Exceptions, bill of, may include matters previous to final judgment; e. g., testimony on which non-suit based, p. 286.

Appeal.- Montana law, limiting time for appeals, does not apply to ruling sustaining non-suit, p. 287.

Reaffirmed in Gilliam v. Black, 16 Mont. 219, 40 Pac. 304. Fraudulent conveyances.- Bill of sale, at 9 o'clock, p. m., followed by possession, 4 a. m., is immediate delivery,” p. 288. Cited in 97 Am. Dec. 346, note.

117 U. S. 288-312, 29 L. 880, THE CHEROKEE TRUST FUNDS. Indians.- United States has, by treaties, recognized Cherokees as one tribe or nation, p. 295.

Approved in Mehlin v. Ice, 56 Fed. 16, 19, 12 U. S. App. 305, holding judgments of courts of Cherokee Nation entitled to same respect as those of territorial courts.

Indians.- Cherokees, in North Carolina, left their nation by refusal to remove, and are State citizens, p. 309.

66

Approved in United States v. Boyd, 68 Fed. 578, 580, 582, 584, entertaining suit by United States, as guardian of North Carolina Cherokees, to protect their interests; State v. Newell, 84 Me. 466, 24 Atl. 943, holding Indians, resident within State, are not Indian Tribes; " In re Narragansett Indians, 20 R. I. 781, 40 Atl. 372, where tribe of Indians has ceased to exercise the functions of government, State may terminate its tribal existence.

Indians.- North Carolina Cherokees were entitled to no share in Cherokee annuity fund, p. 312.

117 U. S. 312-327, 29 L. 873, PHOENIX TRUST CO. v. ERIE, ETO., TRANSPORTATION CO.

Insurance.— At common law, carrier's right of subrogation could only be asserted in insured's name, p. 321.

Approved in United States v. American Tobacco Co., 166 U. S. 474, 41 L. 1083, 17 S. Ct. 621, holding that action was properly brought in name of insured; Southern, etc., Telegraph Co. v. Watts, 66 Fed. 464, 25 U. S. App. 214, where loss has been paid, action is properly brought in name of assured.

Carrier is liable for value of goods at destination, in absence of stipulation contra, p. 322.

Approved in East Tennessee, etc., R. R. v. Kelly, 91 Tenn. 707, 30 Am. St. Rep. 906, 20 S. W. 314, 17 L. R. A. 696, and n., holding measure of damages was value of goods at place where stored.

Carriers. Exemption from liability for negligence is void, as against public policy, p. 322.

Reaffirmed in Liverpool Steam Co. v. Phenix Ins. Co., 129 U. S. 442, 32 L. 792, 9 S. Ct. 472, Woodburn v. Cincinnati, etc., Ry., 40 Fed. 734, Thomas v. Lancaster Mills, 71 Fed. 485, 34 U. S. App. 404, Trenton, etc., Ry. v. Guarantors' Liability Co., 60 N. J. L. 252, 37 Atl. 611, 44 L. R. A. 215, and Davis v. Chicago, etc., R. Co., 93 Wis. 481, 57 Am. St. Rep. 939, 67 N. W. 19, 33 L. R. A. 658. Approved in The G. R. Booth, 171 U. S. 460, 19 S. Ct. 12, holding carrier for injury from water, due to explosion; The Brantford City, 29 Fed. 396, holding that stipulations as to negligence were invalid; Voight v. Baltimore, etc., Ry., 79 Fed. 563, holding void, contract of express company exempting railroad from liability.

Insurance on ship or cargo covers loss by perils of sea, though occasioned by crew's negligence, p. 323.

