siege of Damascus, 942. Distinguishes himself |
at the battle of Aiznadin, 944. His cruel treat-
ment of the refugees from Damascus, ib. Joins
in plundering the fair of Abyla, 946. Com-
mands the Saracens at the battle of Yermuk,
948. His death, 951.

Caledonia, and its ancient inhabitants, described,
403.

Caledonian war, under the emperor Severus, an
account of, 51.

Caliphs of the Saracens, character of, 935. Their
rapid conquests, 936. Extent and power of, 971.
Triple division of the office, 979. They patronize
learning, 981. Decline and fall of their empire,
990. 1168.

Callinicum, the punishment of a religious sedition
in that city opposed by St. Ambrose, 456.
Callinicus of Heliopolis, assists in defending Con-
stantinople against the Saracens, by his chymical
inflammable compositions, 975.
Calmucks, black, recent emigration of, from the
confines of Russia to those of China, 421.
Calo-John, the Bulgarian chief, his war with Bald-
win, the Latin emperor of the Greeks, 1129.
Defeats, and takes him prisoner, ib. His savage
character and death, 1130.

Calocerus, a camel-driver, excites an insurrection
in the island of Cyprus, 261.
Calphurnius, the machinery of his eclogue on the
accession of the emperor Carus, 135.
Calvin, the reformer, his doctrine of the Eucharist,
1018. Examination of his conduct to Servetus, ib.
Camel, of Arabia, described, 902.
Camisardes of Languedoc, their enthusiasm com-
pared with that of the Circumcellions of Nu-
midia, 330.

Campania, the province of, desolated by the ill
policy of the Roman emperors, 253. Description
of the Lucullan villa in, 599.

Canada, the present climate and circumstances of,
compared with those of ancient Germany, 86.
Cannon, enormous one of the sultan Mahomet II.
described, 1227. Bursts, 1230.

Canoes, Russian, a description of, 1028.
Cantacuzene, John, character of his Greek History,
1154. His good fortune under the younger
Andronicus, 1157. Is driven to assume the
purple, 1158. His lively distinction between
foreign and civil war, ib. His entry into Con-
stantinople, and reign, 1159. Abdicates, and
turns monk, 1160. His war with the Genoese
factory at Pera, 1162. Marries his daughter to
a Turk, 1195. His negociation with pope Cle-
ment VI. ib.

Cantemir's History of the Ottoman empire, a
character of, 1172, note.

Capelianus, governor of Mauritania, defeats the
younger Gordian, and takes Carthage, 71.
Capitation-tar, under the Roman emperors, an
account of, 253.

Capito, Ateius, the civilian, his character, 759.
Capitol of Rome, burning and restoration of, 212.
Cappadocia, famous for its fine breed of horses, 251.
Capraria, isle of, character of the monks there, 481.
Captives, how treated by the barbarians, 557. 631.
Caracalla, son of the emperor Severus, his fixed
antipathy to his brother Geta, 51. Succeeds to
the empire jointly with him, 52. Tendency of
his edict to extend the privileges of Roman
citizens to all the free inhabitants of his empire,
63. His view in this transaction, 66. Doubles
the tax on legacies and inheritances, ib.
Caracorum, the Tartar settlement of, described,
1170.

Caravans, Sogdian, their route to and from China,
for silk, to supply the Roman empire, 668.
Carausius, his revolt in Britain, 142. Is acknow-
ledged by Diocletian and his colleagues, 143.
Carbeas the Paulician, his revolt from the Greek
emperor to the Saracens, 1015.
Cardinals, the election of a pope vested in them,
1252. Institution of the conclave, 1253.
Carduene, situation and history of that territory,

150.

Carinus, the son of Carus, succeeds his father in
the empire, jointly with his brother Numerian,
136.

Carizmians, their invasion of Syria, 1104.
Carlovingian race of kings, commencement of, in
France, 884.

Carmath, the Arabian reformer, his character, 989.
His military exploits, 990.

Carmelites, from whom they derive their pedigree,
602, note.

Carpathian mountains, their situation, 85.
Carthage, the bishopric of, bought for Majorinus,
909, note.

- religious discord generated there by the
factions of Cæcilian and Donatus, 308.

the temple of Venus there, converted into
a christian church, 466. Is surprised by
seric king of the Vandals, 551.

Catholic church, the doctrines of, how discriminated
from the opinions of the Platonic school, 311. The
authority of, extended to the minds of mankind,
312. Faith of the western or Latin church, 315.
Is distracted by factions in the cause of Athana-
sius, 320. The doxology, how introduced, and
how perverted, 327. The revenue of, transferred
to the heathen priests by Julian, 359.

-- edict of Theodosius, for the establishment
of the catholic faith, 443. The progressive steps
of idolatry in, 470. Persecution of the catholics
in Africa, 612. Pious frauds of the catholic
clergy, 614.

- how bewildered by the doctrine of the In-
carnation, 820. Union of the Greek and Latin
churches, 835.

- schism of the Greek church, 1107.
Celestine, pope, espouses the party of Cyril against
Nestorius, and pronounces the degradation of the
latter from his episcopal dignity, 823.
Celtic language, driven to the mountains by the
Latin, 15, note.

Censor, the office of, revived under the emperor
Decius, 99. But without effect, ib.
Ceos, the manufacture of silk first introduced to
Europe from that island, 668.

Cerca, the principal queen of Attila king of the
Huns, her reception of Maximin the Roman am-
bassador, 562.

Cerinthus, his opinion of the two-fold nature of Je-
sus Christ, 818.

Ceylon, ancient names given to that island, and the
imperfect knowledge of, by the Romans, 366,

note.

Chalcedon, the injudicious situation of this city
stigmatized by proverbial contempt, 234. A tri-
bunal erected there by the emperor Julian, to
try and punish the evil ministers of his prede-
cessor Constantius, 344.

a stately church built there by Rufinus,
the infamous minister of the emperor Theodo-
sius, 474.

is taken by Chosroes II. king of Persia, 806.
Chalcondyles, the Greek historian, his remarks on
the several nations of Europe, 1199.
Chalons, battle of, between the Romans and At-
tila king of the Huns, 571.
Chamavians reduced and generously treated by
Julian, 288.

Chancellor, the original and modern application of
this word compared, 136, note.
Characters, national, the distinction of, how formed,

315.

Chariots of the Romans described, 505, note.
Charlemagne conquers the kingdom of Lombardy,
884. His reception at Rome, 885. Eludes ful
filling the promises of Pepin and himself to the
Roman pontiff, 886. His coronation at Rome by
Leo III. 889. His reign and character,

the Pxtension of his empire, 891. His neigh-

890.

bours and enemies, 892. His successors, 893.
His negociations and treaty with the eastern em-
pire, 894. State of his family and dominions in
the tenth century, 1008.

Charles the Fat, emperor of the Romans, 893.
Charles of Anjou subdues Naples and Sicily, 1149.
The Sicilian Vespers, 1150. His character as a
senator of Rome, 1249.

Charles IV. emperor of Germany, his weakness and
poverty, 899. His public ostentation, 900. Con-
trast between him and Augustus, ib.
Charles V. emperor, parallel between him and
Diocletian, 154. And between the sack of Rome
by him, and that by Alaric the Goth, 518.
Chastity, its high esteem among the ancient Ger-
mans, 90. And the primitive christians, 191.
Chemistry, the art of, from whom derived, 983.
Chersonesus, Thracian, how fortified by the empe-
ror Justinian, 677.

Chersonites assist Constantine the Great against
the Goths, 262. Are cruelly persecuted by the
Greek emperor Justinian II. 850.
Chess, the object of the game of, by whom invented,

722.

Childeric, king of France, deposed under papal
sanction. 884.

Children, the exposing of, a prevailing vice of an-
tiquity, 765. Natural, according to the Roman
laws, what, 768.

China, how distinguished in ancient history, 147,
note. Great numbers of children annually ex-
posed there, 197, note.

The high chronology
of, ib. The great wall
Was twice conquered by

the gates of, opened to Belisarius, 689.
Natural alterations produced by time in the
situation of this city, 690, note. The walls of,
repaired by Belisarius, 690. Insurrection of
the Roman troops there, 733.

is reduced and pillaged by Hassan the
Saracen, 961. Subsequent history of, ib.
Carthagena, an extraordinary rich silver mine
worked there, for the Romans, 64.
Carus, emperor, his election and character, 134.
Caspian and Iberian gates of mount Caucasus,
distinguished, 680.

Cassians, the party of, among the Roman civilians,
explained, 759.

Cassiodorus, his Gothic history, 95. His account
of the infant state of the republic of Venice, 575.
His long and prosperous life, 652.
Castriot, George, see Scanderbeg.
Catalans, their service and war in the Greek
empire, 1151.

Chosrees 1. king of Persia, protects the last sur-
viving philosophers of Athens, in his treaty with
the emperor Justinian, 683. Review of his his
tory, 720. Sells a peace to Justinian, 722. His
invasion of Syria, 723. His negociations with
Justinian, 730. His prosperity, 731. Battle of
Melitene, 795. His death, ib.

