Final conclusion.

Of these pilgrims, and of every reader, the attention will be excited by a History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire; the greatest, perhaps, and most awful, scene in the history of mankind. The various causes and progressive effects are connected with many of the events most interesting in human annals: the artful policy of the Cæsars, who long maintained the name and image of a free republic; the disorder of military despotism; the rise, establishment, and sects of christianity; the foundation of Constantinople; the division of the monarchy; the invasion and settlements of the barbarians of Germany and Scythia; the institutions of the civil law; the character and religion of Mahomet; the temporal sovereignty of the popes; the restoration

and decay of the western empire of Charlemagne ; the crusades of the Latins in the east; the conquests of the Saracens and Turks; the ruin of the Greek empire; the state and revolutions of Rome in the middle age. The historian may applaud the importance and variety of his subject; but, while he is conscious of his own imperfections, he must often accuse the deficiency of his materials. It was among the ruins of the capitol that I first conceived the idea of a work which has amused and exercised, near twenty years of my life, and which, however inadequate to my own wishes, I finally deliver to the curiosity and candour of the public.

LAUSANNE,

June 27, 1787.

ABAN, the Saracen, heroism of his widow, 944.
Abbassides, elevation of the house of, to the office
of caliph of the Saracens, 978.
Abdallah, the Saracen, his excursion to plunder the
fair of Abyla, 946. His African expedition, ib.
Abdalmalek, caliph of the Saracens, refuses tribute
to the emperor of Constantinople, and establishes
a national mint, 973.
Abdalrahman, the Saracen, establishes his throne at
Cordova in Spain, 979.. Splendour of his court,
980. His estimate of his happiness, 981.
Abdelaziz, the Saracen, his treaty with Theodemir
the Gothic prince of Spain, 966. His death, 967.
Abderame, his expedition to France, and victories
there, 976. His death, 977.

Abdol Motalleb, the grandfather of the prophet
Mahomet, his history, 909.

Abgarus, inquiry into the authenticity of his cor-
respondence with Jesus Christ, 875.

Abgarus, the last king of Edessa, sent in chains to
Rome, 83.

Ablavius, the confidential præfect under Constan-

tine the Great, a conspiracy formed against him
on that emperor's death, 264. Is put to death, ib.
Abu Ayub, his history, and the veneration paid to
his memory by the Mahometans, 972, 1239.
Abubeker, the friend of Mahomet, is one of his first
converts, 916. Flies from Mecca with him, 918.
Succeeds Mahomet as caliph of the Saracens, 929.
His character, 934.

Abu Caab commands the Andalusian Moors who
subdued the island of Crete, 985.

Abu Sophian, prince of Mecca, conspires the death
of Mahomet, 918. Battles of Beder and Ohud,
920, 921. Besieges Medina without success, 921.
Surrenders Mecca to Mahomet, and receives him
as a prophet, 922.

Abu Taher, the Carmathian, pillages Mecca, 990.
Abulfeda, his account of the splendour of the caliph
Moctader, 980.

Abulpharagius, primate of the eastern Jacobites,
some account of, 839. His encomium on wisdom
and learning, 981.
Abundantius, general of the east, and patron of the
eunuch Eutropius, is disgraced and exiled by
him, 532.

Abyla, the fair of, plundered by the Saracens,
946.

Abyssinia, the inhabitants of, described, 731. Their
alliance with the emperor Justinian, ib. Eccle-
siastical history of, 843.

Acacius, bishop of Amida, an uncommon instance
of episcopal benevolence, 543.
Achaia, its extent, 10.

Acre, the memorable siege of, by the crusaders,
1101. Final loss of, 1107.

Actions, institutes of Justinian respecting, 772.
Actium, a review of Roman affairs after the battle
of, 24.

Adauctus, the only martyr of distinction during the
persecution under Diocletian, 229.

Adolphus, the brother of Alaric, brings him a rein-
forcement of troops, 511. Is made count of the
domestics to the new emperor Attalus, 514. Suc-
ceeds his brother as king of the Goths, and con-
cludes a peace with Honorius, 520.
Adoption, the two kinds of, under the Greek empire,
1078, note.

Adoration of the Roman emperor, custom of, and
derivation of the term, 1002.

Adorno, the Genoese governor of Phocæa, conveys
Amurath II. from Asia to Europe, 1191.
Adrian I.. pope, his alliance with Charlemagne
against the Lombards, 883, 884. His reception
of Charlemagne at Rome, 885. Asserts the fic-
titious donation of Constantine the Great, 886.
Adultery, distinctions of, and how punished by Au-
gustus, 776. By the christian emperors, ib.
Elia Capitolina, founded on Mount Sion, by Ha-
drian, 180.

Elius Patus, his Tripartite, the oldest work of
Roman jurisprudence, 757.
Emilianus, governor of Pannonia and Masia,
routs the barbarous invaders of the empire, and
is declared emperor by his troops, 100..
Eneas of Gaza, his attestation of the miraculous
gift of speech to the catholic confessors of Tipasa,
whose tongues had been cut out, 615.
Aneas Sylvius, his account of the impracticability
of a European crusade against the Turks, 1241.

His epigram on the destruction of ancient build- |
ings in Rome, 1280, note.
Era of the world, remarkable epochas in, pointed
out, 684, note.

