Hume, Mr. his natural history of religion, the best commentary on the polytheism of the ancients,
168, note. The name and use of, in the middle ages, whence derived, 252. in the Romish church, the nature of,
12, note. His difficulty, as to the extent of the Indulged, 1070.
imperial palace at Rome, resolved, 52, note. Charges the most refined and philosophic sects with intolerancy, 81, note.
Hungary, establishment of the Huns in, 553. State of, under the emperor Charlemagne, 892. Terror excited by their first approach to Europe, 1021. Their character, 1023.
Huniades, John, his exploits against the Turks, 1217. His defence of Belgrade, and death, 1220. Hunneric, the son of Genseric, king of the Vandals, persecutes his catholic subjects, 612. His cruelty to the catholics of Tipasa, 615. Huns, their original seat, and their conquests, 419. Their decline, 420. Their emigrations, 421. Their victories over the Goths, 422, 423. Huns, they drive other barbarous tribes before them, upon the Roman provinces, 491. Their establishment in Hungary, 553. Character of their king Attila, 554. Their invasion of Persia, 555. The empire of, extinguished by the death of Attila, 577.
Hunting of wild beasts, when a virtue, and when a vice, 37. Is the school of war, 417. Hypatia, the female philosopher, murdered in the church at Alexandria, 821. Hypatius, sedition of, at Constantinople, 666.
Jacobites of the east, history of the sect of, 838. James, St., his legendary exploits in Spain, 202. Janizaries, first institution of those troops, 1175. Iberian and Caspian gates of mount Caucasus, distinguished, 680. The Iberian gates occupied by Cabades king of Persia, ib. Idatius, his account of the misfortunes of Spain by an irruption of the barbarous nations, 525. Idolatry ascribed to the agency of dæmons, by the primitive christians, 182. Derivation of the term, and its successive applications, 333, note. Jerom, his extravagant representation of the de- vastation of Pannonia by the Goths, 433. His influence over the widow Paula, 604. Jerusalem, its situation, destruction, and profana- tion, 356. Pilgrimages to, and curious relics preserved there, ib. Abortive attempts of the emperor Julian to rebuild the temple, 357.
- a magnificent church erected there to the Virgin Mary by Justinian, 676. The vessels of the temple brought from Africa to Constantino- ple by Belisarius, 694. Is conquered by Chos- roes II. king of Persia, 806. Insurrection of the monks there, 828.
- the city conquered by the Saracens, 949. Great resort of pilgrims to, 1061. Conquest of, by the Turks, 1065.
- is taken from the Turks by the Egyptians, 1085. Is taken by the crusaders, 1087. Is erected into a kingdom under Godfrey of Bou- illon, ib. Succession of its christian princes, 1098. Is pillaged by the Carizmians, 1104. Jerusalem, New, described according to the ideas of the primitive christians, 186. Jesuits, Portuguese, persecute the eastern chris- tian3, 838. Their labours in, and expulsion from, Abyssinia, 844.
Jews, an obscure, unsocial, obstinate race of men, 177. Review of their history, 178. Their reli- gion is the basis of christianity, 179. The pro- mises of divine favour extended by christianity to all mankind, ib. The immortality of the soul not inculcated in the law of Moses, 185. Why there are no Hebrew gospels extant, 199. Provoked the persecutions of the Roman emperors, 205,
those of a more liberal spirit adopted the theological system of Plato, 309. Their condition under the emperors Constantine and Constan- tius, 356. Abortive attempt of Julian to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, 357.
miraculous conversion of a number of, at Minorca, 472, note. Persecution of, in Spain, 617.
- are persecuted by the catholics in Italy, 655. And by Cyril at Alexandria, 821. How plagued by the emperor Justinian, 832.
- those in Arabia subdued by Mahomet, 921, Assist the Saracens in the reduction of Spain. 965.
-- massacres of, by the first crusaders, 1072. Jezdegerd, king of Persia, is said to be left guar- dian to Theodosius the Younger, by the emperor Arcadius, 540. His war with Theodosius, 543. Igilium, the small island of, serves as a place of refuge for Romans who flew from the sack of Rome by Alaric, 517. Ignatius, bishop of Antioch, the christian fortitude displayed in his epistles, 218. Ikshidites, the Saracen dynasty of, 991. Illustrious, the title of, how limited in the times of Roman simplicity, and how extended when Constantinople became the seat of empire, 240, 241.
Illyricum described, 9. Images, introduction of, into the christian church, 875. The worship of, derived from paganism, ib. Are condemned by the council of Constan- tinople, 878. The adoration of, justified by pope Gregory II., 880. And sanctified by the second council of Nice, 887.
Imperator, in the Roman history, explained, 25, note. The imperial prerogatives, 26. The court, 27. The sense of this appellation altered by long use, 152.
