Massachusetts, proposal of James II. to tax, 514; constitution of, super- seded, 522. Maynooth College, founded, Peel's endowment of, 457; popular opposition to, ib.
Mazzini, J., his letters opened by gov- ernment, 281.
Meetings. See Public Meetings. Melbourne, Viscount, his ministries, 76, 77; receives a deputation of workingmen, 220; reception of delegates from trades' unions, 233; framed the Tithe Commutation Act 417; and the first Irish Corporations Bill, 473.
Melville, Lord, impeachment of, a blow to the Scotch Tories, 56. Meredith, Sir W., his speech against capital punishments, 555. Middle classes, the, strength given to Whigs by adhesion of, 61, 69, 202; a combination of the working and middle classes necessary to success- ful agitation, 216, 236. Middlesex, electors of, cause of, sup- ported by public meetings, 126. Military and Naval Officers' Oaths Bill, the, 356.
Militia, the, Catholics in, 333.
Miller, tried for publication of a libel, 115.
Mines, labor of children, &c. regulated' in, 567.
Ministers of the Crown, increasing in- fluence of public opinion over, 28, 61, 123, 201; the principles of coali- tion between, 38, 86; responsibility of ministers to their supporters, 66, 83; the premiership rarely held by the head of a great family, 95; re- vision of salaries of, 548. Mohun, Lord, cudgelled Dyer for a libel, 107.
Moravians. See Quakers. Muir, T., trial of, at Edinburgh for sedition, 145; comments thereon in Parliament, 150.
Municipal Corporations. See Corpo- rations.
Mutiny Act (Ireland), made perma- nent, 490; repealed, 493.
NAPOLEON, First Consul of France, demands the suppression of the press, 176; the dismissal of refugees, 286; trial of Peltier for libel on, 177. Naturalization Act, passing of, 286.
Navy, impressment for, 261; fcgging in, abated, 563.
Negroes freed by landing in England, 272; in Scotland, 273; the slave- trade and slavery abolished, 133, 232, 275.
New Brunswick, the constitution of, 526.
Newfoundland, the constitution of, 526.
Newport, the Chartist attack on, 236. New South Wales, a legislature granted to, 527; transportation to, abolished, ib.; democratic constitu- tion of, 535.
Newspapers, the first, 104, 106, 107; stamp and advertisement duties first imposed, 108; increased, 172; removed, 214, 215; improvement in newspapers, 123, 180; commence- ment of "the Times" and other papers, 123, n.; measures of repres- sion, 174, 196.
New Zealand, constitution granted to, 537.
Nonconformists. See Dissenters. Norfolk, Duke of, his eldest son ab- jured the Catholic faith, 1780, 322, n.; his Catholic Officers' Relief Bill, 356; enabled by Act to serve as Earl Marshal, 365.
"North Briton," the, proceedings against, 111, 112. 246.
North, Lord, in office, 26, 28; driven from office, 32; the Coalition, 34; his measure to conciliate the Ameri- can colonies, 523.
Nottingham Castle, burnt by mob,
Nova Scotia, responsible government in, 533.
Nugent, Lord, his bill for Catholic relief, 362; obtained relaxation to Irish commerce, 488.
OCCASIONAL CONFORMITY ACT, the,
O'Connell, Mr., leads the Irish party, 73; heads the Catholic Association, 204; agitates for repeal of the Union, 223; trials of, 224, 227; released on writ of error, 228; returned for Clare, 371; his reëlection required, 380; his motions on Irish tithes and Church, 448-453.
O'Connor, F., presents the Chartist petition, 238.
Octennial Act, the, (Ireland,) 485.
Official salaries, revision of, since the Reform Act, 548. Oliver, the government spy, 276. Opinion, liberty of, the last liberty to be acquired, 102; the press, from James I. till the accession of Geo. III., 104; the "North Briton" pros- ecutions, 110; the law of libel, 114; political agitation by public meet- ings, 124; by associations, 127; democratic associations, 134; repres- sive measures, 1792-99, 139; Napo- leon and the English press, 176; the press, before the Regency, 179; re- pressive measures under the Regen- cy, 182; the contest between au- thority and public opinion reviewed, 200; the Catholic Association, 204; the press under Geo. IV., 210; its freedom established, 213; the Reform agitation, 216; for repeal of the Union, 223; Orange lodges, 229; trades' unions, 232; the Chartists, 234; the Anti-Corn Law League, 239; political agitation reviewed, 242. See Press; Political Associa- tions; Public Meetings.
Orange societies, suppressed by Act, 206; revived, 208; organization of, 229, 499; in the army, 230; dis- solved, 231; peculiar working of Orange societies, ib.
Orsini conspiracy, the, plotted in Eng- land, 289.
Oxford University, state of feeling at, on Catholic relief, 351; admission of dissenters to degrees at, 400.