Gelalæan, of the Turks, when settled, 1061.
Aerial tribute, in the eastern empire, what, 671.
Etius, surnamed the Atheist, his character and
adventures, 315, 318, 324, note.

the Roman general under Valentinian III.
his character, 546. His treacherous scheme to
ruin count Boniface, 547. Is forced to retire into
Pannonia, 550. His invitation of the Huns into
the empire, 553. Seizes the administration of the
western empire, 566. His character, as given
by Renatus, a contemporary historian, ib. Em-
ploys the Huns and Alani in the defence of Gaul,
b. Concludes a peace with Theodoric, 567.
Raises the siege of Orleans, 571. Battle of Cha-
lons, ib. His prudence on the invasion of Italy
by Attila, 575. Is murdered by Valentinian, 578.
Africa, its situation and revolutions, 11. Great
revenue raised from, by the Romans, 64. Pro-
gress of christianity there, 201.

-

is distracted with religious discord in the
time of Constantine the Great, 307. Character
and revolt of the Circumcellions, 330. Oppres-
sions of, under the government of count Ro-
manus, 405. General state of Africa, 406.

- revolt of count Boniface there, 547. Ar-
rival of Genseric king of the Vandals, ib. Per-
secution of the Donatists, 548. Devastations of,
by the Vandals, 549. Carthage surprised by
Genseric, 551. Persecution of the catholics, 612.

expedition of Belisarius to, 687. Is re-
covered by the Romans, 692. The government
of, settled by Justianian, ib. Revolt of the
troops there, under Stoza, 733. Devastation of
the war, 734.

- invasion of, by the Saracens, 958. Con-
quest of, by Akbah, 960. Decline and extinction
of christianity there, 969. Revolt and independ-
ence of the Saracens there, 991.
Aglabites, the Saracen dynasty of, 991.
Aglae, a Roman lady, patronizes St. Boniface, 229.
Agricola, review of his conduct in Britain, 2.
Agriculture, great improvement of, in the western

countries of the Roman empire, 21. State of, in
the eastern empire, under Justinian, 667.
Ajar, the sepulchre of, how distinguished, 235.
Aiznadin, battle of, between the Saracens and the
Greeks, 943.

Akbah, the Saracen, his exploits in Africa, 960.
Alani, occasion of these people invading Asia, 129.
Conquest of, by the Huns, 422. Join the Goths
who had emigrated into Thrace, 429. See Goths,
and Vandals.

Alaric, the Goth, learns the art of war under Theo-
dosius the Great, 459. Becomes the leader of the
Gothic revolt, and ravages Greece, 483. Escapes
from Stilicho, 485. Is appointed master general
of the eastern Illyricum, 485. His invasion of
Italy, 486. Is defeated by Stilicho at Pollentia,
488. Is driven out of Italy, 489. Is, by treaty
with Honorius, declared master general of the
Roman armies throughout the præfecture of 11-
lyricum, 496. His pleas and motives for march-
ing to Rome, 501. Encamps under the walls of
that city, 502. Accepts a ransom, and raises the
siege, 511. His negociations with the emperor
Honorius, 512. His second siege of Rome, 513.
Places Attalus on the imperial throne, 514. De-
grades him, 515. Seizes the city of Rome, ib.
His sack of Rome compared with that by the
emperor Charles V. 518. Retires from Rome,
and ravages Italy, ib. His death and burial, 519.
Alaric II. king of the Goths, his overthrow by
Clovis king of the Franks, 624.
Alberic, the son of Marozia, his revolt, and govern-
ment of Rome, 896.

Albigeois of France, persecution of, 1017.
Alboin, king of the Lombards. his history, 780.
His alliance with the Avars against the Gepida,
781. Reduces the Gepida, ib. He undertakes
the conquest of Italy, 782. Overruns what is
now called Lombardy, 783. Assumes the regal
title there, ib. Takes Pavia, and makes it his
capital city, ib. Is murdered at the instigation
of his queen Rosamond, ib.
Alchemy, the books of, in Egypt, destroyed by
Diocletian, 145.

Aleppo, siege and capture of, by the Saracens, 949
Is recovered by the Greeks, 993. Is taken and
sacked by Tamerlane, 1184.
Alexander III. pope, establishes the papal election
in the college of cardinals, 1252.
Alexander, archbishop of Alexandria, excommu-
nicates Árius for his heresy, 312.
Alexander Severus, is declared Cæsar by the em-
peror Elagabalus, 59. Is raised to the throne,
b. Examination into his pretended victory over
Artaxerxes, 83. Showed a regard for the christian
religion, 221.

Alexandria, a general massacre there, by order of
the emperor Caracalla, 54. The city described,
111. Is ruined by ridiculous intestine commotions,
ib. By famine and pestilence, 112. Is besieged
and taken by Diocletian, 145. The christian the-
ology reduced to a systematical form in the school
of, 200. Number of martyrs who suffered there
in the persecution by Decíus, 216.

the theological system of Plato taught
in the school of, and received by the Jews there,
309. Questions concerning the nature of the Tri-
nity, agitated in the philosophical and christian
schools of, 310, 312. History of the archbishop
St. Athanasius, 319. Outrages attending his ex-
pulsion, and the establishment of his successor,
George of Cappadocia, 325. The city distracted
by pious factions, 327. Disgraceful life and tra-
gical death of George of Cappadocia, 362, 363.
Restoration of Athanasius, 364. Athanasius
banished by Julian, ib. Suffers greatly by an
earthquake, 414.