Incarnation, theological history of the doctrine of, 816.
Incest, natural, and arbitrary, distinguished, 768. India, account of the christians of St. Thomas in, 838. Persecution of, by the Portuguese, ib. Indictions, the memorable æra of, whence dated,
Ingundis, princess of Austrasia, is married to Hermenegild prince of Boetica, and cruelly treated by his mother Goisvintha, 616. Inheritance, paternal, subject to parental discre- tion among the Romans, 65. The Roman law of, 770. Testamentary dispositions of property, 771. The Voconian law, how evaded, ib. Injuries, review of the Roman laws for the redress of, 773.
Innocent III. pope, enjoyed the plenitude of papal power, 1103.
Inquisition, the first erection of that tribunal, 1103. Institutes of Justinian, an analysis of, 763. Interest of money, how regulated by the Roman law, 773.
Joan, pope, the story of, fictitious, 895, note. John, principal secretary to the emperor Honorius, usurps the empire after his death, 545. John, the almsgiver, archbishop of Alexandria, re- lieves the Jewish refugees when Jerusalem was taken by the Persians, 807. His extraordinary liberality of the church treasure, 842. John, bishop of Antioch, arrives at Ephesus after the meeting of the council, and, with his bishops, decides against Cyril, 823. Coalition between him and Cyril, 824.
John, of Apri, patriarch of Constantinople, his pride, and confederacy against John Cantacu- zene, 1158.
John, of Brienne, emperor of Constantinople,
John, of Cappadocia, prætorian prefect of the east, under the emperor Justinian, his character, 672. Is disgraced by the empress Theodora, and becomes a bishop, 673. Opposes the African war, 685. His fraud in supplying the army with bread, 687.
John Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople, 867. John Damascenus, St. his history, 878, note. John of Lycopolis, the hermit, his character, and oracular promise to the emperor Theodosius the Great, 459.
John, the Monophysite bishop of Asia, is employed by the emperor Justinian to root out pagans and heretics, 832.
John XII. pope, his flagitious character, 896. John XXIII. pope, his profligate character, 1271. John, St. the evangelist, reveals the true sense of Plato's doctrine of the Legos, 310.
John the Sanguinary, seizes the Gothic treasures in Picenum, and obliges Vitiges to raise the siege of Rome, 707.
John Zimisces, murders the Greek emperor Nice- phorus, and succeeds him, 861. His eastern victories, 993. Defeats Swatoslaus, czar of Rus- sia, 1029.
Iona, one of the Hebride islands, its ancient mo- nastic eminence, 603.
Jonas, renegado of Damascus, story of, 945. Jordan, character of his work, De Originibus Scla- vicis, 1020, note.
Joseph the Carismian, governor of Berzem, kills the sultan Alp Arslan, 1060.
Josephus, the mention of Jesus Christ in his history, a forgery, 211, note. His opinion, that Plato de- rived knowledge from the Jews, controverted, 309, note.
Jovian is elected emperor by the troops of Julian, on their retreat from Assyria, 381, 382. His treaty with Sapor king of Persia, 383. His death, 388.
Jovians and Herculians, new bodies of guards in- stituted to supersede the prætorian bands, 151. Jovinian of Verona, his punishment by a Roman synod, for heresy, 486. Jovinus reduces the Alemanni, who had invaded Gaul, 399, 400.
-account of his revolt against the emperor Honorius in Germany, 524. Jovius, prætorian præfect under the emperor Ho- norius, succeeds Olympius as his confidential minister, 512. His negociations with Alaric ob- structed, 513. Deserts Honorius, and goes over to Alaric, and the new emperor Attalus, 514. Irene, her marriage with the Greek emperor Leo, 853. Her ambition, and barbarity to her son Constantine, ib. Restores images to public de- votion, 887.
Ireland was first colonized from Scotland, 403. Derivation of the name of its tutelar saint, Pa- trick, 600, note.
Isaac 1. Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople, 864.
Isaac II. Angelus, emperor of Constantinople, 873. His character and reign, 1110. Is deposed by his brother Alexius, 1111. Is restored by the crusaders, 1119. His death, 1121.
Isaac, archbishop of Armenia, his apology for the vices of king Ártasires, 544. Isauria, the rebellion there against the emperor Gallienus, 112.
Isaurians, reduction of, by the eastern emperors, 677.
Isidore, cardinal, his ill treatment in Russia, 1215. Receives an act of union from the Greek clergy at Constantmople, 1429. Isocrates, his price for the tuition of his pupils,
Italy, the dominion of, under Odoacer, succeeds the extinction of the western empire, 599. Its miserable state at this era, 601. Conversion of the Lombards of, to the Nicene faith, 617.
