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ingly. The Goddems" had a long, but intermittent life. They came in with Willian the First, and died out with Wiliam the Fourth, since whose period oaths have ceased to be part of the indispensable outfit of a gentleman.

Throughout the Plantagenet era, perhaps the most remarkable circumstance was the readiness with which noblemen, who aticcted to be bound by the laws of chivalry, violated them whenever they were called upon to do so for a "consideration." The seventh Lord of Berkeley lent his castle for the killing of King Edward. The knightly Brackenbury quietly withdrew from his post in the tower, and fished in the moat of his pretty house it is still pretty at Litham, while a very good gentleman, according to the old method of estimation, directed the murder of the young princes, The uncle, who profited by tias mur der, if murder there were, was not at ail given to debauched manners; but he had an legitin ate son, Join of Gloucester, Who Was falnons, in his day, for his gentlemanly qualifications, that is to say, for his strength of limb, his grace of action, and the alverity with which he enjoyed inte, and left his honoured father to settle the bill

It was in the York and Lancasterian periods that the "Eully by arose those riotous and sau y revelers who were so styled, at least, by the poets who subsequently sar 2 of them and ti eir objecti »naïje do 28. The justfication of these enemies of the sons

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night constable that his name was Wilberforce!

Despite the troubles, anxieties, and uncertainties of the Tudor era, there was no lack of cakes and ale; and ginger was hot in the meuths of the roysterers, They who belonged to the brotherhood of swells, and who had been to France, exhibited their noliaty, and set the loungers about Pau's aghast by wearing Triu::s 1their eas the new fashion at the Louvie At that same period the head of the house of Berkeley, the Marquess Wiliam, Was gentleman of such distinction that he was unike anything in the world except a Berkeley. His brothers lived with him at Berkeley Castle, as his sotvants, "till he havecked his property, says Fosbrooke; but indeed some da vines and schoats were not behind the havocking loads of land. In Heny the F.Lth's day» All Sous, Oxford, Wars fall of "W@*I* bucklers" as y kum lag ordinary with. n sound of Bow Bes; and all Engand proper cred anal on “their comptations, ingurgitations, surfe,tin,», drunkennesses, and enor mous and exces ive commessations,' The members flaunted abroad in the w'est évig eration of the folien, and, in F, Lived according to the hard words just quoted. No wonder that parents then exela ined that they would rather send their sons to the cart than to coa ge!

of sleep was in the example set them by the young prince, who kept Cheap side and the vicinity in nugitay terror. by the licentions cot met of huself and companions, Eat who is the young prince who is char, with such unprincely carriage t pular pica tras sized upon that Harry of Monmouth whom we fatidary cal “Mudcsp Harry Bat doubts cluster thickly around this legend; and there is some reason to bedeve that it was Prince Harry's brother, Tomas, who used to swagger at oʻ n guts through the city, and who, on filing into tie hands of the Wat f, was wont to ob...'n_ls freedom by teasing katuself off as his b, other, the of Wales' just as Mr. Steriing picked up drunk, fr›m ured'le

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In Queen M...yren the unsteady times sore y disturbed manners. To restore the jitter, an anonymeus author puts, shed a once famous bock, "The Institution of a Genticman Such corruption of ninners, he tells his readers, had taken p’ice, “th. † aost the name of gentleman quenched, and handicraftsmen have obtained the title of 1-neur.” He sorrowing'y remarks that merchan ́s require to be treated with "you worship; and a le mechanie, who would once i ave been content with a ** good man then demanded to to addressed as Master ***

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Contrary to the old rhyming ">a the author locks on Að Ẩm as the tit gentleman, ina-much tiat in prope tion to the grace be rereived was be endowed with nob, ity and gertility. Adam's measure of grace was, at di events, abused, and seattle wasti cre of not aty in len, tit wient ved

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touching the one great fault, the consequences of which we all feel, the shabby father of mankind threw the whole of the blame upon Eve!

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The very fast gentleman of Queen Mary's days bore a title which is familiar to us through the poets of the Tudor period. The author cuts him short of a syllable, and writes such fast fellow down as a "royster." He alvocates intense severity of discipline to be applied to boys. Anything short of that will, he is quite sure, convert them, as they grow up, into roysters; and a "royster," he adds, “cannot do the office of a gentleman, so long, I mean, as a roysterian he doth continue." There was another term, now familiar to us, which was also coined in Mary's reign, and which was applicable to the foolish persons who aped the follies of their foolish betters. "These gentlemen," he says, "are now called upstarts-a terin lately invented by such as pondered not the grounds of honest means of rising or coming to promotion." It is singular that the prevalence of gentlemen lacking gentlemanlike manners is ascribed by the author to the putting down of abbeys, which time is within my remembrance." Not less singular is his hypothesis to account for the failure of the Crusales-namely, that there was a want of gentlemanlike principle in the knightly warriors. At this period, as now, "arms" seemed to be the favourite vocation of gentlemen whose heads were not likely to help them to distinction. They bore themselves in the field like brave men; but at the butts or out sporting they were not distinguished, if we may trust the contemporary proverb, which said, “He shooteth like a gentleman, fair and far off ;" and this was applied not only to the missing at a mark, but to foolishly aimed remarks in ordinary conversation. In fact, there were Lord Dundrearys in the Tudor times; and the author describes such men as indolently complaining that "they do not understand the ink-horn terms that are lately crept into our language." What else was to be expected of men who had abandoned the practice of the long-bow for the throwing of dice ?