PAINE, T., tried for seditious writings, 135.
Palmer, the Rev. T. F., trial of, for sedition, 148; comments thereon in Parliament, 150.
Palmerston, Viscount, adhered to Mr. Canning, 64; in the Duke of Well- ington's ministry, 65; in office, 85; secession of the Peelites, 87; his overthrow in 1857 and 1858, 88, 290; his second ministry, 90. Papal aggression, 1850, the, 422; - Court, diplomatic relations with, Bill, 425, n. Paper-duty, the, abolished, 215. Parish, the, local affairs of, adminis-
tered by vestries, 461. Parliament, secessions of the Whigs from, 30, 51, 168; repression of the press by Parliament, 107; attempted
intimidation of, by the silk-weavers, 125; by the Protestant Associations, 129; relations of the Church and Parliament, 421; supremacy of, over the Irish Parliament, 483; Parlia- ment since the Reform Act, 576; vast amount of public business, ib. Parliament (Ireland), state of before the Union, 479; exclusion of Catho- lics, ib. 482; expired only on demise of the crown, 481; Poyning's Act, 482; supremacy of the English Parliament, 483; agitation for in- dependence, 490, 492; submits to the permanent Mutiny Bill, 490; in- dependence granted, 493; corrupt influence of the government, ib.; motions for Parliamentary Reform, 495; the Union carried, 503. Parnell, Sir H., the originator of the present financial policy, 574. Party, influence of, in party govern- ment, 17; origin of parties, 18; par- ties under the Stuarts, and after the Revolution, 19, 20; Whigs and To- ries, 20; their distinctive principles, 22, 28, 90; parties on the accession of George III., 24, 27; the Ameri- can war a test of party principles, 29; secessions of the Whigs from Parliament, 30, 51, 168; overtures to the Whigs, 32; commencement of a democratic party, ib.; crisis on death of Lord Rockingham, 33; the Coalition, 34-36; ruin of the Whigs, 37; principles of coalition, 38; the Tories under Mr. Pitt, 38, 47; the Whigs and the Prince of Wales, 40, 54, 58; effect of the French Revolu- tion upon parties, 42, 45; position of the Whigs, 43, 46, 49; the To- ries in Scotland, 49; schism among the Tories, 52; parties on Pitt's re- tirement from office, ib.; the Whigs in office, 1806, 53-55, 341; coalesce with Lord Sidmouth's party, 53; the Tories reinstated, 55; position of the Whigs, 56; the strength they derived from the adhesion of the middle classes, 57, 202; the Tories under Lord Liverpool, 58-63; un- der Canning, 63; influence of na- tional distress, and of proceedings against Queen Caroline, upon par- ties, 60, 61; increase of liberal feel- ing, 61; effect of the Catholic ques- tion upon parties, 63, 66, 344, 353, 376; party divisions after Mr. Can-
ning's death, 65; the Duke of Well- ington's ministry, ib.; secession of liberal members from his cabinet, 66; the Whigs restored to office, 68; supported by the democratic party, 69; Whig ascendency after the Reform Acts, 70; state of parties, ib.; the Radicals, 71; the Irish par- ty, 73; the Tories become "Con- servatives," 75; increase in power, ib.; break up of Earl Grey's min- istry, ib.; dismissal of Lord Mel- bourne's ministry, 76; Liberals re- united against Sir R. Peel, ib.; his liberal policy alarms the Tories, ib.; parties under Lord Melbourne, 77; a conservative reaction, 78; effect of Peel's free-trade policy upon the Conservatives, 80, 82; the obliga- tions of a party leader, 83; the Whigs in office, 84; Lord Derby's first ministry, 85; coalition of Whigs and Peelites under Lord Aberdeen, 86; fall of his ministry, 87; the Peelites retire from Lord Palmer- ston's first administration, ib.; his overthrows, in 1857 and 1858, 88; Lord Derby's second ministry, 89; passed the Jewish Relief Act, 390; Lord Palmerston's second admin- istration, 90; fusion of parties, ib.; essential difference between Con- servatives and Liberals, ib.; party sections, 91; changes in the char- acter, &c., of parties, 92; politics formerly a profession, 93; effects of Parliamentary Reform on parties, 96; the conservatism of age, 97; statesmen under old and new sys- tems, ib.; patronage, an instrument of party, 98; review of the merits and evils of party, 100; the press an instrument of party, 107, 123, 124; opposition of the Whigs to a repressive policy, 141, 195; to the Six Acts, 196; the Habeas Corpus Suspension Bills, 160, 253-259; the Treasonable Practices, &c., Bills, 165-169; the Irish Church appro- priation question adopted by the Whigs, 453; abandoned by them,
Patronage, an instrument of party,
98; the effect of competition, 100; abuses of colonial patronage, 528; surrendered to the colonies, 530. Patronage Act (Scotland), 443. See also Church of Scotland.