History of the temple of Serapis there,
466. This temple, and the famous library, de-
stroyed by bishop Theophilus, 467.

- is taken by Amrou the Saracen, 955.
The famous library there, 956.
Alerius Angelus, his usurpation of the Greek em-
pire, and character, 1111. Flies before the cru-
saders, 1118.

Alerius 1. Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople,
866. New titles of dignity invented by him, 1001.
Battle of Durazzo, 1044. Solicits the aid of the
emperor Henry III. 1045.

- solicits the aid of the christian princes
against the Turks, 1067. His suspicious policy
on the arrival of the crusaders, 1077. Exacts
homage from them, 1078. Profits by the success
of the crusaders, 1091.
Alerius II. Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople,
869.

Alerius Strategopulus, the Greek general, retakes
Constantinople from the Latins, 1135.
Alexius, the son of Isaac Angelus, his escape from
his uncle, who had deposed his father, 1111. His
treaty with the crusaders for his restoration, 1115.
Restoration of his father, 1119. His death, 1121.
Alfred sends an embassy to the shrine of St. Tho-
mas in India, 838.

Algebra, by whom invented, 982.

Ali, joins Mahomet in his prophetical mission, 917.
His heroism, 922. His character, 928. Is chosen
caliph of the Saracens, 929. Devotion paid at his
tomb, 931. His posterity, ib.

Aligern, defends Cuma for his brother Teias, king
of the Goths, 743. Is reduced, 744.
Allectus murders Carausius, and usurps his sta-
tion, 143

Alemanni, the origin and warlike spirit of, 103.
Are driven out of Italy by the senate and people,
ib. Invade the empire under Aurelian, 117. Are
totally routed, 118. Gaul delivered from their
depredations by Constantius Chlorus, 144.

invade and establish themselves in Gaul,
284. Are defeated at Strasburgh by Julian, 287
Are reduced by Julian in his expeditions beyond
the Rhine, 288. Invade Gaul under the emperor
Valentinian, 399. Are reduced by Jovinus, ib.
And chastised by Valentinian, 400.

are subdued by Clovis king of the Franks,

620.
Alp Arslan, sultan of the Turks, his reign, 1058.
Alypius, governor of Britain, is commissioned by
the emperor Julian to rebuild the temple of Je-
rusalem, 358.

Amala, king of the Goths, his high credit among
them, 97.

Amalasantha, queen of Italy, her history and cha-
racter, 697. Her death, 698.

Amalphi, description of the city, and its commerce,
1040.

Amazons, improbability of any society of, 124, note.
Ambition, reflections on the violence and various
operations of that passion, 873.
Ambrose, St. composed a treatise on the Trinity,
for the use of the emperor Gratian, 440, note.
His birth, and promotion to the archbishopric of
Milan, 449. Opposes the Arian worship of the
empress Justina, ib. Refuses obedience to the
imperial power, 450. Controls the emperor
Theodosius, 456. Imposes penance on Theodo-
sius for his cruel treatment of Thessalonica, 457.
Employed his influence over Gratian and Theo-
dosius, to inspire them with maxims of perse-
cution, 462. Opposes Symmachus, the advocate
for the old Pagan religion, 464. Comforts the
citizens of Florence with a dream, when besieged
by Radagaisus, 492.

Amida, siege of, by Sapor king of Persia, 282. Re-
ceives the fugitive inhabitants of Nisibis, 385. Is
besieged and taken by Cabades king of Persia,

630.

Amir, prince of Ionia, his character, and passage
iato Europe, 1173.
Ammianus, the historian, his religious character of
the emperor Constantius, 318. His remark on
the enmity of christians toward each other, 331.
His account of the fiery obstructions to restoring
the temple of Jerusalem, 358. His account of the
hostile contest of Damasus and Ursinus for the
bishopric of Rome, 398. Testimony in favour
of his historical merit, 435. His character of the
nobles of Rome, 504.
Ammonius, the mathematician, his measurement
of the circuit of Rome, 509.
Ammonius, the monk of Alexandria, his martyr-
dom, 821.

Amorium, siege and destruction of, by the caliph
Motassem, 988.

Amphilochus, bishop of Iconium, gains the favour
of the emperor Theodosius by an orthodox bon
mot, 443.

Amphitheatre at Rome, a description of, 137, 1281.|
Amrou, his birth and character, 952. His invasion

and conquest of Egypt, 953. His administration
there, 957. His description of the country, ib.
Amurath 1. sultan of the Turks, his reign, 1175.
Amurath II. sultan, his reign and character, 1215.
Anachorets, in monkish history, described, 607.
Anacletus, pope, his Jewish extraction, 1256.
Anastasius I. marries the empress Ariadne, 646.
His war with Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, king of
Italy, 651. His economy celebrated, 670. His
long wall from the Propontis to the Euxine, 677.
Is humbled by the catholic clergy, 829.
Anastasius II. emperor of Constantinople, 851.
His preparations of defence against the Saracens,
973.

Anastasius, St. his brief history and martyrdom,
807, note.

Anathe, the city of, on the banks of the Euphrates,
described, 372.
Andalusia, derivation of the name of that pro-
vince, 963, note.