Chosroes II. king of Persia, is raised to the throne
on the deposition of his father Hormouz, 798. Is
reduced to implore the assistance of the emperor
Maurice, ib. His restoration and policy, 799.
Conquers Syria, 806. Palestine, ib. Egypt and
Asia Minor, 807. His reign and magnificence,
ib. Rejects the Mahometan religion, 808. Im-
poses an ignominious peace on the emperor

Heraclius, 809.
death, 814.

His flight, deposition, and

Chozars, the horde of, sent by the Turks to the
assistance of the emperor Heraclius, 813.
Christ, the festival of his birth, why fixed by the
Romans at the winter solstice, 338. note.
Christians, primitive, the various sects into which
they branched out, 180. Ascribed the pagan
idolatry to the agency of dæmons, ib. Believed
the end of the world to be near at hand, 185.
The miraculous powers ascribed to the primitive
church, 187. Their faith stronger than in modern
times, 188. Their superior virtue and austerity,
189. Repentance, a virtue in high esteem among
them, ib. Their notions of marriage and chastity,
191. They disclaim war and government, ib.
Were active however in the internal government
of their own society, 192. Bishops, 193. Sy-
nods, ib. Metropolitans and primates, 194.
Bishop of Rome, ib. Their probable proportion
to the pagan subjects of the empire before the
conversion of Constantine the Great, 202. In-
quiry into their persecutions, 205. Why more
odious to the governing powers than the Jews,
206. Their religious meetings suspected, 208.
Are persecuted by Nero, as the incendiaries of
Rome, 210. Instructions of the emperor Trajan
to Pliny the Younger for the regulation of his
conduct towards them, 214. Remained exposed
to popular resentment on public festivities, ib.
Legal mode of proceeding against them, 215.
The ardour with which they courted martyrdom,
218. When allowed to erect places for public
worship, 221. Their persecution under Diocle-
tian and his associates, 225. An edict of tolera-
tion for them published by Galerius just before
his death. 230. Some considerations necessary
to be attended to in reading the sufferings of the
martyrs, 231. Edict of Milan published by Con-
stantine the Great, 292. Political recommenda-
tions of the christian morality to Constantine, ib.
Theory and practice of passive obedience, 293.
Their loyalty and zeal, 294. The sacrament of
baptism, how administered in early times, 299.
Extraordinary propagation of christianity after
it obtained the imperial sanction, 299, 300.
comes the established religion of the Roman
empire, 300. Spiritual and temporal powers
distinguished, 301. Review of the episcopal
order in the church, ib. The ecclesiastical re-
venue of each diocese, how divided, 304. Their
legislative assemblies, 306. Edict of Constantine
the Great against heretics, 307. Mysterious
doctrine of the Trinity, 310. The doctrines of
the catholic church, how discriminated from the
opinions of the Platonic school, 311. General
character of the christian sects, 331. Christian
schools prohibited by the emperor Julian, 359.
They are removed from all offices of trust, 360.
Are obliged to reinstate the pagan temples, ib.
Their imprudent and irregular zeal against
idolatry, 365.

Be-

Christians, distinction of, into vulgar and ascetic,
602. Conversion of the barbarous nations, 609.
Christianity, inquiry into the progress and esta-
blishment of, 176. Religion and character of
the Jews, 177. The Jewish religion the basis
of christianity, 179. Is offered to all mankind,
ib. The sects into which the christians divided,
180. The theology of, reduced to a systematical
form in the school of Alexandria, 200. Inju-
dicious conduct of its early advocates. 204. Its
persecutions, 205. First erection of churches, 221.
the system of, found in Plato's doc-
trine of the Logos, 310.
salutary effects resulting from the con-
version of the barbarous nations, 610.

1031.

its progress in the North of Europe,
Chrysaphius the eunuch engages Edecon to assas-
sinate his king Attila, 564. Is put to death by
the empress Pulcheria, 565. Assisted at the
second council of Ephesus, 826.
Chrysocheir, general of the revolted Paulicians,
overruns and pillages Asia Minor, 1015. His
death, 1016.

Chrysoloras, Manuel, the Greek envoy, his cha-
racter, 1210. His admiration of Rome and
Constantinople, 1213.

Chrysopolis, battle of, between Constantine the
Great and Licinius, 176.
Chrysostom, St. his account of the pompous luxury
of the emperor Arcadius, 530. Protects his
fugitive patron the eunuch Eutropius, 534. His-
tory of his promotion to the archiepiscopal see '
of Constantinople, 536. His character and ad-
ministration. 536, 537. His persecution, 58.
His death, 539. His relics removed to Con-
stantinople, ib. His encomium on the monastic
life, 604, note.

Churches, christian, the first erection of, 221.
Demolition of, under Diocletian, 227. Splen-
dour of, under Constantine the Great, 303.
Seven, of Asia, the fate of, 1173.
Cybalis, battle of. between Constantine the Great
and Licinius, 172.

Cicero, his view of the philosophical opinions as to
the immortality of the soul, 184. His encomium
on the study of the law, 754. System of his
republic, 758.

Cimmerian darkness, the expression of, whence
derived, 505, note.
Circumcellions of Africa, Donatist schismatics,
history of their revolt, 330. Their religious
suicides, ib. Persecution of, by the emperor
Honorius, 548.

Circumcision of both sexes, a physical custom in
Ethiopia, unconnected with religion, 844.
Circus, Roman, the four factions in, described,
661. Constantinople, and the eastern empire,
distracted by these factions, ib.
Cities in the Roman empire enumerated, 19.

Cities, commercial, of Italy, rise and government
of, 897.

Citizens of Rome, motive of Caracalla for extend-
ing the privileges of, to all the free inhabitants
of the empire, 63. 66. Political tendency of this
grant, 66.

City, the birth of a new one, how celebrated by
the Romans, 236, note.

Civilians of Rome, origin of the profession, and
the three periods in the history of, 757, 758.
Civilis, the Batavian, his successful revolt against
the Romans, 93.

Claudian the poet, and panegyrist of Stilicho, his
works supply the deficiencies of history, 477.
Celebrates the murder of Rufinus, 478. His
death and character, 499, 500. His character of
the eunuch Eutropius, 531.
Claudius, emperor, chosen by the prætorian guards,
without the concurrence of the senate, 29.
Claudius, emperor, successor to Gallienus, his
character and elevation to the throne, 113.
Cleander, minister of the emperor Commodus, his
history, 36.

Clemens, Flavius, and his wife Domitilla, why
distinguished as christian martyrs, 213.

Clement III. pope, and the emperor Henry III.
mutually confirm each other's sovereign cha-
racters, 1046.

Clement V. pope, transfers the holy see from Rome
to Avignon, 1254.

Clergy, when first distinguished from the laity,
195, 301.

-the ranks and numbers of, how multiplied,
303. Their property, ib. Their offences only
cognizable by their own order, 304. Valenti-
nian's edict to restrain the avarice of, 397.
Clodion, the first of the Merovingian race of kings
of the Franks in Gaul, his reign, 568.
Clodius Albinus, governor of Britain, his steady
fidelity during the revolutions at Rome, 43.
Declares himself against Julianus, 44.

Clotilda, niece of the king of Burgundy, is married
to Clovis king of the Franks, and converts her
pagan husband, 621. Exhorts her husband to
the Gothic war, 624.

Clovis, king of the Franks, his descent, and reign,

619.

1248.

Colchos, the modern Mingrelia, described, 725.
Manners of the natives, 726. Revolt of, from
the Romans to the Persians, and repentance, 728.
Colchian war, in consequence, 729.
Coliseum, of the emperor Titus, observations on,
1281. Exhibition of a bull-feast in, 1282.
Collyridian heretics, an account of, 911.
Colonies, Roman, how planted, 15.
Colonna, history of the Roman family of, 1256.
Colossus of Rhodes, some account of, 952.
Columns of Hercules, their situation, 11.
Comana, the rich temple of, suppressed, and the
revenues confiscated, by the emperors of the
east, 250, 251.

Combat, judicial, origin of, in the Salic laws, 629.
The laws of, according to the assize of Jerusalem,
1189. Apology for the practice of, 1144, note.
Comets, account of those which appeared in the
reign of Justinian, 749.

Commentiolus, his disgraceful warfare against the
Avars, 802.

Commodus, emperor, his education, character, and
reign, 34.
Comneni, origin of the family of, on the throne of
Constantinople, 864. Its extinction, 1239.
Conception, immaculate, of the Virgin Mary, the
doctrine of, from whence derived, 912.
Concubine, according to the Roman civil law,
explained, 768.

Conflagration, general, ideas of the primitive
christians concerning, 186.
Conquest, the vanity of, not so justifiable as the
desire of spoil, 404. Is rather achieved by art
than personal valour, 554.

Conrad III. emperor, engages in the second cru-
sade, 1091. His disastrous expedition, 1193.
Conrad of Montferrat defends Tyre against Sala-
din, 1100. Is assassinated, 1102.
Constance, treaty of, 898.