- is reduced by Theodoric the Ostrogoth, 649. His administration, ib. Government of, according to the Roman law, by Theodoric, 651. Its flourishing state at this time, 653. How sup plied with silk from China, 668. History of Ainalasontha, queen of Italy, 697. Invasion of,
by Belisarius, 700. Siege of Rome by the Goths, 701. Invasion of Italy by the Franks, 708. Re- volt of the Goths, 734. Expedition of the eunuch Narses, 741. Invasion of, by the Franks and Alemanni, 744. Government of, under the ex- archs of Ravenna, 745. Conquests of Alboin king of the Lombards in, 783. Distress of, 787. How divided between the Lombards and the exarchs of Ravenna, 788.
Italy, growth of the papal power in, 879. Revolt of, against the Greek emperors, 880. The ex- archate of Ravenna granted to the pope, 885. Extent of the dominions of Charlemagne there, 891. The power of the German Cæsars destroy- ed by the rise of the commercial cities there, 897. Factions of the Guelphs and Ghibelines, 898. Conflict of the Saracens, Latins, and Greeks in, 1032.
- revival of Greek learning in, 1208. Authors consulted for the history of, 1275, note. Jubilee, popish, a revival of the secular games, 77, note, 1255. The return of, accelerated, 1255. Jude, St. examination of his grandsons before the tribunal of the procurator of Judæa, 212. Judgments of God, in the Salic laws, how deter- mined, 628.
Judgments, popular, of the Romans, displayed, 777. Julia Domna, wife of the emperor Severus, her character, 51. Her death, 56.
Julian, the nephew of Constantine the Great, his education, 274. His dangerous situation on the death of his brother Gallus, 276. Is sent to Athens, where he cultivates philosophy, 277. Is recalled by Constantius, ib. Is invested with the title of Cæsar, 278. Is appointed to the government of Gaul, 285. His first campaign, ib. Battle of Strasburg, 286. Reduces the Franks at Toxandria, 287. His three expedi- tions beyond the Rhine, 288. Restores the cities of Gaul, ib. His civil administration, 289. His account of the theological calamities of the em- pire under Constantius, 330. Constantius grows jealous of him, 333. The Gaulish legions are ordered into the east, 334. Is saluted emperor by the troops, 335. His embassy and epistle to Constantius, 336. His fourth and fifth expedi- tions beyond the Rhine, 337. Declares war against Constantius, and abjures the christian religion, 338. His march from the Rhine into Illyricum, 339. Enters Sirmium, ib. Publishes apologies for his conduct, 340. His triumphant entry into Constantinople on the death of Con- stantius, 341. His private life and civil govern- ment, ib. His reformations in the imperial palace, 343. Becomes a sloven to avoid foppery, b. Erects a tribunal for the trial of the evil ministers of Constantius, 344. Dismisses the spies and informers employed by his predeces- sor, 345. His love of freedom and the republic, ib. His kindnesses to the Grecian cities, 346. His abilities as an orator, ib. And as a judge, 347. His character, ib. His apostacy accounted for, 348. Adopts the pagan mythology, ib. His theological system, 350. His initiation into the Eleusinian mysteries, and his fanaticism, ib. His hypocritical duplicity, 351. Writes a vin- dication of his apostacy, 352. His edict for a general toleration, ib. His pagan superstitious zeal, 353. His circular letters for the reforma- tion of the pagan religion, 354. His industry in gaining proselytes, 355. His address to the Jews, 356. History of his attempt to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem, 357. Transfers the revenues of the christian church to the heathen priests, 359. Prohibits christian schools, ib. Obliges the christians to reinstate the pagan temples, 360. Restores the sacred grove and temple of Daphne, 361. Punishes the christians of Antioch for burning that temple, 362. His treatment of the cities of Edessa and Alexandria, 363. Banishes Athanasius, 364. The philosophical fable of his Casars, delineated, 366. Meditates the conquest of Persia, 367. Popular discontents during his residence at Antioch, ib. Occasion of writing his Misopogon, 368. His march to the Euphrates, 369. He enters the Persian territories, 371. In- vades Assyria, 373. His personal conduct in this enterprise, 374. His address to his discon- tented troops, 375. His successful passage over the Tigris, 376. Burns his fleet, 378. His re- treat and distress, 379. His death, 381. His funeral, 386.
Julian, count, offers to betray Spain into the hands of the Arabs, 963. His advice to the victorious Turks, 964.
Julian, the papal legate, exhorts Ladislaus, king of Hungary and Poland, to breach of faith with the Turks, 1217. His death and character, 1219. Julius, master-general of the troops in the eastern empire, concerts a general massacre of the Gothic youth in Asia, 433.
Jurisprudence, Roman, a review of, 752. Was polished by Grecian philosophy, 758. Abuses of, 778.
Justin the elder, his military promotion, 658. His elevation to the empire, and character, 659. His death, 660.