Andronicus, president of Lybia, excommunicated
by Synesius bishop of Ptolemais, 305.
Andronicus Comnenus, his character, and first ad-
ventures, 869. Seizes the empire of Constanti-
nople, 872. His unhappy fate, 873.
Andronicus, the Elder, emperor of Constantinople,
his superstition, 1153. His war with his grand-
son, and abdication, 1155, 1156.
Andronicus, the Younger, emperor of Constanti
nople, his licentious character, 1155. His civil
war against his grandfather, ib. His reign, 1156.
Is vanquished and wounded by sultan Orchan,
1172. His private application to pope Benedict
XII. of Rome, 1195.

Angora, battle of, between Tamerlane and Bajazet,
1185.

Anianus, bishop of Orleans, his pious anxiety for
the relief of that city, when besieged by Attila the
Hun, 570.

Anician family at Rome, brief history of, 508.
Anna Comnena, character of her history of her
father. Alexius I. emperor of Constantinople,
866. Her conspiracy against her brother John,
867.
Anthemius, emperor of the west, his descent, and
investiture by Leo the Great, 591. His election
confirmed at Rome, ib. Is killed in the sack of
Rome by Ricimer, 597.
Anthemius, præfect of the east, character of his
administration, in the minority of the emperor
Theodosius the younger, 540.
Anthemius, the architect, instances of his great
knowledge in mechanics, 674. Forms the design
of the church of St. Sophia at Constantinople, ib.
Anthony, St. father of the Egyptian monks, his
history, 602.

Anthropomorphites, among the early christians, per-
sonifiers of the Deity, 818.
Antioch, taken and destroyed by Sapor king of
Persia, 108. Flourishing state of the christian
church there, in the reign of Theodosius, 200.
--- history of the body of St. Babylas, bishop
of, 362. The cathedral of, shut up, and its wealth
confiscated, by the emperor Julian, ib.
tious manners of the citizens, 367. Popular dis-
contents during the residence of Julian there, ib.

Licen

sedition there, against the emperor Theo-
dosius, 454. The city pardoned, 455.

is taken and ruined by Chosroes king of
Persia, 724. Great destruction there by an earth-
quake, 750. Is again seized by Chosroes 11. 806.

is reduced by the Saracens, and ransomed,
950. Is recovered by the Greeks, 993.

- besieged and taken by the first crusaders,
1082.
Antonina, the wife of Belisarius, her character,
687. Examines and convicts pope Sylverius of

treachery, 705. Her activity during the siege of
Rome, 706. Her secret history, 711. Founds a
convent for her retreat, 748.

Antoninus, a Roman refugee at the court of Sapor
king of Persia, stimulates him to an invasion of
the Roman provinces, 282.
Antoninus Pius, his character, and that of Hadrian
compared, 3. Is adopted by Hadrian, 30.
Antoninus Marcus, his defensive wars, 4. Is adopt-
ed by Pius at the instance of Hadrian, 31. His
character, 33. His war against the united Ger-
mans, 94. Suspicious story of his edict in favour
of the christians, 220.

Aper, Arrius, prætorian præfect, and father-in-
law to the emperor Numerian, is killed by Dio
cletian as the presumptive murderer of that
prince, 139.

Apharban, the Persian, his embassy from Narses
king of Persia, to the emperor Galerius, 148.
Apocalypse, why now admitted into the canon of
the Scriptures, 186, note.
Apocaucus, admiral of Constantinople, his con-
federacy against John Cantacuzene, 1157. His
death, 1159.

Apollinaris, bishop of Laodicea, his hypothesis of
the divine incarnation of Jesus Christ, 819.
Apollinaris, patriarch of Alexandria, butchers his
flock in defence of the catholic doctrine of the
incarnation, 841.

Apollonius of Tyana, his doubtful character, 121,

note.

Apotheosis of the Roman emperors, how this cus-
tom was introduced, 28.
Apsimar dethrones Leontius emperor of Constan-
tinople, and usurps his place, 849.
Apulia is conquered by the Normans, 1036. Is
confirmed to them by papal grant, 1038.
Aquileia, besieged by the emperor Maximin, 73.
Is taken and destroyed by Attila king of the
Huns, 574.

Aquitain, is settled by the Goths, under their king
Wallia, 526. Is conquered by Clovis king of the
Franks, 625.

Arabia, its situation, soil, and climate, 901. Its
division into the sandy, the stony, and happy,
ib. The pastoral Arabs, 902. Their horses and
camels, ib. Cities of, th, Manners and customs
of the Arabs, 903. Their language, 906. Their
benevolence, ib. History and description of the
Caaba of Mecca, 907. Religions, 908. Life
and doctrine of Mahomet, 909. Conquest of, by
Mahomet, 923. Character of the caliphs, 935.
Rapid conquests of, 936. Limits of their con-
quests, 971. Three caliphs established, 979. In-
troduction of learning anong the Arabians, 981.
Their progress in the sciences, 982. Their li-
terary deficiencies, 983. Decline and fall of the
caliphs, 990.

Arbetio, a veteran under Constantine the Great,
leaves his retirement to oppose the usurper Pro
copius, 392.

