sultans of Aleppo, Hems, and Damascus, was insufficient to stem the violence of the torrent. Whatever stood against them, was cut off by the sword, or dragged into captivity: the military orders were almost exterminated in a single battle; and in the pillage of the city, in the profanation of the holy sepulchre, the Latins confess and regret the modesty and discipline of the Turks and Saracens. St. Louis, and the sixth crusade, Of the seven crusades, the two last were undertaken by Louis the ninth, A. D. 1248-1254. king of France; who lost his liberty in Egypt, and his life on the coast of Africa. Twenty-eight years after his death, he was canonized at Rome; and sixty-five miracles were readily found, and solemnly attested, to justify the claim of the royal saint. The voice of history renders a more honourable testimony, that he united the virtues of a king, a hero, and a man; that his martial spirit was tempered by the love of private and public justice; and that Louis was the father of his people, the friend of his neighbours, and the terror of the infidels. Superstition alone, in all the extent of her baleful influence, corrupted his understanding and his heart; his devotion stooped to admire and imitate the begging friars of Francis and Dominic; he pursued with blind and cruel zeal the enemies of the faith; and the best of kings twice descended from his throne to seek the adventures of a spiritual knight-errant. A monkish historian would have been content to applaud the most despicable part of his character; but the noble and gallant Joinville, who shared the friendship and captivity of Louis, has traced with the pencil of nature the free portrait of his virtues as well as of his failings. From this intimate knowledge we may learn to suspect the political views of depressing their great vassals, which are often imputed to the royal authors of the crusades. Above all the princes of the middle ages, Louis the ninth successfully laboured to restore the prerogatives of the crown; but it was at home, and not in the east, that he acquired for himself and his posterity; his vow was the result of enthusiasm and sickness; and if he were the promoter, he was likewise the victim, of this holy madness. For the invasion of Egypt, France was exhausted of her troops and treasures; he covered the sea of Cyprus with eighteen hundred sails; the most modest enumeration amounts to fifty thousand men ; and, if we might trust his own confession, as it is reported by oriental vanity, he disembarked nine thousand five hundred horse, and thew Paris, (p. 546, 547.) and by Joinville, Nangis, and the Arabians, (p. 111, 112. 191, 192. 528. 530.) z Read, if you can, the Life and Miracles of St. Louis, by the confessor of Queen Margaret, (p. 291-523. Joinville, du Louvre.) a He believed all that mother church taught, (Joinville, p. 10.) but he cautioned Joinville against disputing with infidels. "L'omme lay (said he in his old language) quand il ot medire de la loy crestienne, ne doit pas deffendre la loy chrestienne ne mais que de d'espée, dequoi il doit donner parmi le ventre dedens, tant comme elle y peut entrer," (p. 12) b I have two editions of Joinville, the one (Paris, 1668.) most valuable for the observations of Ducange; the other (Paris au Louvre, 1761.) most precious for the pure and authentic text, a MS. of which has been recently discovered. The last editor proves, that the history of St. Louis was finished A. D. 1309. without explaining, or even admiring, the age of the author, which must have exceeded ninety years. (Preface, p. xi. Observations de Ducange, p. 17.) one hundred and thirty thousand foot, who performed their pilgrimage under the shadow of his power. He takes Damietta, A. D. 1249. In complete armour, the oriflamme waving before him, Louis leaped foremost on the beach; and the strong city of Damietta, which had cost his predecessors a siege of sixteen months, was abandoned on the first assault by the trembling Moslems. But Damietta was the first and the last of his conquests; and in the fifth and sixth crusades, the same causes, almost on the same ground, were productive of similar calamities. After a ruinous delay, which introduced into the camp the seeds of an epidemical disease, the Franks advanced from the seacoast towards the capital of Egypt, and strove to surmount the unseasonable inundation of the Nile, which opposed