Constans, the third son of Constantine the Great,

is sent to govern the western provinces of the
empire, 261. Division of the empire among him
and his brothers, on the death of their father, 265.
Is invaded by his brother Constantine, 268. Is
killed, on the usurpation of Magnentius, 269.
Espoused the cause of Athanasius against his
brother Constantius, 322.

Constans II. emperor of Constantinople, 848.
Constantia, princess, grand-daughter of Constan-
tine the Great, is carried by her mother to the
camp of the usurper Procopius, 392. Narrowly
escapes falling into the hands of the Quadi, 412.
Marries the emperor Gratian, 413.
Constantina, daughter of Constantine the Great,

and widow of Hannibalianus, places the diadem
on the head of the general Vetranio, 269. Is
married to Gallus, 274. Her character, ib.
Dies, 276.

Constantina, widow of the eastern emperor Mau-
rice, the cruel fate of, and her daughters, 804.
Constantine the Great, the several opinions as to
the place of his birth, 158. His history, 158, 159.
He is saluted emperor by the British legions on
the death of his father, 159. Marries Fausta,

the daughter of Maximian, 161. Puts Maximian
to death, 164. General review of his adminis-
tration in Gaul, 165. Undertakes to deliver
Rome from the tyranny of Maxentius, 166. De-
feats Maxentius, and enters Rome, 168. His
alliance with Licinius, 170. Defeats Licinius,
172. Peace concluded with Licinius, 173. His
laws, ib. Chastises the Goths, 174. Second civil
war with Licinius, ib.

- motives which induced him to make By-
zantium the capital of his empire, 233. Declares
his determination to spring from divine com-
mand, 236. Despoils other cities of their orna-
ments to decorate his new capital, 237. Cere-
mony of dedicating his new city, 239. Form of
civil and military administration established
there, 240. Separates the civil from the military
administration, 246. Corrupted military disci-
pline, ib. His character, 256. Account of his
family, 257. His jealousy of his son Crispus,
258. Mysterious deaths of Crispus and Licinius,
259. His repentance and acts of atonement in-
quired into, ib. His sons and nephews, 260,
Sends them to superintend the several provinces
of the empire, 261. Assists the Sarmatians, and
provokes the Goths, 202. Reduces the Goths to
peace, 263. His death, ib. Attempt to ascertain
the date of his conversion to Christianity, 290.
His pagan superstition, 291. Protects the chris-
tians in Gaul, ib. Publishes the edict of Milan,
292. Motives which recommended the christians
to his favour, ib. Exhorts his subjects to embrace
the christian profession, 294. His famous stand-
ard the Labarum described, 295. His celebrated
vision previous to his battle with Maxentius, 296.
Story of the miraculous cross in the air, 297.
His conversion accounted for, from natural and
probable causes, ib. His theological discourses,
298. His devotion and privileges, ib. The delay
of his baptism accounted for, 299. Is comme-
morated as a saint by the Greeks, ib. His edict
against heretics, 307. Favours the cause of Cæci-
lian against Donatus, 308. His sensible letter to
the bishop of Alexandria, 316. How prevailed
on to ratify the Nicene creed, 317. His levity in
religion, t. Granted a toleration to his pagan
subjects, 331. His reform of pagan abuses, ib.
Was associated with the heathen deities after his
death, by a decree of the senate, 332. His dis-
covery of the holy sepulchre, 356.

Constantine, publication of his fictitious donation
to the bishops of Rome, 886. Fabulous interdic-
tion of marriage with strangers, ascribed to him,
1003.
Constantine II. the son of Constantine the Great,
is sent to preside over Gaul, 261. Division of
the empire among him and his brothers, on the
death of their father, 265. Invades his brother
Constans, and is killed, 268.

Constantine III. emperor of Constantinople, 847.
Constantine IV. Pogonatus, emperor of Constan-
tinople, 848.

Constantine, V. Copronymus, emperor of Constan-
tinople, 851. Fates of his five sons, 853. Revolt
of Artavasdes, and troubles on account of image
worship, 878. Abolishes the monkish order, 879.
Constantine VI. emperor of Constantinople, 853.
Constantine VII. Porphyrogenitus, emperor of
Constantinople, 860. His cautions against dis-
covering the secret of the Greek fire, 975. Ac-
count of his works, 994. Their imperfections
pointed out, 995. His account of the ceremonies
of the Byzantine court, 1003. Justifies the mar-
riage of his son with the princess Bertha of
France, ib.

Constantine VIII. emperor of Constantinople, 860.
Constantine IX. emperor of Constantinople, 862.
Constantine X. Monomachus, emperor of Con-
stantinople, 864.

Constantine XI. Ducas, emperor of Constanti-
nople, 865.

Constantine Palæologus, the last of the Greek em-
perors, his reign, 1222.

Constantine Sylvanus, founder of the Paulicians,
his death, 1014.

Constantine, a private soldier in Britain, elected
emperor for the sake of his name, 495. He re-
duces Gaul and Spain, 496, 522. His reduction
and death, 523.

Constantine, general under Belisarius in Italy, his
death, 707.

Constantinople, its situation described, with the
motives which induced Constantine the Great to
make this city the capital of his empire, 233. Its
local advantages, 235. Its extent, 236. Progress
of the work, 237. Principal edifices, ib. How
furnished with inhabitants, 238. Privileges
granted to it, 239. Its dedication, ib. Review
of the new form of civil and military adminis-
tration established there, 240. Is allotted to
Constantine the Younger, in the division of the
empire, on the emperor's death, 265. Violent
contests there between the rival bishops, Paul
and Macedonius, 328. Bloody engagements be-
tween the Athanasians and Arians on the removal
of the body of Constantine, 329. Triumphant
entry of the emperor Julian, 341. The senate of,
allowed the same powers and honours as that at
Rome, 346. Arrival of Valens, as emperor of
the East, 390. Revolt of Procopius, 391.

- continued the principal seat of the Arian
heresy, during the reign of Constantius and Va-
lens, 443. Is purged from Arianism by the em-
peror Theodosius, 445. Council of, 446. Is en-
riched by the bodies of saints and martyrs, 470.
Insurrection against Gainas and his Arian Goths,
535. Persecution of the archbishop, St. Chry-
sostom, 538. Popular tumults on his account,
ib. Earthquake there, 557.

- the city and eastern empire distracted by
the factions of the circus, 664. Foundation of the
church of St. Sophia, 674. Other churches erected

there by Justinian, 675. Triumph of Belisarius
over the Vandals, 694. State of the armies under
the emperor Maurice, 802. The armies and city
revolt against him, 803. Deliverance of the city
from the Persians and Avars, 812. Religious
war about the Trisagion, 830.

- prospectus of the remaining history of
the eastern empire, 845. Summary review of the
five dynasties of the Greek empire, 873. Tumults
in the city to oppose the destruction of images,
878. Abolition of the monkish order by Con-
stantine, 879. First siege of, by the Saracens,
972. Second siege by the Saracens, 973. Review
of the provinces of the Greek empire in the tenth
century, 996. Riches of the city of Constanti-
nople, 999. The imperial palace of, ib. Offices
of state, 1001. Military character of the Greeks,
1006. The name and character of Romans sup-
ported to the last, 1010. Decline and revival of
literature, ib. The city menaced by the Turks,
1024. Account of the Varangians, 1026. Naval
expeditions of the Russians against the city,
1027.

origin of the separation of the Greek
and Latin churches, 1107. Massacre of the
Latins, 1110. Invasion of the Greek empire,
and conquest of Constantinople by the crusaders,
1117. The city taken, and Isaac Angelus re-
stored, 1119. Part of the city burnt by the
Latins, 1120. Second siege of the city by the
Latins, 1121. Is pillaged, 1122. Account of
the statues destroyed, 1124. Partition of the
Greek empire by the French and Venetians,
1125. The Greeks rise against their Latin con
querors, 1129. The city retaken by the Greeks,
1135. The suburb of Galata assigned to the
Genoese, 1161. Hostilities between the Genose
and the emperor, 1162. How the city escaped
the Moguls, 1171. Is besieged by the sultan
Amurath II. 1192. Is compared with Pome,
1213. Is besieged by Mahomet II. sultan of the
Turks, 1228. Is stormed and taken, 123. Be-
comes the capital of the Turkish empire 1238.
Constantius Chlorus, governor of Dalmatia, was
intended to be adopted by the emperor Carus,
in the room of his vicious son Carinis, 137. Is
associated as Cæsar by Diocletian in his admi-
nistration, 141. Assumes the title of Augustus,
on the abdication of Diocletian, 15. His death,
159. Granted a toleration to the christians, 228.
Constantius, the second son of Constantine the
Great, his education, 260. Is sent to govern the
eastern provinces of the entire, 261. Seizes
Constantinople on the death of his father, 264.
Conspires the death of his kinsmen, ib. Division
of the empire among him and his brothers. 265.
Restores Chosroes king of Armenia, 266. Battle
of Singara with Sapor, king of Persia, ib. Re-
jects the offers of Magneatius and Vetranio, on
the plea of a vision, 259. His oration to the
Illyrian troops at the interview with Vetranio,
270. Defeats Magnentius at the battle of Mursa,
271. His councils governed by eunuchs, 273.
Education of his cousins Gallus and Julian,
274. Disgrace and death of Gallus, 276. Sends
for Julian to court. 277. Invests him with the
title of Cæsar, 278. Visits Rome, 279. Pre-
sents an obelisk to that city, 280. The Quadian
and Sarmatian wars, ib. His Persian negocia-
tions, 281. Mismanagement of affairs in the
east, 284. Favours the Arians, 318. His reli-
gious character by Ammianus the historian, ib.
His restless endeavours to establish an uni-
formity of christian doctrine, ib. Athanasius
driven into exile by the council of Antioch, 321.
Is intimidated by his brother Constans, and in-
vites Athanasius back again, 322. His severe
treatment of those bishops who refused to con-
cur in deposing Athanasius, 324. His scrupu-
lous orthodoxy, ib. His cautious conduct in ex-
pelling Athanasius from Alexandria, 325. His
strenuous efforts to seize his person, 326. Atha-
nasius writes invectives to expose his character,
327. Is constrained to restore Liberius, bishop
of Rome, 328, Supports Macedonius, bishop of
Constantinople, and countenances his persecu-
tions of the catholics and Novatians, 329. His
conduct toward his pagan subjects, 332. Envies
the fame of Julian, 333. Recalls the legions from
Gaul, 334. Negociations between him and Ju-
lian, 337. His preparations to oppose Julian,
340. His death and character, 341.
Constantius, general, relieves the British emperor
Constantine when besieged in Arles, 523. His
character and victories, ib. His marriage with
Placidia, and death, 544, 545.