Reaffirmed in California Ins. Co. v. Union Compress Co., 133 U. S. 414, 33 L. 737, 10 S. Ct. 371, Hartford Ins. Co. v. Chicago, etc., Ry., 175 U. S. 99, 20 S. Ct. 36, and The Barnstable, 84 Fed. 901. Approved in Constable v. Nat. Steamship Co., 154 U. S. 62, 38 L. 910, 14 S. Ct. 1067 (see dissenting opinion in 154 U. S. 101, 38 L. 923, 14 S. Ct. 1081), upholding stipulation that company should not be liable for fire happening after unloading; State v. Baltimore, etc., R. Co., 36 Fed. 656, upholding release by widow of her claim; The Ontario, 37 Fed. 224, holding insured could not recover for expenses in rescuing vessel from peril, brought about by negligence in navigation; Pelzer Mfg. Co. v. St. Paul, etc., Ins. Co., 41 Fed. 274, holding failure to mention fact of release of railroad, would not invalidate policy; Earnmoor, etc., Co. v. Union Ins. Co., 44 Fed. 376, holding ordinary negligence of shipmaster no defense; Liverpool, etc., Ins. Co. v. M'Neill, 89 Fed. 138, 59 U. S. App. 511, holding stipulation did not exempt from loss due to carrier's negligence; South Carolina, etc., R. Co. v. Carolina, etc., R. Co., 93 Fed. 560, construing contract for exemption from liability for negligence; Louisville Ins. Co. v. Monarch, 99 Ky. 593, 36 S. W. 566, negligence of owners and officers of boat is no defense by insurance company; Casualty Ins. Co.'s Cases, 82 Md. 576, 577, 34 Atl. 786, 38 L. R. A. 117, and n., holding carrier could insure against loss due to his own negligence; Minneapolis, etc., Ry. v. Home Ins. Co., 64 Minn. 69, 66 N. W. 135, and Kansas City, etc., R. Co. v. Southern, etc., News Co., 151 Mo. 385, 387, 74 Am. St. Rep. 552, 553, 52 S. W. 207, 208, 45 L. R. A. 384, 385, holding carrier could insure against loss due to negligence of his servants. See 36 Am. St. Rep. 852, note; Savannah, etc., Ins. Co. v. Pelzer Mfg. Co., 60 Fed. 43, note.

Insurance.- Carrier's stipulation for benefit of insurance obtained by shipper, limits insurer's rights, p. 325.

Reaffirmed in Orient Ins. Co. v. Adams, 123 U. S. 73, 31 L. 66, 8 S. Ct. 71, Wager v. Providence Ins. Co., 150 U. S. 108, 37 L. 1017, 14 8. Ct. 58, Leavitt v. Canadian Pac. Ry., 90 Me. 162, 37 Atl. 889, 38

L. R. A. 154. Approved in Liverpool Steam Co. v. Phenix Ins. Co., 129 U. S. 462, 32 L. 799, 9 S. Ct. 489, holding steamship, connecting carrier, had not right to insurance; North American Ins. Co. v. Hibernia Ins. Co., 140 U. S. 573, 35 L. 521, 11 S. Ct. 911, upholding contract of reinsurance for full amount; Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Manheim Ins. Co., 56 Fed. 303, holding insurance company, and not carriers, liable; Ginn v. Ogdensburg Transit Co., 85 Fed. 986, 57 U. S. App. 406, upholding limitation in bill of lading, as to time within which action must be brought; Stephens v. Southern Pac. Co., 109 Cal. 95, 50 Am. St. Rep. 23, 41 Pac. 786, 29 L. R. A. 753, upholding covenant that lessor shall not be liable for damage by fire; Sun Ins. Office v. Merz, 63 N. J. L. 370, 43 Atl. 695, holding that contract of reinsurance was lawful; Fayerweather v. Phenix Ins. Co., 118 N. Y. 328, 23 N. E. 193, 6 L. R. A. 806, holding provision in bill cut off insurer's right of subrogation; Insurance Co. v. Easton, 73 Tex. 173, 11 S. W. 181, 3 L. R. A. 427, and n., upholding stipulation that carrier shall have benefit of insurance; Kidd v. Greenwich Ins. Co., 35 Fed. 352, and The Iniziativa, 50 Fed. 231, arguendo.

Distinguished in The Roanoke, 59 Fed. 165, 18 U. S. App. 407. holding exceptions in bill of lading did not exempt owner of vessel from a general average claim; Willock v. Pennsylvania R. R., 166 Pa. St. 191, 192, 45 Am. St. Rep. 678, 679, 30 Atl. 949, 950, 27 L. R. A. 230, 231, holding shipper could recover, though not insuring. Insurer paying total loss, is subrogated only to assured's rights of action against third persons, p. 326.