their progress. Under the eye of their intrepid monarch, the barons and knights of France displayed their invincible contempt of danger and discipline: his brother, the count of Artois, stormed with inconsiderate valour the town of Massoura; and the carrier pigeons announced to the inhabitants of Cairo that all was lost. But a soldier, who afterwards usurped the sceptre, rallied the flying troops: the main body of the christians was far behind their vanguard; and Artois was overpowered and slain. A shower of Greek fire was incessantly poured on the invaders; the Nile was commanded by the Egyptian galleys, the open country by the Arabs; all provisions were intercepted; each day aggravated the sickness and famine; and about the same time a retreat was found to be necessary and impracticable. oriental writers confess, that Louis might have escaped, if he would have deserted his subjects: he was made prisoner, with the greatest part of his nobles; all who could not redeem their lives by service or ransom, were inhumanly massacred; and the walls of Cairo were decorated with a circle of christian heads. The king of France was loaded with chains; but the generous victor, a great grandson of the brother of Saladin, sent a robe of honour to his royal captive, and his deliverance, with that of his soldiers, was obtained by the restitution of Damiettaf and the payment of four hundred thousand pieces of gold. In a soft and luxurious climate, the degenerate children of the companions of Noureddin and Saladin were incapable of resisting the flower of European chivalry; they triumphed by e Joinville, p. 32. Arabic Extracts, p. 549. The His captivity in d The last editors have enriched their Joinville with large and curious extracts from the Arabic historians, Macrizi, Abulfeda, &c. See likewise Abulpharagius, (Dynast. p. 322-325.) who calls him by the corrupt name of Redefrans. Matthew Paris (p. 683, 684.) has described the rival folly of the French and English who fought and fell at Massoura. e Savary, in his agreeable Lettres sur l'Egypte, has given a description of Damietta, (tom. i. lettre xxiii. p. 274-290.) and a narrative of the expedition of St. Louis, (xxv. p. 306–350) f For the ransom of St. Louis, a million of byzants was asked and granted; but the sultan's generosity reduced that sum to 800,000 byzants, which are valued by Joinville at 400,000 French livres of his own time, and expressed by Matthew Paris by 100,000 marks of silver. (Ducange, Dissertation xx. sur Joinville.) the arms of their slaves or Mamalukes, the hardy | Tartar and Circassian bands; and the four and natives of Tartary, who at a tender age had been twenty beys, or military chiefs, have ever been sucpurchased of the Syrian merchants, and were edu- ceeded, not by their sons, but by their servants. cated in the camp and palace of the sultan. But They produce the great charter of their liberties, Egypt soon afforded a new example of the danger the treaty of Selim the first with the republic;1 and of prætorian bands; and the rage of these ferocious the Othman emperor still accepts from Egypt a animals, who had been let loose on the strangers, slight acknowledgment of tribute and subjection. was provoked to devour their benefactor. In the With some breathing intervals of peace and order, pride of conquest, Touran Shaw, the last of his the two dynasties are marked as a period of rapine race, was murdered by his Mamalukes; and the most and bloodshed:" but their throne, however shaken, daring of the assassins entered the chamber of the reposed on the two pillars of discipline and valour; captive king, with drawn scymitars, and their hands their sway extended over Egypt, Nubia, Arabia, imbrued in the blood of their sultan. The firmness and Syria; their Mamalukes were multiplied from of Louis commanded their respect;s their avarice eight hundred to twenty-five thousand horse; and prevailed over cruelty and zeal; the treaty was their numbers were increased by a provincial militia accomplished; and the king of France, with the of one hundred and seven thousand foot, and the relics of his army, was permitted to embark for occasional aid of sixty-six thousand Arabs." Palestine. He wasted four years within the walls Princes of such power and spirit could not long of Acre, unable to visit Jerusalem, and unwilling endure on their coast a hostile and independent to return without