Justin 11. emperor, succeeds his uncle Justinian, 779. His firm behaviour to the ambassadors of the Avars, 780. His abdication, and investiture of Tiberius, as his successor, 785. Justin Martyr, his decision in the case of the Ebionites, 180. His extravagant account of the progress of christianity, 202. Occasion of his own coversion, 203. Justina, the popular story of her marriage with the emperor Valentinian examined, 413. Her infant son Valentinian II. invested with the im- perial ensigns, on the death of his father, ib. Her contest with Ambrose archbishop of Milan, 449. Flies from the invasion of Maximus, with her son, 451.
Justinian, emperor of the east, his birth and pro- motion, 658. His orthodoxy, 659. Is invested with the diadem by his uncle Justin, 660. Mar- ries Theodora, 662, Patronizes the blue faction of the circus, 665. State of agriculture and manufacture in his provinces, 667. Introduces the culture of the silk-worm, and manufacture of silk, into Greece, 669. State of his revenue, 670. His avarice and profusion, ib. Taxes and monopolies, 671. His ministers, 672. His pub- lic buildings, 673. Founds the church of St. Sophia at Constantinople, 674. His other public works, 675. His European fortifications, 676. His Asiatic fortifications, 678. He suppresses the schools of Athens, 681. And the consular dignity, 683. Purchases a peace from the Per- sians, 684. 722. Undertakes to restore Hilderic king of Carthage, 684. Reduction of Africa, 692. His instructions for the government of, ib. His acquisitions in Spain, 696. His deceitful nego- ciations in Italy, 698. Weakness of his empire, 713. Receives an embassy from the Avars, 718. And from the Turks, 719. Persian war, 724. His negociations with Chosroes, 730. His alli- ance with the Abyssinians, 731. Neglects the Italian war under Belisarius, 736. Settles the government of Italy under the exarch of Ra- venna, 745. Disgrace and death of Belisarius, 748. His death and character, ib. Comets and calamities in his reign, 749. His Code, Pan- dects, and Institutes, 752. His theological cha- racter, and government, 830. His persecuting spirit, 831. His orthodoxy, 832. Died a here- tic, 833.
Justinian II. emperor of Constantinople, 849. Justinian, the son of Germanus, his conspiracy with the empress Sophia, and successes against the Persians, 786. Juvenal, his remarks on the crowded state of the inhabitants of Rome, 509.
Khan, import of this title in the northern parts of Asia, 417. 491.
King, the title of, conferred by Constantine the Great on his nephew Hannibalianus, 260. Kindred, degrees of, according to the Roman civil law, 770.
Knighthood, how originally conferred, and its ob- ligations, 1075.
Koran of Mahomet, account and character of, 912. Koreish, the tribe of, acquire the custody of the Caaba at Mecca, 907. Pedigree of Mahomet. 909. They oppose his pretensions to a prophetical character, 917. Flight of Mahomet, 918. Battle of Beder, 920. Battle of Ohud, 921. Mecca sur- rendered to Mahomet, 922.
Labarum, or standard of the cross, in the army of Constantine the Great, described, 295. Labeo, the civilian, his diligence in business and composition, 758. His professional character, 759. Lactantius, difficulties in ascertaining the date of his Divine Institutions, 290, note. His flattering prediction of the influence of christianity among mankind, 293. Inculcates the divine right of Constantine to the empire, ib. Ladislaus, king of Hungary and Poland, leads an army against the Turks, 1217. His breach of faith with them, ib.
Ladislaus, king of Naples, harasses Rome during the schism of the papacy, 1970. Latus, prætorian præfect, conspires the death of Commodus, and confers the empire on Pertinax,
Laity, when first distinguished from the clergy, 195.
Lampadius, a Roman senator, boldly condemns the treaty with Alaric the Goth, 497.
Lance, Holy, narrative of the miraculous discovery of, 1084.
Land, how assessed by the Roman emperors, 253. How divided by the barbarians, 629. Allodial, and Salic, distinguished, 630. Of Italy, how partitioned by Theodoric the Ostrogoth, 649. Laodicea, its ancient splendour, 20. Lascaris, Theodore, establishes an empire at Nice, 1128. His character, 1141. Lascaris, Theodore 11. his character, 1142. Lascaris, Janus, the Greek grammarian, his cha- racter, 1211.
Latin church, occasion of its separation from the Greek church, 1107. Corruption and schism of, 1201. Reunion of, with the Greek church, 1206. The subsequent Greek schism, 1214. Latium, the right of, explained, 15. Laura, in monkish history, explained, 607. Law, review of the profession of, under the empe- rors, 245.