Reaffirmed in Chicago, etc., R. R. v. Pullman Car Co., 139 U. S. 88, 35 L. 101, 11 S. Ct. 493, St. Louis, etc., Ry. v. Commercial Ins. Co., 139 U. S. 235, 35 L. 158, 11 S. Ct. 557, Leavitt v. Canadian Pac. Ry., 90 Me. 161, 165, 37 Atl. 888, 890, 38 L. R. A. 154, 155, Platt v. Richmond, etc., R. R., 108 N. Y. 364, 15 N. E. 395, and Home Mutual Ins. Co. v. O. R. & N. Co., 20 Or. 573, 23 Am. St. Rep. 154, 26 Pac. 859. Approved in The Bristol, 29 Fed. 870, restricting insurer to what owner could recover; The Young America, 30 Fed. 800, allowing insurers and libellants to share ratably in residue; Phenix Ins. Co. v. Chadbourne, 31 Fed. 301, holding receipt of insurance, taken as security, extinguished debt; Force v. Providence, etc., Ins. Co., 35 Fed. 775, holding that collection of freight did not discharge insurance pro tanto; Savannah, etc., Ins. Co. v. Pelzer Mfg. Co., 60 Fed. 42, holding covenant that railroad should not be liable to warehouseman for fire, was binding on insurer; The Burlington, 73 Fed. 261, where there is total loss, property passes to insurer without a formal abandonment; Pacific Coast, etc., Co. v. Bancroft, etc., Co., 94 Fed. 192, holding insurance company not prevented by dissolution of partnership from maintaining suit in its name against carrier; Louisville, etc., Ry. v. Nicholai, 4 Ind. App. 125, 31 Am. St. Rep. 211, 30 N. E. 426, allowing party full amount of loss sustained; Lumbermen's, etc., Ins. Co. v. Kansas, etc., R. R., 149 Mo. 180, 50

8. W. 286, holding insurance company subrogated to rights of owner; American, etc., Ins. Co. v. Chicago, etc., Ry., 74 Mo. App. 106, sub-lessee, receiving benefits of parol lease, is estopped to deny its validity; Hartford Ins. Co. v. Chicago, etc., Ry., 175 U. S. 96, 20 S. Ct. 35, and Wachusett Nat. Bank v. Sioux City Stove Works, 63 Fed. 370, arguendo.

117 U. S. 327-336, 29 L. 901, GLASGOW v. LIPSE.

Payment in Confederate money, to Virginia executor, in 1862, in good faith, was valid, p. 334.

Approved in Washington v. Ople, 145 U. S. 221, 36 L. 684, 12 S. Ot. 824, upholding payment of mortgage bonds, made in Confederate notes, and acquiesced in by heirs; Hendry v. Benlisa, 37 Fla. 622, 20 So. 802, 34 L. R. A. 285, regarding payment during Civil War in Confederate money as full settlement.

Distinguished in Ople v. Castleman, 32 Fed. 514, 515, holding acceptance of payment in Confederate money, and investing same in Confederate bonds, was illegal.

Executors or administrators could not invest in Confederate securities, p. 334.

Cited in 12 Am. St. Rep. 315, note.

117 U. S. 336-340, 29 L. 904, NEW PROVIDENCE v. HALSEY. Courts.- Circuit Court has no jurisdiction of sult on bonds, assigned to give Federal jurisdiction, p. 338.

Reaffirmed in Bernards Twp. v. Morrison, 133 U. 8. 527, 33 L 729, 10 S. Ct. 335.

Courts.- Transferee of negotiable bonds may sue in Federal court, though transferrer could not, p. 338.

Reaffirmed in Cross v. Allen, 141 U. S. 533, 35 L. 847, 12 S. Ct. 69. Cited in 51 Am. St. Rep. 857, note.

Municipal corporations.- Bond purchaser is entitled to rely on commissioners' decision as to amount issued, p. 338.

Approved in Fulton v. Riverton, 42 Minn. 397, 44 N. W. 258, holding recital by officers conclusive upon municipality.