glory to his native country. nation; and if the ruin of the Franks was postponed about forty years, they were indebted to the cares of an unsettled reign, to the invasion of the Mogols, and to the occasional aid of some warlike pilgrims. Among these, the English reader will observe the name of our first Edward, who assumed the cross in the life-time of his father Henry. At the head of a thousand soldiers, the future conqueror of Wales and Scotland delivered Acre from a siege; marched as far as Nazareth with an army of nine thousand men; emulated the fame of his uncle Richard; extorted, by his valour, a ten years' truce; and escaped, with a dangerous wound, from the dagger of a fanatic assassin.° Antioch, whose situation had been less exposed to the calamities of the holy war, was finally occupied and ruined by Bondocdar, or Bibars, sultan of Egypt and Syria; the Latin principality was extinguished; and the first seat of the Christian name was dispeopled by the slaughter of seventeen, and the captivity of one hundred, thousand of her inhabitants. The maritime towns of Laodicea, Gabala, Tripoli, Berytus, Sidon, Tyre, and Jaffa, and the stronger castles of the hospitalers and templars, successively fell; and the whole existence of the Franks was confined to the city and colony of St. John of Acre, which is sometimes described by the more classic title of Ptolemais. The memory of his defeat excited Louis, after sixteen years of wisdom and repose, to undertake the seventh and last of the crusades. His finances were restored, his kingdom was enlarged; a new generation of warriors had arisen, and he embarked with fresh confidence at the head of six thousand horse and thirty thousand foot. The loss of Antioch had provoked the enterprise: a wild hope of baptizing the king of Tunis, tempted him to steer for the African coast; and the report of an immense treasure reconciled his troops to the delay of their voyage to the Holy Land. Instead of a proselyte, His death before he found a siege; the French panted Tunis in the and died on the burning sands; St. seventh crusade, A. D. 1270. Louis expired in his tent; and no Aug. 25. sooner had he closed his eyes, than his son and successor gave the signal of the retreat." "It is thus," says a lively writer, "that a Christian king died near the ruins of Carthage, waging war against the sectaries of Mahomet, in a land to which Dido had introduced the deities of Syria."i The Mamalukes of Egypt, A more unjust and absurd constitu- | tion cannot be devised, than that which A. D. 1250-1517. condemns the natives of a country to perpetual servitude, under the arbitrary dominion of strangers and slaves. Yet such has been the state of Egypt above five hundred years. The most illustrious sultans of the Baharite and Borgite dynasties were themselves promoted from the g The idea of the emirs to choose Louis for their sultan, is seriously attested by Joinville, (p. 77, 78.) and does not appear to me so absurd as to M. de Voltaire. (Hist. Generale, tom. ii. p. 386, 387.) The Mama. lukes themselves were strangers, rebels, and equals; they had felt his valour, they hoped his conversion; and such a motion, which was not seconded, might be made, perhaps by a secret christian, in their tu. multuous assembly. h See the expedition in the Annals of St. Louis, by William de Nangis, p. 270-287. and the Arabic Extracts, p. 545. 555. of the Louvre edition of Joinville. i Voltaire, Hist. Generale, tom. ii. p. 391. k The chronology of the two dynasties of Mamalukes, the Baharites, Turks or Tartars of Kipzak, and the Borgites, Circassians, is given by Pocock (Prolegom, ad Abulpharag. p. 6-31.) and De Guignes, (tom. i. p. 264-270.) their history from Abulfeda, Macrizi, &c. to the begin. ning of the fifteenth century, by the same M. de Guignes, (tom. iv. p. 110-328.) 