Arbogastes the Frank, his military promotion
under Theodosius in Gaul, and conspiracy
against Valentinian the Younger, 458. Is de-
feated by Theodosius, and kills himself, 460.
Arcadius, son of the emperor Theodosius, succeeds
to the empire of the east, 473. His magnificence,
530. Extent of his dominions, ib. Administra-
tion of his favourite eunuch Eutropius, 16. His
cruel law against treason, 532. Signs the con-
demnation of Eutropius, 534. His interview
with the revolters Tribigild and Gainas. 535.
His death, and supposed testament, 539, 540.
Architecture, Roman, the general magnificence of,
indicated by the existing ruins, 18.
Ardaburius, his expedition to Italy, to reduce the
usurper John, 545.

Argonauts, the object of their expedition to Col-
chos, 726.

Ariadne, daughter of the emperor Leo, and wife
of Zeno, her character, and marriage afterward
with Anastasius, 646.

Arii, a tribe of the Lygians, their terrific mode of

waging war, 131.

Arinthaus, is appointed general of the horse by the
emperor Julian on his Persian expedition, 371.
Distinguishes himself against the usurper Pio-
copius, 392.

Ariovistus seizes two thirds of the lands of the
Sequani in Gaul, for himself and his German
followers, 629.

Aristobulus, principal minister of the house of
Carus, is received into confidence by the em-
peror Diocletian, 140.

Aristotle, his logic better adapted to the detection
of error, than for the discovery of truth, 982.
Arius, is excommunicated for heretical notions
concerning the Trinity, 312. Strength of his
party, ib. His opinions examined in the council
of Nice, 313. Account of Arian sects, 315.
Council of Rimini, 316. His banishment and
recall, 317. His suspicious death, ib.

611.

the Arians persecute the catholics in Africa,
Armenia is seized by Sapor king of Persia, 107,
Tiridates restored, 146. He is again expelled
by the Persians, 147. Is resigned to Tiridates
by treaty between the Romans and Persians, 150.

is rendered tributary to Persia, on the
death of Tiridates, 266. Character of Arsaces
Tiranus, king of, and his conduct toward the
emperor Julian, 370. Is reduced by Sapor to
a Persian province, 407.

- its distractions and division between the
Persians and the Romans, 543.

- history of christianity there, 840.
Armies of the eastern empire, state of, under the
emperor Maurice, 802.

Armorica, the provinces of, form a free govern-
ment independent on the Romans, 528. Subunits
to Clovis king of the Franks, 622. Settlement
of Britons in, 638.

Arrian, his visit to, and description of, Colchos,
797.

Arsaces Tiranus, king of Armenia, his character,
and disaffection to the emperor Julian, 370.
Withdraws his troops treacherously from the
Roman service, 377. His disastrous end, 407.
Arsenius, patriarch of Constantinople, excommu-
nicates the emperor Michael Palaologus, 1146.
Faction of the Arsenites, ib.

Artaban, king of Parthia, is defeated and slain by
Artaxerxes king of Persia, 78.
Artahan, his conspiracy against the emperor Jus-
tinian, 739. Is intrusted with the conduct of
the armament sent to Italy, 740.
Artasires, king of Armenia, is deposed by the
Persians at the instigation of his own subjects,
544.

Artavasdes, his revolt against the Greek emperor
Constantine V. at Constantinople, 878.
Artaxerxes restores the Persian monarchy, 78.
Prohibits every worship but that of Zoroaster,
81. His war with the Romans, 83. His cha-
racter and maxims, 84.

Artemius, duke of Egypt under Constantius, is
condemned to death under Julian, for cruelty
and corruption, 344.

Arthur, king of the Britons, his history obscured
by monkish fictions, 638.
Arvandus, prætorian præfect of Gaul, his trial
and condemnation by the Roman senate, 594.
Ascalon, battle of, between Godfrey king of Jeru-
salem, and the sultan of Egypt, 1087.
Ascetics, in ecclesiastical history, account of, 602.
Asclepiodatus reduces and kills the British usurper
Alle tus, 143.

Asia, summary view of the revolutions in that
quarter of the world, 78.

Asia Minor described, 10. Amount of its tribute
to Rome, 64. Is conquered by the Turks, 1061.
Asiarch, the nature of this office among the ancient
pagans, 198, note.

Aspar is commissioned by Theodosius the Younger
to conduct Valentinian III. to Italy, 545.
Places his steward Leo on the throne of the
eastern empire, 590. He and his sons murdered
by Leo, 646.
Assassins, the principality of, destroyed by the
Moguls, 1168.

Assemblies of the people abolished under the
Roman emperors, 27. The nature of, among
the ancient Germans, 89.

Assyria, the province of, described, 372. Is in-
vaded by the emperor Julian, 373. His retreat,

379.

Astarte, her image brought from Carthage to Rome,
as a spouse for Elagabalus, 58.
Astolphus, king of the Lombards, takes the city of
Ravenna, and attacks Rome, 883. Is repelled
by Pepin king of France, ib.

Astrology, why cultivated by the Arabian astro-
nomers, 983.

Athalaric, the son of Amalasontha queen of Italy,
his education and character, 697.
Athanaric the Gothic chief, his war against the
emperor Valens, 410. His alliance with Theo-
dosius, his death and funeral, 437:
Athanasius, St. confesses his understanding be-
wildered by meditating on the divinity of the
Logos, 311. General view of his opinions, 314.
Is banished, 317. His character and adventures,
319. 364. 387. 396. Was not the author of the
famous creed under his name, 614, etc.
Athanasius, patriarch of Constantinople, his con-
tests with the Greek emperor Andronicus the
Elder, 1154.