Laws of Rome, review of, 752. Those of the kings, ih. Of the twelve tables, 753. Of the people, 754. Decrees of the senate, and edicts of the prætors, 755, Constitutions of the emperors, ib. Their rescripts, 750. The three codes of, ib. The forms of. ib. Succession of civil lawyers, 757. Reformation of, by Justinian, 760. Abo- lition and revival of the penal laws, 775. Lazi, the tribe of, in Colchos, account of, 727. Le Clerc, character of his ecclesiastical history, 816, note.
Legacies and inheritances taxed by Augustus, 65. How regulated by the Roman law. 771. Legion, in the Roman army under the emperors, described, 5. General distribution of the legions, 7. The size of, reduced by Constantine the Great, 247.
Leo of Thrace is made emperor of the east, by his master Aspar, 590. Was the first christian po-
tentate who was crowned by a priest, ib. Confers the empire of the west on Anthemius, 591. His armament against the Vandals in Africa, 592. Murders Aspar and his sons, 646.
Leo III. emperor of Constantinople, 851. His edicts against images in churches, 877. Revolt of Italy, 881.
Leo IV. emperor of Constantinople, 852. Leo V. emperor of Constantinople, 854. Leo VI. the philosopher, emperor of Constanti- nople, 859. Extinguishes the power of the senate, 1004.
Leo, bishop of Rome, his character, and embassy from Valentinian III. to Attila, king of the Huns, 576. Intercedes with Genseric, king of the Vandals, for clemency to the city of Rome, 581. Calls the council of Chalcedon, 827. Leo III. pope, his miraculous recovery from the assault of assassins, 889. Crowns Charlemagne emperor of the Romans, ib.
Leo IV. pope, his reign, 987. Founds the Leonine city, ib.
Leo IX. pope, his expedition against the Normans of Apulia, 1037. His treaty with them, 1038. Leo, archbishop of Thessalonica, one of the re- storers of Greek learning, 1010.
Leo, general of the east, under the emperor Arca- dius, his character, 534.
Leo Pilatus, first Greek professor at Florence, and in the west, his character, 1209.
Leo, the Jew proselyte, history of his family, 1256. Leonas, the quæstor, his embassy from Constan- tius to Julian, 338.
Leonine city at Rome founded, 987. Leontius is taken from prison, and chosen emperor of Constantinople, on the deposition of Justinian II. 849. Leovigild, Gothic king of Spain, his character, 615. Revolt and death of his son Hermenegild, 616, Letters, a knowledge of, the test of civilization in a people, 87.
Lewis the Pious, emperor of the Romans, 893. Lewis II. emperor of the Romans, 893. His epistle to the Greek emperor Basil I. 1032. Libanius, his account of the private life of the em- peror Julian, 342. And of his divine visions, 351. Applauds the dissimulation of Julian, ib. His character, 368. His eulogium on the empe- ror Valens, 432.
Liberius, bishop of Rome, is banished by the em- peror Constantius, for refusing to concur in de- posing Athanasius, 324. 327.
Liberty, public, the only sure guardians of, against an aspiring prince, 24. Licinius is invested with the purple by the emperor Galerius, 163. His alliance with Constantine the Great, 170. Defeats Maximin, ib. His cruelty, ib. Is defeated by Constantine at Cibalis, 172. And at Mardia, ib. Peace concluded with Con- stantine, 173. Second civil war with Constan- tine, 174. His humiliation, and death, 176.
- fate of his son, 259. Concurred with Con- stantine in publishing the edict of Milan, 292. Violated this engagement by oppressing the christians, 294. Cæcilius's account of his vision, 296.
Lieutenant, imperial, his office and rank, 25. Lightning, superstition of the Romans with refer- ence to persons and places struck with, 136. Limigantes, Sarmatian slaves, expel their masters, and usurp possession of their country, 263. Ex- tinction of, by Constantius, 281. Literature, revival of, in Italy, 1208. use and abuse of, 1213. Lithuania, its late conversion to christianity, 1031. Litorius, count, is defeated and taken captive in Gaul by Theodoric, 567. Liutprand, king of the Lombards, attacks the city of Rome, 882.
Liutprand, bishop of Cremona, ambassador to Con- stantinople, ceremony of his audience with the emperor, 1002.
Logos, Plato's doctrine of, 309. Is expounded by St. John the evangelist, 310. Athanasius con- fesses himself unable to comprehend it, 311. Controversies on the eternity of, 312. Logothete, great, his office under the Greek empe- rors, 1001.
Lombardy, ancient, described, 9. Conquest of, by Charlemagne, 884.
Lombards, derivation of their name, and review of their history, 714. Are employed by the emperor Justinian to check the Gepida, 715. Actions of their king Alboin, 780. They reduce the Ge- pida, 781. They overrun that part of Italy now called Lombardy, 783. Extent of their kingdom, 788. Language and manners of the Lombards, ib. Government and laws, 790. Longinus, his representation of the degeneracy of his age, 23. 1s put to death by Aurelian, 123.