1 Savary, Lettres sur l'Egypte, tom. ii. lettre xv. p. 189–208. I much question the authenticity of this copy: yet it is true, that sultan Selim concluded a treaty with the Circassians or Mamalukes of Egypt, and left them in possession of arms, riches, and power. See a new Loss of Antioch, After the loss of Jerusalem, Acre, which is distant about seventy miles, became the metropolis of Abregé de l'Histoire Ottomane, composed in Egypt, and translated by M. Digeon, (tom. i. p. 55-58. Paris, 1781.) a curious, authentic, and national history. m Si totum quo regnum occupârunt tempus respicias, præsertim quod fini propius, reperies illud bellis, pugnis, injuriis, ac rapinis refertum. (Al Jannabi, apud Pocock, p. 31.) The reign of Mohammed, (A. D. 1311-1341.) affords a happy exception. (De Guignes, tom. iv. p. 208--210.) n They are now reduced to 8500: but the expense of each Mamaluke may be rated at 100 louis: and Egypt groans under the avarice and insolence of these strangers. (Voyages de Volney, tom. i. p. 89-187. o See Carte's History of England, vol. ii. p. 165-175. and his origi nal authors, Thomas Wilkes and Walter Hemingford, (1. iii. c. 34, 35.) in Gale's Collection, (tom. ii. p. 97. 589-592.) They are both ignorant of the princess Eleanor's piety in sucking the poisoned wound, and saving her husband at the risk of her own life. De p Sanutus, Secret. Fidelium Crucis, 1. iii. p. xii. c. 9. and Guignes, Hist. des Huns, tom. iv. p. 143. from the Arabic historians. q The state of Acre is represented in all the Chronicles of the times. and most accurately in John Villani, 1. vii. c. 144. in Muratori, Scrip tores Rerum Italicarum, tom, xiii. p. 337, 338. : CHAP. LX. Schism of the Greeks and Latins.-State of Constantinople.-Revolt of the Bulgarians.—Isaac Angelus dethroned by his brother Alexius.—Origin of the fourth crusade.—Alliance of the French and Venetians with the son of Isaac.-Their naval expedition to Constantinople.-The two sieges and final conquest of the city by the Latins. Greeks. THE restoration of the western empire the Latin christians, and was adorned with strong | their retreat to the shore; but the sea was rough, and stately buildings, with aqueducts, an artificial the vessels were insufficient; and great numbers of port, and a double wall. The population was in- the fugitives were drowned before they could reach creased by the incessant streams of pilgrims and the isle of Cyprus, which might comfort Lusignan fugitives in the pauses of hostility the trade of the for the loss of Palestine. By the command of the East and West was attracted to this convenient sta- sultan, the churches and fortifications of the Latin tion; and the market could offer the produce of every cities were demolished; a motive of avarice or fear elime and the interpreters of every tongue. But still opened the holy sepulchre to some devout and in this conflux of nations, every vice was propagated defenceless pilgrims; and a mournful and solitary and practised: of all the disciples of Jesus and Ma- silence prevailed along the coast which had so long homet, the male and female inhabitants of Acre resounded with the WORLD'S DEBATE.F were esteemed the most corrupt; nor could the abuse of religion be corrected by the discipline of law. The city had many sovereigns, and no government. The kings of Jerusalem and Cyprus, of the house of Lusignan, the princes of Antioch, the counts of Tripoli and Sidon, the great masters of the hospital, the temple, and the Teutonic order, the republics of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa, the pope's legate, the kings of France and England, assumed an independent command; seventeen tribunals exercised the power of life and death; every criminal was protected in the adjacent quarter; and the perpetual jealousy of the nations often burst forth in acts of violence and blood. Some adventurers, who disgraced the ensign of the cross, compensated their want of pay by the plunder of the Mahometan villages nineteen Syrian merchants, who traded under the public faith, were despoiled and hanged by the christians; and the denial of satisfaction justified the arms of the sultan Khalil. He marched against Acre, at the head of sixty thousand horse and one hundred and forty thousand foot: his train of artillery (if I may use the word) was numerous and weighty; the separate timbers of a single engine were transported in one hundred waggons: and the royal historian Abulfeda, who served with the troops of Hamah, was himself a spectator of the holy war. Whatever might be the vices of the Franks, their courage was rekindled by enthusiasm and despair; but they were torn by the discord of seventeen chiefs, and overwhelmed on all sides by the powers of the sultan. After a siege of thirtythree days, the double wall was forced A. D. 1291. by the Moslems; the principal tower May 18. yielded to their engines; the Mamalukes made a general assault; the city was stormed; and death or slavery was the lot of sixty thousand christians. The convent, or rather fortress, of the templars resisted three days longer; but the great master was pierced with an arrow; and, of five hundred knights, only ten were left alive, less happy than the victims of the sword, if they lived to suffer on a scaffold in the unjust and cruel proscription of the whole order. The king of Jerusalem, the patriarch, and the great master of the hospital, effected The loss of Acre and the Holy Land, r See the final expulsion of the Franks, in Sanutus, 1. iii. p. xii. c. 11-22. Abulfeda, Macrizi, &c. in De Guignes. tom. iv. p. 162. 