Costs. To stop costs, offer to allow judgment should be in open court, after notice, p. 339.

117 U. S. 340-345, 29 L. 907, RAND v. WALKER.

Parties. In sult for assignment of dower, in lots jointly held, though legal title in one, both are necessary, p. 344.

Approved in Weller v. J. B. Pace Tobacco Co., 32 Fed. 862, holding cause being Inseparable, not removable; Watkins v. Bryant, 91

L. R. A. 154. Approved in Liverpool Steam Co. v. Phenix Ins. Co., 129 U. S. 462, 32 L. 799, 9 S. Ct. 489, holding steamship, connecting carrier, had not right to insurance; North American Ins. Co. v. Hibernia Ins. Co., 140 U. S. 573, 35 L. 521, 11 S. Ct. 911, upholding contract of reinsurance for full amount; Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Manheim Ins. Co., 56 Fed. 303, holding insurance company, and not carriers, liable; Ginn v. Ogdensburg Transit Co., 85 Fed. 986, 57 U. S. App. 406, upholding limitation in bill of lading, as to time within which action must be brought; Stephens v. Southern Pac. Co., 109 Cal. 95, 50 Am. St. Rep. 23, 41 Pac. 786, 29 L. R. A. 753, upholding covenant that lessor shall not be liable for damage by fire; Sun Ins. Office v. Merz, 63 N. J. L. 370, 43 Atl. 695, holding that contract of reinsurance was lawful; Fayerweather v. Phenix Ins. Co., 118 N. Y. 328, 23 N. E. 193, 6 L. R. A. 806, holding provision in bill cut off insurer's right of subrogation; Insurance Co. v. Easton, 73 Tex. 173, 11 S. W. 181, 3 L. R. A. 427, and n., upholding stipulation that carrier shall have benefit of insurance; Kidd v. Greenwich Ins. Co., 35 Fed. 352, and The Iniziativa, 50 Fed. 231, arguendo. Distinguished in The Roanoke, 59 Fed. 165, 18 U. S. App. 407, holding exceptions in bill of lading did not exempt owner of vessel from a general average claim; Willock v. Pennsylvania R. R., 166 Pa. St. 191, 192, 45 Am. St. Rep. 678, 679, 30 Atl. 949, 950, 27 L. R. A. 230, 231, holding shipper could recover, though not insuring. Insurer paying total loss, is subrogated only to assured's rights of action against third persons, p. 326.

Reaffirmed in Chicago, etc., R. R. v. Pullman Car Co., 139 U. S. 88, 35 L. 101, 11 S. Ct. 493, St. Louis, etc., Ry. v. Commercial Ins. Co., 139 U. S. 235, 35 L. 158, 11 S. Ct. 557, Leavitt v. Canadian Pac. Ry., 90 Me. 161, 165, 37 Atl. 888, 890, 38 L. R. A. 154, 155, Platt v. Richmond, etc., R. R., 108 N. Y. 364, 15 N. E. 395, and Home Mutual Ins. Co. v. O. R. & N. Co., 20 Or. 573, 23 Am. St. Rep. 154, 26 Pac. 859. Approved in The Bristol, 29 Fed. 870, restricting insurer to what owner could recover; The Young America, 30 Fed. 800, allowing insurers and libellants to share ratably in residue; Phenix Ins. Co. v. Chadbourne, 31 Fed. 301, holding receipt of insurance, taken as security, extinguished debt; Force v. Providence, etc., Ins. Co., 35 Fed. 775, holding that collection of freight did not discharge insurance pro tanto; Savannah, etc., Ins. Co. v. Pelzer Mfg. Co., 60 Fed. 42, holding covenant that railroad should not be liable to warehouseman for fire, was binding on insurer; The Burlington, 73 Fed. 261, where there is total loss, property passes to insurer without a formal abandonment; Pacific Coast, etc., Co. v. Bancroft, etc., Co., 94 Fed. 192, holding insurance company not prevented by dissolu tion of partnership from maintaining suit in its name against carrier; Louisville, etc., Ry. v. Nicholai, 4 Ind. App. 125, 31 Am. St. Rep. 211, 30 N. E. 426, allowing party full amount of loss sustained;