- is sent to supersede Narses, as exarch of Ravenna, 782. Receives Rosamond, the fugitive queen of the Lombards, 784. Lothaire I. emperor of the Romans, 893. Los VII. of France is rescued from the treachery of the Greeks by Roger, king of Sicily, 1049. Un- dertakes the second crusade, 1091. His disastrous expedition, 1094.
Louis IX. of France, his crusades to the Holy Land, 1105. His death, 1106. Procured a valu able stock of relics from Constantinople, 1134. Lucian, the severity of his satire against the heathen mythology, accounted for, 12.
Lucian, count of the east, under the emperor Ar- cadius, his cruel treatment by the præfect Rufi- nus, 475.
Laician, presbyter of Jerusalem, his miraculous discovery of the body of St. Stephen, the first christian martyr, 471
Lucilian, governor of Illyricum, is surprised, and kindly treated, by Julian, 339. His death,
Lucrine lake described, with its late destruction, 505, note.
Lucullan villa in Campania, its description and history, 600.
Lupercalia, the feast of, described, and continued under the christian emperors, 592. Lupicinus, the Roman governor of Thrace, op- presses the Gothic emigrants there, 425. Rashly provokes them to hostilities, 426. Is defeated by them, ib.
Lustral contribution in the Roman empire, ex- plained, 255.
Luther, Martin, his character, as a reformer, 1018. Lurury, the only means of correcting the unequal distribution of property, 20 Lygians, a formidable German nation, account of,
Lyons, battle of, between the competitors Severus and Albinus, 47.
Macedonius, the Arian bishop of Constantinople, his contests with his competitor Paul, 328. Fatal consequences on his removing the body of the emperor Constantine to the church of St. Aca- cius, 329. His cruel persecutions of the catholics and Novatians, ib. His exile, 830. Macrianus, prætorian præfect under the emperor Valerian, his character, 107. Macrianus, a prince of the Alemanni, his steady alliance with the emperor Valentinian, 401. Macrinus, his succession to the empire predicted by an African, 55. Accelerates the completion of the prophecy, ib. Purchases a peace with Parthia, 82.
Madayn, the capital of Persia, sacked by the Sara- cens, 938.
Maonius of Palmyra assassinates his uncle Odena- thus, 121.
Masia, its situation, 10.
Magi, the worship of, in Persia, reformed by Artaxerxes, 79. Abridgment of the Persian theology, ib. Simplicity of their worship, 80. Ceremonies and moral precepts, ib. Their power, ib.
Magic, severe prosecution of persons for the crime of, at Rome and Antioch, 392. Magnentius assumes the empire in Gaul, 268. Death of Constans, 269. Sends an embassy to Constantius, ib. Makes war against Constan- tius, 270. Is defeated at the battle of Mursa, 271. Kills himself, 273. Mahmud, the Gaznevide, his twelve expeditions into Hindostan, 1053. His character, 1054. Mahomet, the prophet, his embassy to Chosroes II. king of Persia, 808.
his genealogy, birth, and education, 909. His person and character, 910. Assumes his prophetical mission, 911. Inculcated the unity of God, ib. His reverential mention of Jesus Christ, 912. His Koran, ib. His miracles, 913. His precepts, 914. His hell, and paradise, 915. The best authorities for his history, 916, note. Converts his own family, ib. Preaches publicly at Mecca, 917. Escapes from the Koreishites there, 918. Is received as prince of Medina, 919. His regal dignity, and sacerdotal office, ib. Declares war against infidels, ib. Battle of Beder, 920. Battle of Ohud, 921. Subdues the Jews of Arabia, ib. Submission of Mecca to him, 922. He conquers Arabia, 923. His sick- ness and death, 925. His character, 926. His private life, 927. His wives, ib. His children, 928. His posterity, 932. Remarks on the great spread and permanency of his religion, 933. Mahomet, the son of Bajazet, his reign, 1191. Mahomet II. sultan of the Turks, his character, 1223. His reign, 1224. Indications of his hostile intentions against the Greeks, ib. He besieges Constantinople, 1928. Takes the city by storm, 1236. His entry into the city, 1237. Makes it his capital, 1238. His death, 1241. Mahometism, by what means propagated, 968. Toleration of christianity under, ib. Majorian, his history, character, and elevation to the western empire, 584. His epistle to the senate, 585. His salutary laws, ib. His pre- parations to invade Africa, 587. His fleet de- stroyed by Genseric, 588. His death, ib. Malaterra, his character of the Normans, 1036. Malek Shah, sultan of the Turks, his prosperous reign, 1061. Reforms the eastern calendar, id. His death, 1062.