164. and Vertot. tom. i. 1. iii. p. 407-428. a In the successive centuries, from the ninth to the eighteenth, Mosheim traces the schism of the Greeks with learning, clearness, and impartiality: the filioque, (Institut. Hist. Eccles. p. 277.) Leo III. p. 303. Photius, p. 307, 308. Michael Cerularius, p. 370, 371, &c. • Ανδρες δυσσέβεις και αποτροπαίοι, άνδρες εκ σκότους αναδύντες, In the course of the present history Their aversion the aversion of the Greeks for the Latins to the Latins. has been often visible and conspicuous. It was originally derived from the disdain of servitude, inflamed, after the time of Constantine, by the pride of equality or dominion; and finally exasperated by the preference which their rebellious subjects had given to the alliance of the Franks. In every ago the Greeks were proud of their superiority in profanc and religious knowledge: they had first received the light of christianity; they had pronounced the decrees of the seven general councils; they alone possessed the language of Scripture and philosophy; nor should the barbarians, immersed in the darkness of the west, presume to argue on the high and mysterious questions of theological science. Those barbarians despised in their turn the restless and subtle levity of the orientals, the authors of every heresy; and blessed their own simplicity, which was content to hold the tradition of the apostolic church. Yet in the seventh century, the synods of Spain, and afterwards of France, improved or corrupted the Nicene creed, on the mysterious subject of the third person of the Trinity. In the long controversies of the east, the na с Procession of the της γαρ Εσπερίου μοιρας υπηρχον γεννήματα. (Phot. Epist. p. 47. edit. Montacut.) The oriental patriarch continues to apply the images of thunder, earthquake, hail, wild boar, præcursors of Antichrist, &c. &c. The mysterious subject of the procession of the Holy Ghost, is discussed in the historical, theological, and controversial sense, or nonsense, by the Jesuit Petavius. (Dogmata Theologica, tom. ii. l. vii. p. 362-440.) e ture and generation of the Christ had been scrupulously defined; and the well-known relation of father and son seemed to convey a faint image to the human mind. The idea of birth was less analogous to the Holy Spirit, who, instead of a divine gift or attribute, was considered by the catholics as a substance, a person, a god; he was not begotten, but in the orthodox style he proceeded. Did he proceed from the Father alone, perhaps by the Son? or from the Father and the Son? The first of these opinions was asserted by the Greeks, the second by the Latins; and the addition to the Nicene creed of the word filioque, kindled the flame of discord between the oriental and the Gallic churches. In the origin of the dispute, the Roman pontiffs affected a character of neutrality and moderation: they condemned the innovation, but they acquiesced in the sentiment, of their Transalpine brethren; they seemed desirous of casting a veil of silence and charity over the superfluous research; and in the correspondence of Charlemagne and Leo the third, the pope assumes the liberality of a statesman, and the prince descends to the passion and prejudices of a priest. But the orthodoxy of Rome spontaneously obeyed the impulse of her temporal policy; and the filioque, which Leo wished to erase, was transcribed in the symbol and chanted in the liturgy of the Vatican. The Nicene and Athanasian creeds are held as the catholic faith, without which none can be saved; and both papists and protestants must now sustain and return the anathemas of the Greeks, who deny the procession of the Holy Ghost from the Son, as well as from the Father. Such articles of faith are not susceptible of treaty; but the rules of