Constantius, secretary to Attila king of the Huns,
his matrimonial negociation at the court of Con-
stantinople, 560.

Consul, the office of, explained, 26. Alterations
this office underwent under the emperors, and
when Constantinople became the seat of empire,
241. The office of, suppressed by the emperor
Justinian, 683. Is now sunk to a commercial
agent, 1247.

Contracts, the Roman laws respecting, 772.
Copts of Egypt, brief history of, 841.
Corinth, reviving as a Roman colony, celebrates
the Isthmian games, under the emperor Julian,
316. The isthmus of, fortified by the emperor
Justinian, 677.

Cornwall, reduction of, by the Saxons, 637.
Coronary gold, nature of those offerings to the Ro-
man emperors, 255.
Corvinus, Matthias, king of Hungary, his cha-
racter, 1920.

Cosmas Indicopleustes, account of his christian
topography, 670, note, 837, note,
Cosmo of Medicis, his character, 1212.
Councils and synods of
Antioch, 321.
Arles, 323.

Pisa, 1201

Placentia, 1067.

Rimini, 316.
Sardica, 322.

Toledo, 617. 635.
Tyre, 320.

Count, great difference between the ancient and
modern application of this title, 246. By whom
first invented, ib. Of the sacred largesses, under
Constantine the Great, his office, 250. Of the
domestics in the eastern empire, his office, 251.
Courtenay, history of the family of, 1138.
Crescentius, consul of Rome, his vicissitudes, and
disgraceful death, 897.

Crete, the isle of, subdued by the Saracens, 985.

Is recovered by Nicephorus Phocas, 993. Is
purchased by the Venetians, 1127.
Crimes, how distinguished by the penal laws of the
Romans, 776.

Crispus, son of Constantine the Great, is declared
Casar, 173. Distinguishes his valour against the
Franks and Alemanni, 174. Forces the passage
f the Hellespont, and defeats the fleet of Lici-
nus, 175. His character, 258. His mysterious
death, 259.

Crisps, the patrician, marries the daughter of
Phoras, and contributes to depose him, 805. Is
obliged to turn monk, ib.

Croatia, account of the kingdom of, 1020.
Cross, the different sentiments entertained of this in-
strument of punishment, by the Pagan and chris-
tian Ronans, 295. The famous standard of, in the
army of Constantine the Great, described, ib.
His visions of, 296, 297. The holy sepulchre
and cross of Christ discovered, 357. The cross
of Christ undiminished by distribution to pil-
grims, ib.

Crown of thorns its transfer from Constantinople

to Paris, 1134.

Creens, mural and obsidional, the distinction be-
tween, 375, note.
Crusade, the first resolved on at the council of
Clermont, 1068. aquiry into the justice of the
holy war, 1069. Examination into the private
motives of the crusaders, 1071. Departure of
the crusaders, 1072. Account of the chiefs, 1073.
Their march to Constantinople, 1076. Review
of their numbers, 1079. They take Nice, 1080.
Battle of Dorylæum, ib. They take Antioch,
1082. Their distresses, 1083. Are relieved by
the discovery of the holy lance, 1084. Siege and
conquest of Jerusalem, 1986. Godfrey of Bou-
illon chosen king of Jerusalem, 1087. The second
crusade, 1091. The crusaders ill-treated by the
Greek emperors, 1093. The third crusade, 1100.
Siege of Acre, 1101. Fourth and fifth crusades,
ib. Sixth crusade, 1105. Seventh crusade, 1106.
Recapitulation of the fourth crusade, 1114.
General consequences of the crusades, 1136.
Ctesiphon, the city of, plundered by the Romans,

82.

Its situation described, 375. Julian de-
clines the siege of that city, 377. Is sacked by
the Saracens, 938.

Cublai, emperor of China, his character, 1170.
Curopalata, his office under the Greek emperors,

1001.

Customs, duties of, imposed by Augustus, 64.
Cycle of indictions, the origin of, traced, and how
now employed, 252, note.

Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, his history and mar-
tyrdom, 216.

Cyprus, the kingdom of, bestowed on the house of
Lusignan, by Richard I. of England, 1111.
Cyrene, the Greek colonies there finally extermi-
nated by Chosroes II. king of Persia, 807.
Cyriades, an obscure fugitive, is set up, by Sapor
the Persian monarch, as emperor of Rome, 108.
Cyril, bishop of Jerusalem, his pompous relation
of a miraculous appearance of a celestial cross,
318. His ambiguous character, 357.
Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, his life and char-
acter, 820. Condemns the heresy of Nestorius,
823. Procures the decision of the council of
Ephesus against Nestorius, ib. His court in-
trigues, 825.

Cyzicus, how it escaped destruction from the Goths,
105. Is at length ruined by them, 106. The
island and city of, seized by the usurper Pro-
copius, 391.

D

Dacia, conquest of, by the emperor Trajan, 3.
Its situation, 10. Is overrun by the Goths, 98.
Is resigned to them by Aurelian, 117.
Damons, supposed to be the authors and objects
of pagan idolatry, by the primitive christians,
182.

Dagisteus, general of the emperor Justinian, be-
sieges Petra, 728. Commands the Huns in Italy
under Narses, 741.
Daimbert archbishop of Pisa, installed patriarch of
Jerusalem, 1087.
Dalmatia, described, 9. Produce of a silver mine
there, 64, note.
Dalmatius, nephew of Constantine the Great, is
created Cæsar, 260. Is sent to govern the

Gothic frontier, 261. Is cruelly destroyed by
Constantius, 264.

Damascus, siege of, by the Saracens, 942. The
city reduced both by storm and by treaty, 944.
Reinarks on Hughes's tragedy of this siege, 945,
note. Taken and destroyed by Tamerlane, 1184.
Damasus, bishop of Rome, edict of Valentinian
addressed to him, to restrain the crafty avarice
of the Roman clergy, 397. His bloody contest
with Ursinus for the episcopal dignity, 398.
Dames, the Arab, his gallant enterprise against
the castle of Aleppo, 950.
Damietta is taken by Louis IX. of France, 1105.
Damophilus, archbishop of Constantinople, re-
signs his see, rather than subscribe the Nicene
creed, 445.

Dandols, Henry, doge of Venice, his character,
1113. Is made despot of Romania, 1126.
Daniel, first bishop of Winchester, his instructions
to St. Boniface, for the conversion of infidels,
610.

Danielis, a Grecian matron, her presents to the
emperor Basil, 998. Her visit to him at Con-
stantinople, 1000. Her testament, ib.
Danube, course of the river, and the provinces of,
described, 9.

Daphne, the sacred grove and temple of, at An-
tioch, described, 361. Is converted to christian
purposes by Gallus, and restored to the pagans
by Julian, ib. The temple burned, 362.
Dara, the fortification of, by Justinian, described,
680. The demolition of, by the Persians, pre-
vented by peace, 722. Is taken by Chosroes,
king of Persia, 795.

Darius, his scheme for connecting the continents of
Europe and Asia, 234.

Darkness, præternatural, at the time of the pas-
sion, is unnoticed by the heathen philosophers
and historians, 204.

Dastagard, the Persian royal seat of, plundered by
the emperor Heraclius, 814.
Datianus, governor of Spain, yields ready obe-
dience to the imperial edicts against the chris-
tians, 228.

Datius, bishop of Milan, instigates the revolt of
the Ligurians to Justinian. 706. Escapes to Con-
stantinople on the taking of Milan by the Bur-
gundians, 708.