Peel, Mr. See Peel, Sir R. Peel, Sir R., the first, his Factory Children Act, 567.
Peel, Sir R., his commercial policy, 62, 573; seceded from Canning on the Catholic question, 63; opposes that measure, 354, 360; brings in the Relief Act, 66, 376; his first ministry, 76; his policy, and fall, ib., 454; his relation to the Con- servatives, 79, 82; his second min- istry, 79; his free-trade policy, 80; repeal of corn-laws, 81, 239, 572; his obligations as a party leader, 83; obtains the bishops' consent to the repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, 368; proposes to retire from the Wellington ministry, 374; loses his seat at Oxford, 375; the Irish Franchise Act, 379; his Dis- senters Marriage Bills, 394; plan for commutation of Irish tithes, 452; resists the appropriation ques- tion, 453; proposes endowment to Maynooth and the Queen's Col- leges, 456; his scheme for Irish corporate reform, 475; the first min- ister to revise the criminal code, 557.
Peers, the Catholic, restored to the privilege of advising the Crown, 328, 360; exempted from the oath of supremacy, 359; the Catholic Peers Bill, ib.; take seats in the House of Lords, 380; creation of, to carry the Union with Ireland, 504.
Peltier, J., trial of, for libel, 177. Perceval, Mr., in office, 55, 58, 345. Peto, Sir M., his Dissenters Burial Bills, 396.
Phillimore, Dr., his Catholic Marriages Bill, 363.
Pillory, punishment of, abolished, 559. Pitt, Mr. W., Tory principles never
completely adopted by, 29, 34, n., 39; entered Parliament as a Whig, 33, 36; the leader of the Tories, 39; his first ministry a coalition, 37; his policy contrasted with Mr. Fox's, 34, n., 39; his feelings to- wards the French Revolution, 42, 140; attempted coalition with Fox, 44, 53; joined by portion of the Whigs, 45; the consolidation of his power, 47, 140; dangerous to liber- ty, 50; his liberal views on Catho- lic question, 52, 834-340, 506; his
retirement from office, 52; his re- turn, 53; the Tory party after his death, 55; member of the Consti- tutional Information Society, 128, 137; commences a repressive policy, 139; brings in the Seditious Meet- ings Bill, 166; opposes relief to dis- senters, 324-326, 330; his proposal for commutation of Irish tithes, 445; his Irish commercial proposi- tions, 496; carried the Union with Ireland, 503; his India Bill, 544. Pius IX., his brief appointing bishops in England, 423; and against the Queen's Colleges, 458. Plunket, Mr., his advocacy of Catho- lic relief, 358, 361 Police, modern system of, 561. Political associations, commencement of, 124, 126, 128; for Parliamentary Reform, 127, 216; Protestant asso- ciations, 129-132, 320; anti-slave- trade, 133, 232; democratic, 134, 136, 163, 169, 172; proceeded against, 145, 154; suppressed, 173, 185, 197; associations for suppress- ing sedition, 143, 203; for Catholic relief, 204; finally suppressed, 209; for repeal of the Union with Ire- land, 223; Orange lodges, 229; trades' unions, 232; the Chartists, 234; the Anti-Corn Law League,
Ponsonby, Mr., chosen leader of the Whigs, 57.
Poor-laws, the old and new systems, 563; in Scotland and Ireland, 565. Population, great increase of, in the manufacturing districts, 192; its effect on the position of the Church, 410.
Post-Office. See Letters, Opening at. Poyning's Act, the, 482.
Pratt, Lord Chief Justice. See Cam- den, Lord.
Presbyterians, in England, 296; in Scotland, 298, 302; in Ireland, 299, 454. See Church of Scotland. Press, the, under censorship, 103; from the Stuarts to accession of George III., 104-109; the attacks on Lord Bute, 110; general war- rants, 111; the prosecutions of, 1763-1770, 112; publishers liable for acts of servants, 114; the rights of juries in libel cases, 114-122; the progress of free discussion, 123, 180, 201, 210, 215; caricatures,
123; laws for repression of the press, 165, 172, 174, 188, 196; the press and foreign powers, 176; the press not purified by rigor, 203; complete freedom of the press, 213; fiscal laws affecting, ib.; public jealousies of, 215. Prisons, debtors', 269; improved state of, 559.
Protection, &c., against Republicans' Society, the, 144. Protestant associations, the, 129, 320; the petition, and riots, 130, 320. See also Orange Societies. Protestant Dissenters Ministers Bills, 349.
Protesting Catholic Dissenters, bill for relief of, 327.