discipline will vary in remote and independent churches; and the reason, even of divines, might allow, that the difference is inevitable and harmless. The craft or superstition of Rome has imposed on her priests and deacons the rigid obligation of celibacy; among the Greeks it is confined to the bishops; the loss is compensated by dignity or annihilated by age; and the parochial clergy, the papas, enjoy the conjugal society of the wives whom they have married before their entrance into holy orders. A question concerning the azyms was fiercely debated in the eleventh century, and the essence of the Eucharist was supposed in the east and west to depend on the use of leavened or unleavened bread. Shall I mention in a serious history the furious reproaches that were urged against the Latins, who for a long while remained on the defensive? They neglected to abstain, according to the apostolical decree, from things strangled, and from blood they fasted, a Jewish observance! on Variety of eccle. siastical disci pline. d Before the shrine of St. Peter, he placed two shields of the weight of 944 pounds of pure silver; on which he inscribed the text of both creeds (utroque symbolo) pro amore et cautela orthodoxæ fidei. (Anastas. in Leon. III. in Muratori, tom. iii. pars i. p. 208.) His language most clearly proves, that neither the filioque nor the Athanasian creed were received at Rome about the year 830. e The Missi of Charlemagne pressed him to declare, that all who rejected the filioque, at least the doctrine, must be damned. All, replies the pope, are not capable of reaching the altiora mysteria; qui potuerit, et non voluerit, salvus esse non potest, (Collect. Concil. tom. ix. p. 277-286.) The potuerit would leave a large loop-hole of sal vation! patriarch of with the popes, In the Saturday of each week; during the first week of Lent they permitted the use of milk and cheese;' their infirm monks were indulged in the taste of flesh; and animal grease was substituted for the want of vegetable oil: the holy chrism or unction in baptism was reserved to the episcopal order: the bishops, as the bridegrooms of their churches, were decorated with rings; their priests shaved their faces, and baptized by a single immersion. Such were the crimes which provoked the zeal of the patriarchs of Constantinople; and which were justified with equal zeal by the doctors of the Latin church. & Bigotry and national aversion are Ambitious quarpowerful magnifiers of every object of rels of Photius, dispute; but the immediate cause of Constantinople, the schism of the Greeks may be A. D. 857-886. traced in the emulation of the leading prelates, who maintained the supremacy of the old metropolis superior to all, and of the reigning capital, inferior to none, in the christian world. About the middle of the ninth century, Photius," an ambitious layman, the captain of the guards and principal secretary, was promoted by merit and favour to the more desirable office of patriarch of Constantinople. science, even ecclesiastical science, he surpassed the clergy of the age; and the purity of his morals has never been impeached: but his ordination was hasty, his rise was irregular; and Ignatius, his abdicated predecessor, was yet supported by the public compassion and the obstinacy of his adherents. They appealed to the tribunal of Nicholas the first, one of the proudest and most aspiring of the Roman pontiffs, who embraced the welcome opportunity of judging and condemning his rival of the east. Their quarrel was imbittered by a conflict of jurisdiction over the king and nation of the Bulgarians; nor was their recent conversion to christianity of much avail to either prelate, unless he could number the proselytes among the subjects of his power. With the aid of his court the Greek patriarch was victorious; but in the furious contest he deposed in his turn the successor of St. Peter, and involved the Latin church in the reproach of heresy and schism. Photius sacrificed the peace of the world to a short and precarious reign: he fell with his patron, the Cæsar Bardus; and Basil the Macedonian performed an act of justice in the restoration of Ignatius, whose age and dignity had not been sufficiently respected. From his monastery, or prison, Photius solicited the favour of the emperor by pathetic complaints and artful flattery; and the eyes of his rival were scarcely