Mallius Theodorus, the great civil honours to which he attained, 245, note. Mamalukes, their origin and character, 1106. Their establishment in Egypt, ib.
Mamaa, mother of the young emperor Alexander Severus, acts as regent of the empire, 60. Is put to death with him, 68. Her conference with Origen. 221.
Mamgo, an Armenian noble, his history, 147. Man, the only animal that can accommodate him- self to all climates, 86, note. Mancipium, in the Roman law, explained, 769. Manichaans are devoted to death, by the edict of Theodosius against heretics, 447.
Manuel Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople. 868. He repulses the Normans, 1049. But fails in his scheme of subduing the western empire, 1050. His ill-treatment of the crusaders, 1002. Mavgamalcha, a city of Assyria, reduced and destroyed by the emperor Julian, 373. Marble, the four species of, most esteemed by the Romans, 70, note. Marcellinus, count of the sacred largesses under the emperor Constans in Gaul, assists the usurpa-
tion of Magnentius, 268. His embassy to Con- stantius, 269. Was killed in the battle of Mursa, 273.
Marcellinus, his revolt in Dalmatia, and character, 589. Joins the emperor Anthemius, and expels the Vandals from Sardinia, 592. His death, 593, 594.
Marcellinus, son of the præfect Maximin, his treacherous murder of Gabinius king of the Quadi, 411.
Marcellus, the centurion, martyred for desertion, 225.
Marcellus, bishop of Rome, exiled to restore peace to the city, 229. Marcellus, bishop of Apamea in Syria, loses his life in destroying the pagan temples, 465. Marcia, the concubine of the emperor Commodus, a patroness of the christians, 220.
Marcian, senator of Constantinople, marries the empress Pulcheria, and is acknowledged em- peror, 565. His temperate refusal of the de- mands of Attila the Hun, ib. Marcianapolis, the city of, taken by the Goths, 98. Marcomanni are subdued and punished by Marcus Antoninus, 94. Alliance made with, by the emperor Gallienus, 103.
Marcus elected bishop of the Nazarenes, 180. Mardia, battle of, between Constantine the Great and Licinius, 172.
Margus, battle of, between Diocletian and Carinus, 139.
Margus, bishop of, betrays his episcopal city into the hands of the Huns, 556. Maria, daughter of Eudæmon of Carthage, her remarkable adventures, 552. Mariana, his account of the misfortunes of Spain, by an irruption of the barbarous nations, 525. Marinus, a subaltern officer, chosen emperor by the legions of Mæsia, 95.
Marius the armourer, a candidate for the purple among the competitors against Gallienus, his character, 110.
Mark bishop of Arethusa, is cruelly treated by the emperor Julian, 360.
Maronga, engagement there between the emperor Julian and Sapor king of Persia, 379. Maronites of the east, character and history of,
Marozia, a Roman prostitute, the mother, grand- mother, and great-grandmother, of three popes, 895.
Marriage, regulations of, by the Roman laws, 766. Of Roman citizens with strangers, proscribed by their jurisprudence, 1003. Martel, Charles, duke of the Franks, his character, 977. His politic conduct on the Saracen invasion of France, ib. Defeats the Saracens, ib. Why he was consigned over to hell flames by the cler- gy, 978.
Martin, bishop of Tours, destroys the idols and Pagan temples in Gaul, 465. His monkish in- stitutions there, 603.
Martina marries her uncle, the emperor Heraclius, 847. Endeavours to share the imperial dignity with her sons, ib. Her fate, 848. Martinianus receives the title of Cæsar from the emperor Licinius, 176. Martyrs, primitive, an inquiry into the true his- tory of, 205. The several inducements to mar- tyrdom, 218. Three methods of escaping it, 219. Marks by which learned catholics distin- guish the relics of the martyrs, 216, note. The worship of, and their relics, introduced, 470. Mary, Virgin, her immaculate conception, bor- rowed from the Koran, 912. Mascezel, the persecuted brother of Gildo the Moor, takes refuge in the imperial court of Ho- norius, 480. Is intrusted with troops to reduce Gildo, ib. Defeats him, 481. His suspicious death, ib.