Debtors, insolvent, cruel punishment of, by the
law of the twelve tables, 774.

Decemvirs, review of the laws of the twelve tables,
Decius, his exaltation to the empire, 95. Was a
754. Their laws superseded by the perpetual
edict, 756. Severity of, 774.

persecutor of the christians, 200.
Decurions, in the Roman empire, are severely
treated by the imperial laws, 253.
Deification of the Roman emperors, how this
species of idolatry was introduced, 28.
Delators, are encouraged by the emperor Commo-
dus, to gratify his hatred of the senate, 35. Are
suppressed by Pertinax, 40.

Delphi, the sacred ornaments of the temple of,
removed to Constantinople by Constantine the
Great, 238, note.

Democracy, a form of government unfavourable to
freedom in a large state, 14.
Demosthenes, governor of Cæsarea, his gallant de-
fence against, and heroic escape from, Sapor king
of Persia, 108.

Deogratias, bishop of Carthage, humanely suc-
cours the captives brought from Rome by Gen-
seric king of the Vandals, 581.
Derar, the Saracen, his character, 943.
Desiderius, the last king of the Lombards, conquer-
ed by Charlemagne, 884.
Despot, nature of that title in the Greek empire,

1001.

Despotism originates in superstition, 89, note.
Diadem assumed by Diocletian, what, 152.
Diamonds, the art of cutting them, unknown to the
ancients, 65, note.

Didius Julianus, purchases the imperial dignity at
a public auction, 43.

Dioceses of the Roman empire, their number and
government, 244.

Diocletian, the manner of his military election to
the empire, 139. His birth and character, ib.
Takes Maximian for his colleague, 140. Asso-
ciates as Cæsars, Galerius, and Constantius
Chlorus, 141. His triumph in conjunction with
Maximian, 150. Fixes his court at the city of
Nicomedia, 151. Abdicates the empire, 154.
Parallel between him and the emperor Charles
V. ib. Passes his life in retirement at Salona,
155. His impartial behaviour toward the chris-
tians, 223. Causes that produced the persecution
of the christians under his reign, 224.
Dion Cassius, the historian, screened from the fury
of the soldiers, by the emperor Alexander
Severus, 62.

Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexandria, his outrageous
behaviour at the second council of Ephesus, 826.
Is deposed by the council of Chalcedon, 823.
Disabul, great khan of the Turks, his reception of
the ambassadors of Justinian, 719.
Divorce, the liberty and abuse of, by the Roman
laws, 766. Limitations of, 767.
Docetes, their peculiar tenets, 310, 817. Deriva-
tion of their name, 310, note.

Dominic, St. Loricatus, his fortitude in flagella-
tion, 1070.

Dominus, when this epithet was applied to the Ro-
man emperors, 152.
Domitian, emperor, his treatment of his kinsmen
Flavius Sabinus, and Flavius Clemens, 213.
Domitian, the oriental præfect, is sent by the em-
peror Constantius to reform the state of the east,
then oppressed by Gallus, 275. Is put to death
there, ib.

Donatus, his contest with Caecilian for the see of
Carthage, 308. History of the schism of the Do-

natists, ib. 330. Persecution of the Donatists by
the emperor Honorius, 548.
Dorylaum, battle of, between sultan Soliman and
the first crusaders, 1080.
Dorology, how introduced into the church-service,
and how perverted, 327.

Dramatic representations at Rome, a character of,
509.
Dreams, the popular opinion of the preternatural
origin of, favourable to that of Constantine pre-
vious to his battle with Maxentius, 296.
Dromedary, extraordinary speed of this animal,
122, note.
Dromones of the Greek empire, described, 1005.
Druids, their power in Gaul suppressed by the em-
perors Tiberius and Claudius, 13.
Druses of mount Libanus, a character of, 1065,

Earthquake, an extraordinary one over great part
of the Roman empire, 414. Account of those
that happened in the reign of Justinian, 750.
East India, the Roman commercial intercourse
with that region, 22. Commodities of, taxed by
Alexander Severus, 65.

Ebionites, account of that sect, 180.

816.

- a confutation of their errors, supposed.
by the primitive fathers, to be a particular object
in the writings of St. John the evangelist, 310.
- their ideas of the person of Jesus Christ,
Ecclesiastes, the book of, why not likely to be the
production of king Solomon, 694, note.
Ecclesiastical and civil powers, distinguished, by
the fathers of the christian church, 301.
Ecdictus, son of the emperor Avitus, his gallant
conduct in Gaul, 594.

Ecthesis of the emperor Heraclius, 834.
Edda, of Iceland, the system of mythology in, 96
Edecon, is sent from Attila king of the Huns, as
bis ambassador to the emperor Theodosius the
Younger, 560. Engages in a proposal to assassi-
nate Attila, 564. His son Odoacer, the first bar-
barian king of Italy, 598.

Edessa, the purest dialect of the Syriac language
spoken there, 83, note. The property of the
christians there, confiscated by the emperor
Julian, for the disorderly conduct of the Arians,
363. Revolt of the Roman troops there, 802.
Account of the school of, 836. History of the
famous image there, 876. The city and princi-
pality of, seized by Baldwin the crusader, 1081.
Is retaken by Zenghi, 1096. The counts of, 1138.
Edict of Milan, published by Constantine the Great,

292.

Edicts of the prætors of Rome, under the republic,
their nature and tendency, 755.
Edom, why that name was applied to the Roman
empire by the Jews, 206, note.
Edrisites, the Saracen dynasty of, 991.
Edward 1. of England, his crusade to the Holy
Land, 1106.

Egidius, his character, and revolt in Gaul, 589.
His son Syagrius, 619.

Egypt, general description of, 10. The supersti-
tions of, with difficulty tolerated at Ronfe, 13.
Amount of its revenues, 64. Public works exe-
cuted there by Probus, 134. Conduct of Dio-
cletian there, 145. Progress of christianity there,
200.

edict of the emperor Valens, to restrain
the number of recluse monks there, 397.

- the worship of Serapis, how introduced
there, 466. His temple, and the Alexandrian
library destroyed by bishop Theophilus, 467.
Origin of monkish institutions in, 602.

great supplies of wheat furnished by, for
the city of Constantinople, in the time of Justi-
nian, 667. Ecclesiastical history of, 841.

reduced by the Saracens, 953. Capture of
Alexandria, 955. Administration of, 957. De-
scription of, by Amrou, ib.

the Egyptians take Jerusalem from the
Turks, 1085. Egypt conquered by the Turks,
1096. Government of the Mamalukes there, 1106.
Elagabalus, is declared emperor by the troops at
Emesa, 57. Was the first Roman who wore gar-
ments of pure silk, 668.

Elephants, inquiry into the number of, brought
into the field by the ancient princes of the east,
83, note. With what view introduced in the cir-
cus at Rome in the first Punic war, 137.
Eleusinian mysteries, why tolerated by the empe-
ror Valentinian, 396.

Emigration of the ancient northern nations, the
nature and motives of, examined, 89.
Emperors of Rome, a review of their constitutions,
755. Their legislative power, 756. Their re-
scripts, ib.

of Germany, their limited powers, 898.
Of Constantinople, their pomp and luxury, 999.
Officers of the palace, state, and army, 1001.
Adoration of the emperor, mode of, 1002. Their
public appearance, ib. Their despotic power,
1004. Their navy, 1005. They retain the name
of Romans to the last, 1010.

Empire, Roman, division of, into the East and West
empires by Valentinian, 390. Extinction of the
western empire, 599.

Encampment, Roman, described, 7.
Ennodius, the servile flatterer of Theodoric the
Ostrogoth king of Italy, is made bishop of Pavia,
649, note.

Epagathus, leader of the mutinous prætorians, who

murdered their præfect Ulpian, punished by the
emperor Alexander Severus, 62.
Ephesus, the famous temple of Diana at, destroyed
by the Goths, 106. Council of, 823. Episcopal

riots there, ib.

Epicurus, his legacy to his philosophical disciples
at Athens, 682.

Epirus, despots of, on the dismemberment of the
Greek empire, 1128.

Equitius, master-general of the Illyrian frontier,
is defeated by the Sarmatians, 412.
Erasmus, his merit as a reformer, 1019.
Essenians, their distinguishing tenets and practices,
200.

Eucharist, a knotty subject to the first reformers,
1018.

Eudes, duke of Aquitain, repels the first Saracen
invasion of France, 976. Implores the aid of
Charles Martel, 977. Recovers his dukedom,
978.
Eudocia, her birth, character, and marriage with
the emperor Theodosius the Younger, 542. Her
disgrace and death, 543.
Eudoria, her marriage with the emperor Arcadius,
476. Stimulates him to give up his favourite
Eutropius, 534. Persecutes St. Chrysostom, 538.
Her death and character, 539.
Eudoria, the daughter of Theodosius the younger,
is betrothed to the young emperor Valentinian
III. of the west, 546. Her character, 578. Is
married to the emperor Maximus, 580. Invites
Genseric, king of the Vandals, to Italy, ib.
Eudorus, bishop of Constantinople, baptizes the
emperor Valens, 396.