closed, when he was again restored to the throne of Constantinople. After the death of Basil, he experienced the vi f In France, after some harsher laws, the ecclesiastical discipline is now relaxed: milk, cheese, and butter, are become a perpetual, and eggs an annual, indulgence in Lent. (Vie privée des François, tom. ii. p. 2738.) The original monuments of the schism, of the charges of the Greeks against the Latins, are deposited in the epistles of Photius, (Epist. Eu. cyclica, ii. p. 47-61.) and of Michael Cerularius. (Canisii Antiq. Lectiones, tom. iii. p. i. p. 281–324. edit. Basnage, with the prolix answer of Cardinal Humbert.) h The tenth volume of the Venice edition of the Councils contains all the acts of the synods, and history of Photius: they are abridged, with a faint tinge of prejudice or prudence, by Dupin and Fleury. cissitudes of courts and the ingratitude of a royal | the Moslems for the ruin of the greatest princes of pupil: the patriarch was again deposed, and in his last solitary hours he might regret the freedom of a secular and studious life. In each revolution, the breath, the nod, of the sovereign had been accepted by a submissive clergy; and a synod of three hundred bishops was always prepared to hail the triumph, or to stigmatize the fall, of the holy, or the execrable, Photius. By a delusive promise of succour or reward, the popes were tempted to countenance these various proceedings; and the synods of Constantinople were ratified by their epistles or legates. But the court and the people, Ignatius and Photius, were equally adverse to their claims; their ministers were insulted or imprisoned: the procession of the Holy Ghost was forgotten: Bulgaria was for ever annexed to the Byzantine throne; and the schism was prolonged by the rigid censure of all the multiplied ordinations of an irregular patriarch. The darkness and corruption of the tenth century suspended the intercourse, without reconciling the minds, of the two nations. But when the Norman sword restored the churches of Apulia to the jurisdiction of Rome, the departing flock was warned, by a petulant epistle of the Greek patriarch, to avoid and abhor the errors of the Latins. The rising majesty of Rome could no longer brook the insolence of a rebel; and Michael Cemunicate the pa- rularius was excommunicated in the stantinople and heart of Constantinople by the pope's A. D. 1054. legates. Shaking the dust from their July 16. feet, they deposited on the altar of St. Sophia a direful anathema, which enumerates the seven mortal heresies of the Greeks, and devotes the guilty teachers, and their unhappy sectaries, to the eternal society of the devil and his angels. According to the emergencies of the church and state a friendly correspondence was sometimes resumed; the language of charity and concord was sometimes affected; but the Greeks have never recanted their errors; the popes have never repealed their sentence: and from this thunderbolt we may date the consummation of the schism. It was enlarged by each ambitious step of the Roman pontiffs; the emperors blushed and trembled at the ignominious fate of their royal brethren of Germany; and the people were scandalized by the temporal power and military life of the Latin clergy.1 The popes excom triarch of Con the Greeks, Enmity of the Greeks and Latins, A. D. 1100-1200. The aversion of the Greeks and Latins was nourished and manifested in the three first expeditions to the Holy Land. Alexius Comnenus contrived the absence at least of the formidable pilgrims: his successors, Manuel and Isaac Angelus, conspired with i The synod of Constantinople, held in the year 869, is the eighth of the general councils, the last assembly of the east which is recognized by the Roman church. She rejects the synods of Constantinople of the years 867 and 879, which were, however, equally numerous and noisy; but they were favourable to Photius. k See this anathema in the councils, tom. xi. p. 1457-1460. 1 Anna Comnena (Alexiad, 1. i. p. 31-33.) represents the abhorrence, not only of the church, but of the palace, for Gregory VII. the popes, and the Latin communion. The style of Cinnamus and Nicetas is still more vehement. Yet how calm is the voice of history compared with that of polemics! m His anonymous historian (de Expedit. Asiat. Fred. I. in Canisii the Franks; and their crooked and malignant policy The Latins at |