Athenais, daughter of the philosopher Leontius.
See Eudocia.

Athens, the libraries in that city, why said to have
been spared by the Goths, 107. Naval strength
of the republic of, during its prosperity, 175, note.
- is laid under contribution by Alaric the
Goth, 483.

-review of the philosophical history of, 681.
The schools of, silenced by the emperor Jus-
tinian, 683.

revolutions of, after the crusades, and its
present state, 1152.
Athos, mount, beatific visions of the monks of, 1161.
Atlantic Ocean, derivation of its name, 11.
Attacotti, a Caledonian tribe of cannibals, account
of, 404.

Attalus, præfect of Rome, is chosen emperor by
the senate, under the influence of Alaric, 514.
Is publicly degraded, 515. His future fortune,
524.

Attalus, a noble youth of Auvergne, his adven-
tures, 632.

Attila, the Hun, 554. Description of his person
and character, ib. His conquests, 555. His
treatment of his captives, 558. Imposes terms
of peace on Theodosius the Younger, 559. Op-
presses Theodosius by his ambassadors, 560.
Description of his royal residence, 562. His
reception of the ambassadors of Theodosius, ib.
His behaviour on discovering the scheme of
Theodosius to get him assassinated, 564. His
haughty messages to the emperors of the east
and west. 565. His invasion of Gaul, 570. His
oration to his troops on the approach of Ætius
and Theodoric, 572. Battle of Chalons, ib. His
invasion of Italy, 571. His retreat purchased by
Valentinian, 575. His death, 576.

Atys and Cybele, the fable of, allegorized by the
pen of Julian, 349.

Avars, are discomfited by the Turks, 718. Their
embassy to the emperor Justinian, ib. Their
conquests in Poland and Germany, ib. Their

embassy to Justin II. 780. They join the Lom-
bards against the Gepida, 781. Pride, policy,
and power, of their chagan Baian, 800. Their
conquests, ib. Invest Constantinople, 809.
Averroes, his religious infidelity, how far justi-
fiable, 984, note.

Aversa, a town near Naples, built as a settlement
for the Normans, 1035.

Augurs, Roman, their number and peculiar office,
462.

Augustin, his account of the miracles wrought by
the body of St. Stephen, 471. Celebrates the
piety of the Goths in the sacking of Rome, 516.
Approves the persecution of the Donatists of
Africa, 548. His death, character, and writings,
549, 550. History of his relics, 692, note.
Augustulus, son of the patrician Orestes, is chosen
emperor of the west, 598. Is deposed by Odoa-
cer, ib. His banishment to the Lucullan villa in
Campania, 599.

Augustus, emperor, his moderate exercise of power,
1. Is imitated by his successors, 2. His naval
regulations, 8. His division of Gaul, ib. His
situation after the battle of Actium, 24. He re-
forms the senate, ib. Procures a senatorial grant
of the imperial dignity, ib. Division of the pro-
vinces between him and the senate, 25. Is al-
lowed his military command and guards in the
city of Rome, 26. Obtains the consular and tri-
bunitian offices for life, ib. His character and
policy, 28. Adopts Tiberius, 29. Formed an
accurate register of the revenues and expenses of
the empire, 63. Taxes instituted by him, 64.
His naval establishments at Ravenna, 490.
Augustus and Casar, those titles explained and dis-
criminated, 28.

Avienus, his character and embassy from Valen-
tinian III. to Attila king of the Huns, 575.
Avignon, the holy see how transferred from Rome
to that city, 1254. Return of pope Urban V. to
Rome, 1268.

Avitus, his embassy from Etius to Theodoric king
of the Visigoths, 571. Assumes the empire, 582.
His deposition and death, 584.
Aurelian, emperor, his birth and services, 116.
His expedition against Palmyra, 121. His tri-
umph, 123. His cruelty and death, 125, 126.
Aurengzebe, account of his immense camp, 82, note.
Aureolus is invested with the purple on the Upper
Danube, 113.

Ausonius, the tutor of the emperor Gratian, his
promotions, 440, note.

Autharis, king of the Lombards in Italy, his wars
with the Franks, 787. His adventurous gal-
lantry, 790.

Autun, the city of, stormed and plundered by the
legions in Gaul, 120.

Auvergne, province and city of, in Gaul, revolu-
tions of, 631.

Auxiliaries, barbarian, fatal consequences of their
admission into the Roman armies, 248.
Aruch, a Turkish slave, his generous friendship
to the princess Anna Comnena, 867. And to
Manuel Comnenus, 868.

Azimuntium, the citizens of, defend their privileges
against Peter, brother of the eastern emperor Mau-
rice, 801.

Azimus, remarkable spirit shown by the citizens
of, against Attila and his Huns, 559.

B

Baalbec, description of the ruins of, 947.
Babylas, St. bishop of Antioch, his posthumous
history, 361.

Bagauda, in Gaul, revolt of, its occasion, and sup-
pression by Maximian, 141.

Bagdad becomes the royal residence of the Abbas-
sides, 980. Derivation of the name, ib. note.
The fallen state of the caliphs of, 992. The city
of, stormed and sacked by the Moguls, 1168.
Bahram, the Persian general, his character and ex-
ploits, 796. Is provoked to rebellion, 797. De-
thrones Chosroes, 798. His usurpation and
death, 799.