Eugenius, the rhetorician, is made emperor of the
west by Arbogastes the Frank, 459. Is defeated
and killed by Theodosius, 460.

Eugenius IV. pope, his contest with the council of
Basil, 1201. Procures a re-union of the Latin
and Greek churches, 1206. Forms a league
against the Turks, 1216. Revolt of the Roman
citizens against him, 1272.

Eumenius the orator some account of, 157, note.
Eunapius the sophist, his character of monks, and
of the objects of their worship, 470.
Eunomians, punishment of, by the edict of the em-
peror Theodosius against heretics, 447.
Eunuchs, enumerated in the list of eastern commo-
dities imported and taxed in the time of Alex-
ander Severus, 65. They infest the palace of the
third Gordian, 76.

- their ascendancy in the court of Constan-
tius, 273. Why they favoured the Arians, 318,
note. Procure the banishment of Liberius bishop
of Rome, 327.

- a conspiracy of, to disappoint the schemes
of Rufinus, and marry the emperor Arcadius to
Eudoxia, 475. They distract the court of the
emperor Honorius, 512, 513. And govern that
of Arcadius, 530. Scheme of Chrysaphius to as-
sassinate Attila king of the Huns, 564.

- the bishop of Seez and his whole chapter
castrated, 1244, note.
Euric, king of the Visigoths in Gaul, his con-
quests in Spain, 594. Is vested with all the Ro-
man conquests beyond the Alps by Odoacer
king of Italy, 618.

Europe, evidences that the climate of, was much
colder in ancient than in modern times, 85. This
alteration accounted for, 86.

final division of, between the western and
eastern empires, 473. Is ravaged by Attila king

Festivals, pagan, great offence taken at, by the
primitive christians, 183.

Feudal government, the rudiments of, to be found
Figures, numeral, occasion of their first public and
among the Scythians, 418.

familiar use, 973.

Finances of the Roman empire, when the seat of
it was removed to Constantinople, reviewed, 252.
Fingal, his questionable history, whether to be con-
nected with the invasion of Caledonia by the
emperor Severus, 52.

Fire, Greek, the Saracen fleet destroyed by, in the
harbour of Constantinople, 974. Is long pre-
served as a secret, 975. Its effects not to be com-
pared with gunpowder, 1006.

Firmus, an Egyptian merchant, his revolt against
the emperor Aurelian, 123.
Firmus the Moor, history of his revolt against the
emperor Valentinian, 405.

Flagellation, its ethcacy in penance, and how
proportioned, 1070.

Flamens, Roman, their number, and peculiar
office, 462.

Flaminian way, its course described, 742, note.
Flavian, archbishop of Constantinople, is killed at
the second council of Ephesus, 826, 827.
Fleece, golden, probable origin of the fable of,
726.
Florence, the foundation of that city, 492, note. Is
besieged by Radagaisus, and relieved by Stili-
cho, ib.

Florentius, prætorian præfect of Gaul under Con-
stantius, his character, 289. 334. Is condemned
by the tribunal of Chalcedon, but suffered to
escape by Julian, 344.

Florianus, brother of the emperor Tacitus, his eager
usurpation of the imperial dignity, 129.
Falir is consecrated bishop of Rome, to supersede
Liberius, who was exiled, 328. He is violently
expelled, and his adherents slaughtered, ib.
Felir, an African bishop, his martyrdom, 27.
Fornication, a doubtful plea for divorce, by gospel
authority, 767, note.

France, modern, computation of the number of its
inhabitants, and the average of their taxation,

254.

- the name of, whence derived, 631. Deri-
vation of the French language, 633, note.

- Childeric deposed, and Pepin appointed
king, by papal sanction, 884. Reign and cha-
racter of Charlemagne, 890. Invasion of, by the
Saracens, 976.

Frangipani, Censio, his profane violation of the
persons of pope Gelasius II. and his college of
cardinals, 1244. Derivation of his family name,
1256.

Franks, their origin and confederacy, 101. They
invade Gaul, and ravage Spain, 102. They pass
over into Africa, ib. Bold and successful return
of a colony of, from the sea of Pontus, by sea,

133.

they overrun and establish themselves at
Toxandria in Germany, 284.

- their fidelity to the Roman government,
494. Origin of the Merovingian race of their
kings, 568. How converted to christianity, 610.
Reign of their king Clovis, 619. Final esta-
blishment of the French monarchy in Gaul, 626.
Their laws, 627. Give the name of France to
their conquests in Gaul, 631. They degenerate
into a state of anarchy, 634.

they invade Italy, 708. 744.

- their military character, 1008.

to acknowledge him Cæsar, 160. His unsuc-
cessful invasion of Italy, 161. Invests Licinius
with the purple on the death of Severus, 163.
His death, 164. From what causes he entertained
an aversion to the christians, 224. Obtains the
countenance of Diocletian for persecuting them,
225. Publishes an edict of toleration just before
his death, 230.

Galileans, two-fold application of that name in the
infancy of christianity, 212. Why the emperor
Julian applied this name to the christians, 359.
Gallienus, son of the emperor Valerian, is asso-
ciated by him in the imperial throne, 101. Pro-
hibits the senators from exercising military em-
ployments, 103. Character of his administration
after the captivity of his father, 109. Names
Claudius for his successor, 113. Favoured the
christians, 222.

Galleys of the Greek empire described, 1005.
Gallus elected emperor, on the minority of Hos-
tilianus, the son of Decius, 100.

Gallus, nephew of Constantine the Great, his edu-
cation, 274. Is invested with the title of Cæsar,
ib. His cruelty and imprudence, ib. His dis-
grace and death, 276. Embraced the doctrine,
but neglected the precepts, of christianity, 348.
Converts the grove of Daphne, at Antioch, to a
christian burial place, 361.

Games, public, of the Romans, described, 77. 508.
Account of the factions of the circus, 664.
Ganges, source of that river, 1182, note.
Gaudentius, the notary, is condemned to death
under the emperor Julian, 344.

Gaul, the province of, described, 8. The power of
the Druids suppressed there by Tiberius and
Claudius, 13. Cities in, 20. Amount of the
tribute paid by that province to Rome, 64. Is
defended against the Franks by Posthumus, 102.
Succession of usurpers there, 119. Invasion of,
by the Lygians, 131. Revolt of the Bagaudæ
suppressed by Maximian, 141. Progress of
christianity there, 201.

proportion of the capitation-tax levied there
by the Roman emperors, 253. Is invaded by
the Germans, 284. The government of, assigned
to Julian, 285. His civil administration, 289. Is
invaded by the Alemanni, under the emperor
Valentinian, 399. And under Gratian, 429.

-

destruction of idols and temples there, by
Martin bishop of Tours, 465. Is overrun by the
barbarous troops of Radagaisus, after his defeat
by Stilicho, 494. Is settled by the Goths, Bur-
gundians, and Franks, 527. Assembly of the
seven provinces in, 529. Reign of Theodoric
king of the Visigoths in, 567. Origin of the
Merovingian race of kings of the Franks in, 568.
Invasion of, by Attila, king of the Huns, 570.
Battle of Chalons, 571. Revolutions of, on the
death of the emperor Majorian, 594. Conver-
sion of, to christianity by the Franks, 615. Re-
presentation of the advantages it enjoyed under
the Roman government, 618. Conquests and
prosperity of Euric king of the Visigoths, ib.
Character and reign of Clovis, 619. The Ale-
manni conquered, 620. Submission of the Armo-
ricans, and the Roman troops, 622. Final esta-
blishment of the French monarchy in Gaul, 626.
History of the Salic laws, 627. The lands of,
how claimed and divided by the barbarian con-
querors of, 629. Domain and benefices of the
Merovingian princes, 630. Usurpation of the
Seniors, ib. Privileges of the Romans in, 633.
Gedrosia, revolutions of the sea-coast of, 82, note.
Gelasius, pope, his zeal against the celebration of
the feast of Lupercalia, 592. Deplores the
miserable decay of Italy, 601.

643.
Eusebia, empress, wife of Constantius, her steady
friendship to Julian, 277. Is accused of arts to
deprive Julian of children, 278.
Eusebius, his character of the followers of Arte-
mon, 203. His own character, 231. His story
of the miraculous appearance of the cross in the
sky to Constantine the Great, 297.
Eutropius the eunuch, great chamberlain to the
emperor Arcadius, concerts his marriage_with
Eudoxia, in opposition to the views of Rufinus,
475. Succeeds Rufinus in the emperor's con-
fidence, 478. His character and administration,
531. Provides for his own security, in a new
law against treason, 532. Takes sanctuary with
St. Chrysostom, 534. His death, 535.
Eutyches, his opinion on the subject of the incar-
nation supported by the second council at
Ephesus, 826. And adhered to by the Arme-
nians, 840.

Euxine Sea, description of the vessels used in na-
vigating, 104.

Exaltation of the cross, origin of the annual festi-
val of, 815.

Exarch, under the Greek empire, the office and
rank of, 884. Of Ravenna, the government of
Italy settled in, and administered by, 745. 788.
Excise duties imposed by Augustus, 65.
Ercommunication from christian communion, the
origin of, 197. 305.