Public meetings, commencement of political agitation by, 124, 126; riotous meetings of the silk-weavers, 125; meetings to support the Mid dlesex electors, 126; for Parliamen- tary Reform, 1779, ib.; in 1795, 163; in 1831, 218; of the Protestant Association, 130, 320; to oppose the Sedition and Treason Acts, 170; in the manufacturing districts, 1819, 190; for Catholic relief, 208; for re- peal (Ireland), 224; of the trades' unions, 233; the Chartists, 234, 237; the Anti-Corn-Law League, 240; laws to restrain public meetings, 166, 185, 196.
Public Opinion. See Opinion, Lib- erty of; Press, the; Political Asso- ciations; Public Meetings. Publishers, criminally liable for acts of servants, 114.
Puritans, the, under Queen Elizabeth, 295; under James I. and Charles II., 300, 302; numbers imprisoned, 304. See also Dissenters.
Quoad Sacra ministers, the, in the Rockingham, Marquess, Whigs re- Church of Scotland, 440.
RADICAL PARTY. See Party. Reeves, Mr., his pamphlet condemned, 170.
Reform in Parliament, carried by the Whigs, as leaders of the people, 69; influence of, on parties, 96; on offi- cial emoluments, 548; on law re- form, and amendment of the crim- inal code, 549, 553; on the spirit and temper of the judges, 552; on the condition of the people, 562; on com- mercial and financial policy, 571; on Parliament, 576; the first reform meetings, 126; and in Ireland, 494; reform discouraged from the exam- ple of the French Revolution, 138, 198, 201; repressed as seditious, 145-149, 162, 190; cause of, pro- moted by political agitation and unions, 216; review of reform agi- tation, 223.
Reformation, the, effect of, upon Eng- land, 292; doctrinal moderation of, 294; in Scotland, 298; in Ireland, 299.
Reformatories, instituted, 561. Refugees. See Aliens.
Regent, the Prince. See Wales, Prince of.
Registration of births, marriages, and deaths, Act for, 395.
Religious liberty, from the Reforma-
tion to Geo. III., 291-308; com- mencement of relaxation of the pe- nal code, 313; Corporation and Test Acts repealed, 367; Catholic eman- cipation carried, 376; admission to the Commons by affirmation, 382; Jewish disabilities, 390; registra- tion of births, marriages, and deaths, 395; the Dissenters' Marriage Bill, ib.; admission of dissenters to the universities, 397; dissenters' chap- els, 400; church-rates, 402.
also Church of England; Church in Ireland; Church of Scotland; Dis- senters; Jews; Quakers; Roman Catholics.
Revenue laws, restraints of, on per- sonal liberty, 263; offices
thrown open to dissenters and Cath- olics, 331, 367, 376. Revolution, the effect on the press, 106; the Church policy after, 304. Revolution Society, the, 136.
stored to power under, 33, 95; his death, 33; his administration con- sent to the independence of Ireland, 492.
Roman Catholics, the first Relief Act, 1778, 129, 319; the riots in Scotland and London, 129, 320; the Scotch Catholics withdraw their claims for relief, 129, 321; the penal code of Elizabeth, 293; Catholics under James I., Chas. I., and Cromwell, 300-302; the passing of the Test Act, 304; repressive measures, Wm. III.-Geo. I., 306-308; the Catho- lics, at accession of Geo. III., 308, 314, 318; their numbers, 309, n.; later instances of the enforcement of the penal laws, 319; bill to re- strain education of Protestants by Catholics, 321; the case of the Pro- testing Catholic Dissenters, 327; another measure of relief to English Catholics, 1791, ib.; first measures of relief to Catholics in Ireland and Scotland, 330, 331, 497; the Catho- lics and the militia, 333; effect of union with Ireland on Catholic re- lief, 51, 333; Catholic claims, 1801- 1810, 336-347; the Army and Navy Service Bill, 342; the Regency not favorable to Catholic claims, 348; freedom of worship to Catholic sol- diers, 349; the Catholic Question, 1811-1823, 350-361; treated as an open question, 353, 361; Acts for re- lief of Naval and Military Officers, 356; the Catholic Peers' Bill, 359; the Catholic Question in 1823, 361; efforts for relief of English Catholics, ib.; the laws affecting Catholic mar- riages, 362, 363; Office of Earl Mar- shal Bill, 364; Sir F. Burdett's mo- tion, 365; State provision for Cath- olic clergy carried in the Commons, 366; the Duke of Wellington's min- istry, 65, 366; repeal of the Corpora- tion and Test Acts, 367; Catholic relief in 1828, 370; the Act, 66-68, 376, 508; the Catholic peers take their seats, 380; Catholic emancipa- tion too long deferred, 381; number of Catholic members in House of Commons, ib.; Bills for relief in re- spect of Catholic births, marriages, and deaths, 392-396; final repeal of penalties against Roman Catholics, 402; numbers, &c. of, in England,
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