During the reign of Elizabeth, however, there was something superior to the upstarts of Mary's days, in the

persons and purposes of the Euphuists. There was much roystering and ruinous extravagance, and gambling, and pretty hard drinking about St. Paul's and in the taverns of Eastcheap; but there was also a fashion for higher pursuits. Society began to be sensible of a growing refinement in language and manners; but therewith came an excessive affectation in dress and speech, which rendered them alike grotesque. The Euphuists in costume, if we may so call them, wore the highest of high hats, the loftiest of feathers, the longest of swords, the most capacious of mantles, the widest of trunk-hose, and the heaviest and noisiest of spurs. So the Euphuists, who affected to refine the language, missed their aim through their very affectation of being the finest of fine gentlemen, if in no other parts, at least in their parts of speech.

The man who stands out beyond all others for his extravagance in the early part of the Stuart era is the Earl of Carlisle, who, in a very jovial life, as it was called, spent above £400,000, and "left not a house nor an acre of land to be remembered by." At a later period of that era, the precedency in infamy belonged to Rochester, one of whose fits of drunkenness lasted five years, with brief intermission. But then, and indeed under every dynasty, there were gentlemen-blackguards and gentlemen-exquisites; the first, like Sedley, violated every law in public, and were under no more constraint than beasts; the latter are portrayed in Sir Courtly Nice, who sent his linen to Holland to be washed by laundresses who dipped their fingers in rose-water before they presumed to touch it!

One of the distinctions of the last century is to be found in its clubs, which then flourished, though their origin is of earlier date, and which underwent much needed improvement before the century had closed. Some idea of the ruffianly quality of the worst of them may be formed from a knowledge of its name, the Hell-fire Club; and that small respect was rendered to those who affected a certain propriety may be seen in a remark of Foote's, to this effect:-"The Christian Club," he says, "may have some fears of the allows, 1

they don't value damnation a farthing !"

There was not more difference between the Hell-fire and ChristianClubs than between the Mohawks and the Maccaronics; the former were stal wart brutes of good blood, some half dozen of whom would surround a quiet citizen on his way home, and paneture him with their swords till blood trickled from him in a se re of gory threads; the Ma ea nies hid tess of the cow.pily assassin in them; their greatest fly consisted in running races on Sunday evenings in Kensington Gardens, naked to the Joms. Nothir Mohawk nor Ma ca ron survived the century. Sme indivines of the respective Gases eric_l, 1. ›wever, their ty ners into the entury in whit we live.

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through the whole ecllection for literary purposes; but there is not one of these table stories that would bear to se the light. It never occurred to Walpole that there was anything objectionable in them; and yet it is not too strong a tem to say that "out of hell" one cannot think of such abominations being hartated Had Meissonier to port.ay Waijge sintly committing these and of li 1.en's parties to his album, the hittie fare of the writer would have taken the form and shadow of a well-dressed demon, sucering at the loty preten sims of humanity, as he registered the proofs of its vilcness, and e njoyed, the whie, 1's work, and the thught of it - consequê hêës,

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Walpole was not si crfine gentlenan enough to be avowedly an infd; br he was so far in the fa-ben as to tun sacred things to protate Herlina! “Good Chris' idli sy' He writes to Luly Ogory, "expect infinite reward for the malet į r tien of de et t' t they c. W techer, and sift from a', the chat of their lives; ad tu no e, M cat,

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him in a pamphlet, in which he set up a parallel between Lord Sandwich and the Redeemer, and found a superiority of character in the former! All the "gentlemen" in all the coffeehouses enjoyed both the joke and its horrible blasphemy.

Of the class which combined within itself the maccaroni, ruffian, and a dash of the gentleman, perhaps young Lord Camelford was the most remarkable. He belongs to the close of the last, and the beginning of the present century. He had no fellow-feeling, and set no value on human life. When he was a subordinate in the navy, he was refractory; when he became a commander, he was intolerant; and he once shot a lieutenant dead for delaying to obey orders. It was his pleasure to read infidel books, that he might perplex poor naval chaplains with difficulties which they were not learned enough to explain away. He made war against society; but often came shattered out of the contest, particularly when he made onslaught on the passengers in the public streets. There was rank cowardice in the fact of his depending on his strength as the motive for quarrelling and fighting with the weak; and he provoked men to challenge him, simply because he felt sure that his skill would enable him to slay or maim his adversary, and save his own life. His reliance failed him, of course, at last. Between two opposite assertions made by a painted harlot and one of his own intimate friends, Mr. Best, he professed to believe that of the "devium scortum," though he knew she had lied. A duel ensued, in which Lord Camelford was killed, to the satisfaction of all men, except those who used to eat devilled-turkey with him, for the preparation of which dish he was unrivalled. Lord Camelford lingered for some days after he was shot, and he slowly died after the manner of the gentlemanrullian of his evil days. He boldly hoped that the agonies he endured might expiate or atone for the sins he had committed! He had so little love for the native land in which he lived so ill, that he left strict orders that his body should be buried in Switzerland. The example of his rufianism, con-equences, Pathed to