Exile, voluntary, under accusation and conscious
guilt, its advantages among the Romans, 778.

F

Faith and its operations defined, 189.
Falcandus, Hugo, character of his Historia Sicula,
1051, note. His lamentation on the transfer of
the sovereignty of the island to the emperor
Henry VI. 1052.

Fathers of the christian church, cause of their aus-
tere morality, 190.
Fausta, empress, wife of Constantine the Great,
causes of her being put to death. 260,
Faustina, wife of Marcus Antoninus, her cha-
racter, 33.

Faustina, the widow of the emperor Constantius,
countenances the revolt of Procopius against the
emperor Valens, 392.

rel with his countryman Priulf, 439. His oper-
ations against Gainas, 535.

Frederic I. emperor of Germany, his tyranny in
Italy, 898. Engages in the third crusade, 1092.
His disastrous expedition, 1093, 1094. 1100. Sa-
crifices Arnold of Brescia to the pope, 1246. His
reply to the Roman ambassadors, 1251.
Frederic II. is driven out of Italy, 898. His dis-
putes with the pope, and reluctant crusade, 1104.
Exhorts the European princes to unite in oppos-
ing the Tartars, 1169.

Frederic III. the last emperor crowned at Rome,

1972.

Freemen of Laconia, account of, 997.
Fritigern, the Gothic chief, extricates himself from
the hands of Lupicinus, governor of Thrace,
426. Defeats him, 16. Battle of Salices, 428.
His strength recruited by the accession of new
tribes, ib. Negociates with Valens, 430. Bat-
tle of Hadrianople, 431. The union of the Go-
thic tribes broken by his death, 436.
Freedmen, among the Romans, their rank in so-
ciety, 764.

Frumentius was the first christian missionary in
Abyssinia, 300.

Fulk of Neuilly, his ardour in preaching the fourth
crusade, 1112.'

Generosity, Arabian, striking instances of, 906.
Gennadius, the monk, his denunciation against a
Greek union with the Latin church, 1229.
Gennerid, the Roman general, under the emperor
Honorius, his character, 512.

Genoese, their mercantile establishment in the
suburb of Pera at Constantinople, 1161. Their
war with the emperor Cantacuzenus, 1162.
Genseric, king of the Vandals in Spain, his cha-
racter, 547. Goes over to Africa on the invita-
tion of count Boniface, ib. His successes there
by the assistance of the Donatists, 518. Devas-
tation of Africa by his troops, 549. Besieges
Boniface in Hippo Regius, 549. His treacherous
surprisal of Carthage, 551. Strengthens himself
by an alliance with Attila king of the Huns, 556.
His brutal treatment of his son's wife, daughter
of Theodoric, 568. Raises a naval force, and
invades Italy, 579. His sack of Rome, 580.
Destroys the fleet of Majorian, 588. His naval
depredations on Italy, 589. His claims on the
eastern empire, 590. Destroys the Roman fleet
under Basilicus, 593. Was an Arian, and per-
secuted his catholic subjects, 612.
Gentleman, etymology of the term, 1075, note.
Geoponics of the emperor Constantine Porphyro-
genitus, account of, 995.
George of Cappadocia supersedes Athanasius in
the see of Alexandria, 325. His scandalous his-
tory, and tragical death, 362. Becomes the tute-
lar saint of England, 363.

Gepide, their encroachments on the eastern empire
checked by the Lombards, 714. Are reduced by
them, 781.

Germanus, nephew of the emperor Justinian, his

character and 'promotion to the command of the
army sent to Italy, 740, 741. His death, 741.
Germany, the rude institutions of that country the
original principles of European laws and
manners, 85. Its ancient extent, ib. How
peopled, 86. The natives unacquainted with
letters in the time of Tacitus, 87. Had no cities,
ib. Manners of the ancient Germans, 88. Popu-
lation, 89. State of liberty among them, ib.
Authority of their magistrates, 9.). Conjugal
faith and chastity, ib. Their religion, 91. Arms
and discipline, 92, 93. Their feuds, 94. General
idea of the German tribes, ib. Probus carries
the Roman arms into Germany, 132. A fron-
tier wall built by Probus from the Rhine to the
Danube, ib.

invasions of Gaul by the Germans, 284.

399.
- state of, under the emperor Charle-
magne, 892. The imperial crown established in
the name and nation of Germany, by the first
Otho, 894. Division of, among independent
princes, 898. Formation of the Germanic con-
stitution, 899. State assumed by the emperor,
900.

Gerontius, count, sets up Maximus as emperor in
Spain, and loses his life in the attempt, 523.
Geta and Caracalla, sons of the emperor Severus,
their fixed antipathy to each other, 51.
Gildo the Moor, his revolt in Africa, 479. His de-
feat and death, 481.

Gladiators, desperate enterprise and fate of a party
of, reserved for the triumph of Probus, 134. The
combats of, abolished by the emperor Honorius,
489.

Glycerius is first emperor of Rome, and then bishop
of Salona, 597. Murders Julius Nepos, and is
made archbishop of Milan, 598.
Gnostics, character and account of the sect of, 181.
Principal sects into which they divided, 182.
Their peculiar tenets, 310. 818.
Godfrey of Bouillon, his character, and engage-
ment in the first crusade, 1073. His route to
Constantinople, 1076, 1077. Is elected king of
Jerusalem, 10. Compiles the Assise of Jeru-
salem, 1089. Form of his administration, ib.
Gog and Magog, the famous rampart of, described,
680.

Goisvintha, wife of Leovigild, king of Spain, her
pious cruelty to the princess Ingundis, 616.
Gold of affliction, the tax so denominated in the
eastern empire, abolished by the emperor Anas-
tasius, 670.

Greek learning, revival of, in Italy, 1208.
Gregory the Great, pope, his pious presents to Re-
cared king of Spain, 617. Exhorts Theodelinda,
queen of the Lombards, to propagate the Nicene
faith, ib. His enmity to the venerable build-
ings and learning of Rome, 791. His birth and
early profession, 792. His elevation to the pon-
tificate, ib. Sends a mission to convert the Bri-
tons, 703. Sanctifies the usurpation of the em-
peror Phocas, 801.

Gregory II. pope, his epistles to Leo III. emperor
of Constantinople, 879. Revolts against the
Greek emperor, 880.
Gregory VII. pope, his ambitious schemes, 896.
His contest with the emperor Henry III. 1045.
His retreat to Salerno, 1046. 1244.
Gregory, præfect of Africa, history of him and his
daughter, 958.

Gregory Nazianzen, his lamentation on the dis-
graceful discord among christians, 331. Loads
the memory of the emperor Julian with invective,
348. Censures Constantius for having spared
his life, 351, note.

- is presented to the wretched see of Sa-
sima, by his friend archbishop Basil, 444. His
mission to Constantinople, ib. Is placed on the
archiepiscopal throne by Theodosius, 445. His
resignation and character, 447.
Grumbates, king of the Chionites, attends Sapor
king of Persia, in his invasion of Mesopotamia,
282. Loses his son at the siege of Amida, ib.
Returns home in grief, 283.

Guardianship, how vested and exercised, according
to the Roman civil laws, 768.
Gubazes, king of Colchos, his alliance with Chos-
roes king of Persia, 728. Returns to his former
connexion with the emperor Justinian, ib. Is
treacherously killed, 730.

Guelphs and Ghibelines, the parties of, in Italy,
898. 1258.

Guilt, the degrees of, in the penal laws of the
Romans, 775.

Guiscard, Robert, his birth and character, 1038.
Acquires the dukedom of Apulia, 1039. His
Italian conquests, ib. Besieges Durazzo, 1048.
Defeats the Greek emperor Alexius there, 1044.
Engages in the cause of pope Gregory VII. 1046.
His second expedition to Greece, and death, ib.
Gundobald, king of the Burgundians, is reduced
by Clovis king of the Franks, 623. His mode of
justifying the judicial combat, 629.
Gunpowder, the invention and use of, 1194.
Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem, liis character,
1099. Is defeated and taken prisoner by Sala-
din, ib.

Gyarus, a small island in the Ægean sea, an in-
stance of its poverty, 64.

H

their war with the Sarmatians, 262. Are
again routed by Constantine, ib. Gothic war
under the emperors Valentinian and Valens, 410.
Are defeated by the Huns, 422. They implore
the protection of the emperor Valens, 424. They
are received into the empire, ib. They are op-
pressed by the Roman governors of Thrace, 425.
Are provoked to hostilities, and defeat Lupici
nus, 426. They ravage Thrace, 427. Battle of
Salices, 428. They are strengthened by fresh
swarms of their countrymen, ib. Battle of Ha-
drianople, 431. Scour the country from Ha-
drianople to Constantinople, 432. Massacre of
the Gothic youth in Asia, 433. Their formidable
union broken by the death of Fritigern, 436.
Death and funeral of Athanaric, 437. Invasion
and defeat of the Ostrogoths, ib. Are settled in
Thrace, by Theodosius, 438. Their hostile senti-
ments, 439.