Baian, chagan of the Avars, his pride, policy, and
power, 800. His perfidious seizure of Sirmium
and Singidunum, 801. His conquests, ib. His
treacherous attempt to seize the emperor Hera-
clius, 808. Invests Constantinople in conjunc-
tion with the Persians, 812. Retires, ib.
Bajazet I. sultan of the Turks, his reign, 1175.
His correspondence with Tamerlane, 1182. Is
defeated and captured by Tamerlane, 1185. In-
quiry into the story of the iron cage, 1186. His
sons, 1190.

Balbinus elected joint emperor with Maximus by
the senate, on the deaths of the two Gordians, 72.
Baldwin, count of Flanders, engages in the fourth
crusade, 1112. Is chosen emperor of Constanti-
nople, 1126. Is taken prisoner by Calo-John,
king of the Bulgarians, 1129. His death, 1130.
Baldwin, II. emperor of Constantinople, 1133.
His distresses and expedients, ib. His expulsion
from that city, 1136.

Baldwin, brother of Godfrey of Bouillon, accom-
panies him on the first crusade, 1074. Founds
the principality of Edessa, 1081.
Baltic Sea, progressive subsidence of the water of,
85, note. How the Romans acquired a know-
ledge of the naval powers of, 401, note.
Baptism, theory and practice of, aniong the primi-
tive christians, 299.

Barbary, the name of that country, whence de-
rived, 962, note. The Moors of, converted to the
Mahometan faith, 962.

Barbatio, general of infantry in Gaul under Ju-
lian, his misconduct, 286.
Barcochebas, his rebellion against the emperor
Hadrian, 206.

Bards, Celtic, their power of exciting a martial en-
thusiasm in the people, 92.

Bards, British, their peculiar office and duties, 640. |
Bardas, Casar, one of the restorers of learning, 1010.
Bari is taken from the Saracens, by the joint efforts
of the Latin and Greek empires, 1032.
Barlaam, a Calabrian monk, his dispute with the
Greek theologians about the light of mount Tha-
bor, 1161. His embassy to Rome, from Andro-
nicus the Younger, 1195. His literary character,
1208.

Basil I. the Macedonian, emperor of Constanti-
nople, 857. Reduces the Paulicians, 1016.
Basil II. emperor of Constantinople, 862. His
great wealth, 999. His inhuman treatment of
the Bulgarians, 1021.

Basil, archbishop of Cæsarea, no evidence of his
having been persecuted by the emperor Valens,
397. Insults his friend Gregory Nazianzen,
under the appearance of promotion, 444. The
father of the monks of Pontus, 603.

Basiliscus, brother of the empress Verina, is in-
trusted with the command of the armainent sent
against the Vandals in Africa, 593. His fleet
destroyed by Genseric, ib. His promotion to
the empire, and death, 646.

Bassianus, high priest of the sun, his parentage,
56. Is proclaimed emperor at Emesa, 57. See
Elagabalus.

Bassianus, brother-in-law to Constantine, revolts
against him, 172.

Bassora, its foundation and situation, 938.
Baths, public, of Rome, described, 508.
Batna, reception of the emperor Julian there, 369.
Beasts, wild, the variety of, introduced in the
circus, for the public games at Rome, 137.
Beausobre, M. de, character of his Histoire Cri-
tique du Manicheisme, 816, note.
Beder, battle of, between Mahomet and the Koreish
of Mecca, 920.

Bedoweens of Arabia, their mode of life, 902.
Bees, remarks on the structure of their combs and
cells, 981, note.

Belisarius, his birth and military promotion, 685.
Is appointed by Justinian to conduct the African
war, 686. Embarkation of his troops, 687. Lands
in Africa, 688. Defeats Gelimer, 689. Is re-
ceived into Carthage, ib. Second defeat of
Gelimer, 691. Reduction of Africa, 692. Sur-
render of Gelimer, 693. His triumphant return
to Constantinople, 694. Is declared sole consul,
ib. He menaces the Ostrogoths of Italy, 697.
He seizes Sicily, 698. Invades Italy, 700. Takes
Naples, ib. He enters Rome, 701. He is be-
sieged in Rome by the Goths, ib. The siege
raised, 707. Causes Constantine, one of his
generals, to be killed, ib. Siege of Ravenna,
709. Takes Ravenna by stratagem, ib. Returns
to Constantinople, 710. His character and be-
haviour, ib, Scandalous life of his wife Anto-
nina, 711. His disgrace and submission, 712.
Is sent into the east to oppose Chosroes king of
Persia, 724. His politic reception of the Persian
ambassadors, 725. His second campaign in Italy,
736. His ineffectual attempt to raise the siege of
Rome, 737. Dissuades Totila from destroying
Rome, 738. Recovers the city, ib. His final
recall from Italy, 739. Rescues Constantinople
from the Bulgarians, 747. His disgrace and
death, 748.

Renefice, in feudal language, explained, 630.
Benevento, battle of, between Charles of Anjou,
and Mainfroy the Silician usurper, 1149.
Beneventum, anecdotes relating to the siege of,
1033.

Benjamin of Tudela, his account of the riches of
Constantinople, 999.