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When Lord Camelford was at the head of the fashionable ruflianism of the last year of the last century, there was born the second legitimate son of the Earl and Countess of BerkeleyMr. Grantley Berkeley. This gentleman has recently published a book entitled "My Life and Recollections," from the pages of which may be gathered many samples of the sayings, doings, morals, and maxims of a race of men who were born in a transition period between two epochs-the epoch of rampant blackguardism and that of a silly but better-toned dandyism. Of the men so born, some united the crimes of one period with the follies of that which succeeded; others remained under the influences of the earlier period; many passed from the ruffian to the dandy, under impulse of fashion; a few, unaffected by any fashion, followed a good principle to righteous purposes, and lived and died honest men and gentlemen.

As far as descent is concerned, the Berkeleys are of the noblest. Twentyfour of them, from father to son, have been peers of England, by tenure or by writ, since Fitzhardinge came over with Norman William. But the oldest nobles are those whose ancestors were settled on their own estates, and previous to the Norman Invasion. This was the case with an ancestress of this house, who wedded with the stranger from beyond sea. Such a descent is warrant, perhaps, for a little pride. But there are few of the Lords of Berkeley who have been remarkable for exemplary deeds. Selfishness, haughtiness, contempt for law, readiness to commit crime for the sake of serving a king, cowardly cruelty to inferior men, and a restless desire to have precedence of better men than theinselves, are among the characteristics of those who belong to history. Some of the bombast and burlesque of the old pride lingers in Mr. Grantley Berkeley, who, all unconscious of the silliness of his assertion, informs us that the body of King Edward, so inhumanly murdered in Berkeley Castle, carried with due respect and attention to his last resting-place, in OUR carriage?" The Berkeleys seem to have had all the arrogance of the Napiers, with none of the great merits of the latter, which constituted their warraut or apology. Mr. Graply

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Berkeley, certainly, cannot rank with the Napiers in a knowledge of English history; for this ex-legislator gravely tells his readers that his ancestor who came over with William, quarrelled so fiercely with the Berkeleys' Saxon ancestor, settled at Dursley, that, "to end the hostility of the two families, King Edward the Confessor caused the elder son of Fitzhardinge to marry the daughter and heiress of the Saxon Berkeley." It is said that the author does not know the difference between a goshawk and a henharrier; he appears to be equally confused between William and Edward, though he must have studied their respective histories, for he descrites the royal Confessor as "pious but weak!"

It is not in the history of a remote period, however, with which we wish to conce,n ourselves. Our object is to trace social history as it is here lustrated in the lite of a modern gentleman. We are, indeed, startled at the out et, by d talis which may fairy surprise vulgar persoas WLO have not four quarters in their shields, and who know little more of ancestry than that their mother was an honest Woman. Mr. Berkeley writes of his parents in a way that will induce his readers to believe that his sire was a cowardly brute, and his mother a disgrace to win inbod. Weic, 'n from the son that she was orig nagy a servant, and he cads us to Pier that her brises sister, also a servant, so'd her to l's father, as a lustress: After the birth of four he stimate Rons, tias

case uple in umed, and terlad legitimate crt aren, of whom tre two talest are the present Eul Berkeley ay-1 h » brother an. 1 Let presiuptive, Gantley. This latter genta man stirs tae very detest of Water and Wishes the very fonest of ta my in, in tas matter. His detins convey to

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gamekeepers, took a little learning reluctantly, from a tutor by day; watched vermin in the fields by night, and were taught boxing by the most gentlemanlike of the blackguards of pugilism. Not all enjoyed this curriculum; the illegitimates seem to have been more accomplished than their better-born brethren; and the above was only a portion of the course which helped to make a man and a senator of the author in whose record it is written.

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The Berkeley family, as that author further records, were never slow in "advancing their own interests," and Mr. Berkeley succeeds in showing that he had as much sense in that matter as any of his family. Sandhurst a whole class incurred puri-hment through an offence, which he had committed, but which he had not the requisite pluck to avow. His gracias and blaspheming godfather, the Prince of Waics, presented him, in due time, with a commission in the Coldstream Guards. The young offcer had a genticmanly sense of his duties, On one occasion, when in command of a guard, at Deptford Docks, his term of duty "included that, to me, loved day, the 1st of September. I went off to Cranford on the evening of the last day of August" In the ecu,se of t'e next day, the sergeant appeared at Cranford, not to arrest him as a deserter, but with the report book, in which he had tor goften to make the necessary entries, Mr. Berkeley reported that all re risht, give the sergeant h» breakfast and a gunea, “* and ordered hom bu k asi lok as possibje to les doty,” Had M Berkeley given himself time to anaive this story, when he had it be fore him in proof, he would surely have cancelled it. There is soILEthing marvellous in the fact that he is utterly bind, or indiferent, to the conells. ns to be drawn from this mest d'amazing ree rd.

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