-- revolt of under Honorius, 482. They
ravage Greece, under the command of Alaric,
483. They invade Italy, 486. The sack of Rome
by, 515. Death of Alaric, 519. Victories of
Wallia in Spain, 526. They are settled in Aqui
tain, ib. See Gaul, and Theodoric. Conquest
of the Visigoths in Gaul and Spain, 594. How
the Goths were converted to the christian religion,
609. 616.

- reign of Theodoric king of the Ostrogoths,
645. The Goths in Italy, extinguished, 746.
Government, civil, the origin of, 89.
Governors of provinces, under the emperors, their
great power and influence, 246.
Gratian was the first emperor who refused the
pontifical robe, 332, note, Marries the princess
Constantia, and succeeds to the empire, 413. De-
feats the Alemanni in Gaul, 429. Invests Theo-
dosius with the empire of the east, 434.

- his character and conduct, 439. His flight
from Maximus, and death, 441. Overthrew the
ecclesiastical establishment of paganism, 463.
Greece, is ravaged by the Goths, 106. Is overrun
by Alaric the Goth, 483. Is reduced by the
Turks, 1240.

Greek church, origin of the schism of, 1107. 1206.

1214.

Greek empire. See Constantinople.
Greeks, why averse to the Roman language and
manners, 15. The Greek becomes a scientific
language among the Romans, 16. Character of

quests of Trajan, 3. Their characters compared,
b. His character contrasted with that of Anto-
ninus Pius, ib. His several adoptions of suc-
cessors, 30. Founds the city of Elia Capitolina
on Mount Sion, 180.

reforms the laws of Rome in the perpetual
edict, 755.
Harianople, battle of, between Constantine the
Great and Licinius, 175. Is ineffectually be-
sieged by Fritigern the Goth, 427. Battle of,
between the emperor Valens and the Goths. 431.
Hakem, caliph of the Saracens, assumes a divine
character to supplant the Mahometan faith, 1065.
Hamadanites, the Saracen dynasty of, in Meso-
potamia, 991.

Hannibal, review of the state of Rome when he
besieged that city, 502.
Hannibalianus, nephew of Constantine the Great,
is dignified with the title of king, 260. Provinces
assigned to him for a kingdom, 261. Is cruelly
destroyed by Constantius, 264.

Happiness, instance how little it depends on power
and magnificence, 981.

Harmozan, the Persian satrap, his interview with
the caliph Omar, 939.
Harpies, an ancient mythologic history, Le Clerc's
conjecture concerning, 234, note.
Harun al Rashid, caliph, his friendly correspond-
ence with the emperor Charlemagne, 892. His
wars with the Greek empire, 984.
Hassan, the Saracen, conquers Carthage, 961.
Hawking, the art and sport of, introduced into
Italy by the Lombards, 789.
Hegira, the era of, how fixed, 918.
Helena, the mother of Constantine, her parentage
ascertained, 158. Was converted to christianity
by her son, 291, note.

Helena, sister of the emperor Constantius, married
to Julian, 277. Is reported to be deprived of
children by the arts of the empress Eusebia, 278.
Her death, 337.

Heliopolis taken by the Saracens, 947.
Hell, according to Mahomet, described, 916.
Hellespont described, 234.
Helvetia, amount of its population in the time of
Cæsar, 89, note.

Hengist, his arrival in Britain, with succours for
Vortigern, against the Caledonians, 636. His
establishment in Kent, 636, 637.
Heroticon of the emperor Zeno, character of, 829.
Henry succeeds his brother Baldwin as emperor
of Constantinople. 1130. His character and
administration, 1131,

Henry III. emperor, his contest with pope Gregory
VII. 1015. Takes Rome, and sets up pope
Clement III. 1046.

Henry VI. emperor, conquers and pillages the
island of Sicily, 1052.

Heptarchy, Saxon, establishment of, in Britain,
637. Review of the state of, 639.
Heraclian, count of Africa, retains that province
in obedience to Honorius, 514. His cruel usage
of the refugees from the sack of Rome by Alaric,
518. His revolt and death, 522.

Heracleonas, emperor of Constantinople, 847.
Heraclius, deposes the eastern usurper Phocas, and
is chosen emperor, 805. Conquests of Chosroes
II. king of Persia, 806. His distressful situa-
tion, 808. Accepts an ignominious peace from
Chosroes, 809. His first expedition against the
Persians, ib. His second Persian expedition, 810.
Strengthens himself by an alliance with the
Turks, 813. His third Persian expedition, ib.
His treaty of peace with Persia, 815. His
triumph and pilgrimage to Jerusalem, ib. His
theological inquiries, 833, 834.

Heraclius marries his niece Martína, 847. Leaves
his two sons joint successors to the empire, ib.
invasion of his provinces by the Saracens, 943.
Flies from Syria, 951.

Heraclius the præfect, his expedition against the
Vandals in Africa, 592.

Heraclius the eunuch, instigates the emperor Va-
lentinian III. to the murder of the patrician
Etius, 577. His death, 578.
Herbelot, character of his Bibliotheque Orientale,

937, note.

Hercynian forest, the extent of, unknown in the
tine of Cæsar, 86, note.

Heresy in religion, the origin of, traced, 181. Edict
of Constantine the Great against, 307.
Hermanric, king of the Ostrogoths, his conquests,
409. His death, 423.
Hermenegild, prince of Botica, his marriage with
Ingundis, princess of Austrasia, and conversion
to the Nicene faith, 616. Revolt and death, ib.
Hermits of the east, their mortified course of life,
608. Miracles performed by them and their re-
lics, ib.

Hermodorus, the Ephesian, assists the Romans in
compiling their twelve tables of laws, 753.
Hermogenes, master general of the cavalry, is killed
in the attempt to banish Paul, bishop of Constan-
tinople, 328.

Hero and Leander, the story of, by whom contro-
verted and defended, 235, note.
Herodian, his life of Alexander Severus, why pre-
ferable to that in the Augustan history, 63, note.
Herodes Atticus, his extraordinary fortune and
munificence, 18.

Herodotus, his character of the Persian worship, 80.
Heruli, of Germany and Poland, their character,
650.

Hilarion, the monk of Palestine, account of, 603.
Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, his remarkable observa-
tions on the diversity of Christian doctrines, 314.
His exposition of the term Homoiousion, 315.
Hilary, pope, censures the emperor Anthemius for
his tolerating principles, 592.
Hilderic, the Vandal king of Africa, his indulgence
to his catholic subjects displeases both the Arians
and Athanasians, 684. Is deposed by Gelimer,
ib. Is put to death, 689.

Hindoos of the east, not the disciples of Zoroaster,
969, note.

Hindostan, conquest of, by Tamerlane, 1181.
Hippo Regius, siege of, by Genseric king of the
Vandals, 549.

History, the principal subjects of, 94.
Holy war, the justice of it inquired into, 1069.
Homicide, how commuted by the Salic laws, 627.
Homoouston, origin and use of that term at the
council of Nice, 313. And Homoiousion, the
distinction between, 315.
Honain, war of, 923.

Honoratus, archbishop of Milan, is, with his clergy,
driven from his see by the Lombards, 783.
Honoria, princess, sister of the emperor Valenti-
nian III. her history, 569.
Honorius, son of Theodosius the Great, is declared
emperor of the west by his dying father, 461.
Marries Maria, the daughter of Stilicho, 482.
His character, ib. Flies from Milan on the in-
vasion of Italy by Alaric, 487. His triumphant
entry into Rome, 489. Abolishes the combats of
gladiators, 490. Fixes his residence at Ravenna,
ib. Orders the death of Stilicho, 499. His im-
politic measures and cruelty unite his barbarian
soldiers against him under Alaric, 501. Ilis
councils distracted by the eunuchs, 512. His
abject overtures to Attalus and Alaric, 514. His
last acts, and death, 522. His triumph for the
reduction of Spain by Wallia the Goth, 526. Is
suspected of incest with his sister Placidia, 545.
His persecution of the Donatists in Africa, 548.
Honour, the new ranks of, introduced in the city of
Constantinople, 240, 1000,

Hormisdas, a fugitive Persian prince, in the court
of the emperor Constantius, his remarks on the
city of Rome, 279, note. His history, and station
under Julian, 371.

Hormous, the son of Chosroes, king of Persia, his
accession, 795. His character, 796. Is deposed,
and at length killed, 797, 798.
Herses of Arabia, their peculiar qualities, 902.
Hosein the son of Ali, his tragical death, 932.
Hospitallers, knights, of St. John of Jerusalem,
popularity and character of the order of, 1088.
Hostilianus, the minor son of the emperor Decius,
elected emperor, under the guardianship of Gal-
Jus, 160.
Hugh, king of Burgundy, his marriage with Ma-
rozia, and expulsion from Rome by Alberic, 896.
Hugh, count of Vermandois, engages in the first
crusade, 1074. Is shipwrecked, and made captive
by the Greek emperor Alexius Comnenus, 1077.
His return, 1083.

Human nature, its natural propensities, 190.