Beraa, or Aleppo, reception of the emperor Julian
there, 369.

Bernard, St. his character and influence in pro-
moting the second crusade, 1094. His character
of the Romans, 1245.

Berytus, account of the law school established
there, 245. Is destroyed by an earthquake, 750.
Bernier, his account of the camp of Aurengzebe,

82, note.

Bessarion, cardinal, his character, 1210.
Bessas, governor of Rome for Justinian, his rapa-
city during the siege of that city by Totila the
Goth, 736. Occasions the loss of Rome, 737.
Bezabde, is taken and garrisoned by Sapor king of
Persia, 283. Is ineffectually besieged by Con-
stantius, 284.

Bindoes, a Sassanian prince, deposes Hormouz
king of Persia, 798.

Birthright, the least invidious of all human dis-
tinctions, 67.

Bishops, among the primitive christians, the office
of, explained, 193. Progress of episcopal au-
thority, 194. Assumed dignity of episcopal

government, 197.

- number of, at the time of Constantine the
Great, 301. Mode of their election, ib. Their
power of ordination, 302. The ecclesiastical
revenue of each diocese how divided, 304. Their
civil jurisdiction, ib. Their spiritual censures,
305. Their legislative assemblies, 306.
Bishops, rural, their rank and duties, 301.
Bissertile, superstitious regard to this year by the
Romans, 389.

Bithynia, the cities of, plundered by the Goths,
105.

Blemmyes, their revolt against the emperor Dio-
cletian, 145.

Roccace, his literary character, 1209.
Boethius, the learned senator of Rome, his history,
656. His imprisonment and death, 657.
Bohemond, the son of Robert Guiscard, his cha-
racter and military exploits, 1045. 1074. His
route to Constantinople on the crusade, 1077.
His flattering reception by the emperor Alexius
Comnenus, 1078. Takes Antioch, and obtains
the principality of it, 1082. His subsequent
transactions, and death, 1091.

Boniface, St. his history, 229.
Boniface, count, the Roman general under Va
lentinian III. his character, 516. Is betrayed into
a revolt by Etius, 547. His repentance, 549. Is
besieged in Hippo Regius by Genseric king of
the Vandals, ib. Returns to Italy, and is killed by
Ætius, 550.

Boniface VIII. pope, his violent contest with Phi-
lip the Fair, king of France, and his character,
1254. Institutes the jubilee, 1255.
Boniface, marquis of Montferrat, is chosen gene-
ral of the fourth crusade to the Holy Land, 1114.
Is made king of Macedonia, 1127. Is killed by
the Bulgarians, 1130.

Bosphorus, revolutions of that kingdom, 104. Is
seized by the Goths, ib. The strait of, described,

233.

Bosra, siege of, by the Saracens, 942, 943.
Botheric, the imperial general in Thessalonica,
murdered in a sedition, 455.
Boucicault, marshal, defends Constantinople
against Bajazet, 1178.

Boulogne, the port of, recovered from Carausius
by Constantíus Chlorus, 143.
Bowides, the Persian dynasty of, 992.
Brancaleone, senator of Rome, his character, 1249.
Bretagne, the province of, in France, settled by
Britons, 638, note.

Britain, reflections on the conquest of, by the Ro-
mans, 2. Description of, 9. Colonies planted
in, 15, note. A colony of Vandals settled there
by Probus, 133. Revolt of Carausius, 142.
how first peopled, 402. Invasions of, by
the Scots and Picts, 403. Is restored to peace by
Theodosius, 404.

revolt of Maximus there, 441. Revolt of
the troops there against Honorius, 495. Is aban-
doned by the Romans, 527. State of, until the
arrival of the Saxons, 528. Descent of the Sax-
ons on, 636. Establishment of the Saxon hep-
tarchy, 637. Wars in, ib. Saxon devastation of
the country, 638. Manners of the independent
Britons, 640. Description of, by Procopius, 641.

conversion of the Britons by a mission from
pope Gregory the Great, 793. The doctrine of
the incarnation received there, 835.
Brutus the Trojan, his colonization of Britain, now
given up by intelligent historians, 402, note.
Buffon, M. his extraordinary burning mirrors,
673, note.

Bulgarians, their character, 715. Their inroads on
the eastern empire, 716. Invasion of, under Za-
bergan, 746. Repulsed by Belisarius, 747.

the kingdom of, destroyed by Basil II. the
Greek emperor, 862, 1021.

revolt of, from the Greek empire, and sub-
mission to the pope of Rome, 1111. War with
the Greeks under Calo-John, 1129.
Bull-feast, in the Coliseum at Rome, described,
1282.

Burgundians, their settlement on the Elbe, and
maxims of government, 400. Their settlement
in Gaul, 527. Limits of the kingdom of, under
Gundobald, 622. Are subdued by the Franks,
623.

Burnet, character of his Sacred Theory of the Earth,
186, note.

Burrampooter, source of that river, 1182, note.
Busir, in Egypt, four several places known under
this name, 979, note.

Buzurg, the philosophical preceptor of Hormouz
king of Persia, his high reputation, 796, note.
Byzantine historians, list and character of, 1241,

note.

Byzantium, siege of, by the emperor Severus, 48.
Is taken by Maximin, 170. Siege of, by Constan-
tine the Great, 175. Its situation described, 233.
By whom founded, ib. note. See Constantinople.

C