lakin v. Dolly, 53 Fed. 340, applied where defendants have possessory title; Lake Superior, etc., Iron Co. v. Cunning. ham, 44 Fed. 832 (see concurring opinion in 44 Fed. 838), must show strict legal title; Doolan v. Carr, 125 U. S. 629, 31 L. 848, 8 S. Ct. 1233, Doolan v. Carr, 125 U. S. 625, 629, 31 L. 847, 848, 8 S. Ct. 1231, 1233 (see dissenting opinion in 125 U. S. 636, 31 L. 851, 8 S. Ct. 1237), Northern Pac. R. Co. v. Cannon, 54 Fed. 258, 7 U. S. App. 507, Lakin v. Dolly, 53 Fed. 336, Garrard v. Silver Peak Mines, 82 Fed. 583, and Horsky v. Moran, 21 Mont. 354, 53 Pac. 1067, all holding patent issued without authority may be shown void by extrinsic evidence; dissenting opinion in Mitchell v. Smale, 140 U. S. 416, 35 L. 446, 11 S. Ct. 840, majority holding case removable where title is set up under patent.

Mines. Owner of claim may follow vein beyond the side, but not the end lines, p. 694.

Mines. Where placer applicant possesses also lode, he should so state and make proper payments, p. 696.

Approved in Mining Co. v. Campbell, 17 Colo. 274, 29 Pac. 515, rules in regard to placer claims do not apply to veins.

Mines.- Placer patent carries all minerals within its boundaries if no vein is then known, p. 696.

Approved in Sullivan v. Iron, etc., Min. Co., 143 U. S. 433, 36 L. 215, 12 S. Ct. 556 (also see concurring opinion in 143 U. S. 441, 36 L. 218, 12 S. Ct. 559), vein need not be located to be known to exist; Noyes v. Mantle, 127 U. S. 352, 353, 32 L. 170, 8 S. Ct. 1134, 1135, where vein is located, marked and notice recorded, it is "known to exist," though applicant for placer patent has no actual knowledge; Dahl v. Raunheim, 132 U. S. 262, 33 L. 325, 10 S. Ct. 75, general verdict for placer claimant determines lode was not known to exist; Lake Superior, etc., Co. v. Cunningham, 155 U. S. 374, 39 L. 190, 15 S. Ct. 110, collecting cases, patent for lands previously reserved from sale, void; dissenting opinion in Iron, etc., Co. v. Mike, etc., Co., 143 U. S. 418, 36 L. 209, 12 S. Ct. 551, majority holding vein herein was known to exist.

Mines. Applicant for placer patent, not claiming known lode within its boundaries, has no right thereto, p. 696.

Approved in Mt. Rosa Min., etc., Co. v. Palmer, 26 Colo. 60, 56 Pac. 177, 179, subsequent locator of vein within placer is no trespasser; Jones v. Prospect, etc., Co., 21 Nev. 348, 31 Pac. 644, pat ent does not convey veins with apex outside of boundary lines;