Master of the offices, under Constantine the Great, his functions, 249. Maternus, his revolt and conspiracy against the emperor Commodus, 36. Matthew, St. his gospel originally composed in Hebrew, 199, note. 817, note. Maurice, his birth, character, and promotion to the eastern empire, 786. Restores Chosroes II. king of Persia, 798. His war against the Avars, 801. State of his armies, 802. His abdication and death, 803, 804. Mauritania, ancient, its situation and extent, 11. Character of the native Moors of, 548. Maxentius, the son of Maximian, declared em- peror at Rome, 161. His tyranny in Italy and Africa, 165. The military force he had to op- pose Constantine, 166. His defeat and death, 169. His politic humanity to the christians, 229. Marimian, associate in the empire with Diocle- tian, his character, 140. Triumphs with Dio- cletian, 150. Holds his court at Milan, 151. Ab- dicates the empire along with Diocletian, 155. He resumes the purple, 161. Reduces Severus, and puts him to death, ib. His second resigna- tion, and unfortunate end, 163, 164. His aver- sion to the christians accounted for, 224. Maximilianus, the African, a christian martyr, 225. Marimin, his birth, fortune, and elevation to the empire of Rome, 67. Why deemed a persecutor of the christians, 221. Maximin is declared Cæsar, on the abdication of Diocletian, 158. Obtains the rank of Augustus from Galerius, 163. His defeat and death, 170. Renewed the persecution of the christians after the toleration granted by Galerius, 230. Marimin, the cruel minister.of the emperor Va- lentinian, promoted to the præfecture of Gaul, 394.
Maximin, his embassy from Theodosius the Younger, to Attila king of the Huns, 561. Marimus and Balbinus elected joint emperors by the senate, on the deaths of the two Gordians, 72.
Maximus, his character and revolt in Britain, 441. His treaty with the emperor Theodosius, 442. Persecutes the Priscillianists, 447. His invasion of Italy, 451. His defeat and death, 452. Maximus, the pagan preceptor of the emperor Julian, initiates him into the Eleusinian mys- teries, 350. Is honourably invited to Constanti- nople by his imperial pupil, 354. Is corrupted by his residence at court, 355. Marimus, Petronius his wife ravished by Valen- tinian III. emperor of the west, 578. His cha- racter and elevation to the empire, 579, 580. Mebodes, the Persian general, ungratefully treated by Chosroes, 721.
Mecca, its situation and description, 903. The Caaba, or temple of, 907. Its deliverance from Abrahah, 909. The doctrine of Mahomet op- posed there, 917. His escape, 918. The city of, surrendered to Mahomet, 922. Is pillaged by Abu Taher, 990.
Medina, reception of Mahomet there, on his flight from Mecca, 918.
Megalesia, the festival of, at Rome, described, 36,
Meletians, an Egyptian sect, persecuted by Atha- nasius, 320.
Melitene, battle of, between the eastern emperor Tiberius, and Chosroes king of Persia, 795. Melo, citizen of Bari, invites the Normans into Italy, 1035.
Memphis, its situation and reduction by the Sara- cens, 953.
Merovingian kings of the Franks in Gaul, origin of, 568. Their domain and benefices, 630. Mervan, caliph of the Saracens, and the last of the house of Ommiyah, his defeat and death, 879. Mesopotamia, invasion of, by the emperor Julian, 371. Described by Xenophon, ib. Messala, Valerius, the first præfect of Rome, his high character, 243, note.
Messiah, under what character he was expected by the Jews, 179. His birth-day, how fixed by the Romans, 338, note.
Metals and money, their operation in improving the human mind, 88.
Metellus Numidicus, the censor, his invective against women, 60, note.
Metius Falconius, his artful speech to the emperor Tacitus in the senate on his election, 128. Metrophanes of Cyzicus, is made patriarch of Con- stantinople, 1215. Metz, cruel treatment of, by Attila king of the Huns, 570,
Michael I. Rhangabe, emperor of Constantinople, Michael II. the stammerer, emperor of Constanti- nople, 855.
Michael III. emperor of Constantinople, 856. Is defeated by the Paulicians, 1015. Michael IV. the Paphlagonian, emperor of Con- stantinople, 863.
Michael V. Calaphates, emperor of Constanti- nople, 863.
Michael VI. Stratioticus, emperor of Constanti- nople, 864.
Michael VII. Parapinaces, emperor of Constanti- nople, 865.
Milan, how the imperial court of the western em- pire came to be transferred from Rome to that city, 151.
-famous edict of Constantine the Great, in favour of the Christians, published there, 292.
- St. Ambrose elected archt ishop of that city, 448. Tumults occasioned by his refusing a church for the Arian worship of the empress Justina and her son, 449.
- revolt of, to Justinian, 706. Is taken and destroyed by the Burgundians, 708.
- is again destroyed by Frederic I. 898. Military force, its strength and efficacy dependent on a due proportion to the number of the people, Military officers of the Roman empire at the time of Constantine the Great, a review of, 246. Millennium, the doctrine of, explained, 185. Mingrelia. See Colchos. Minority, two distinctions of, in the Roman law, 477, note.
Miracles, those of Christ and his apostles, escaped the notice of the heathen philosophers and his- torians, 204. Account of those wrought by the body of St. Stephen, 471. Miraculous powers of the primitive church, an in- quiry into, 187.
Misitheus, chief minister and father-in-law of the third Gordian, his character, 76. Misopogon of the emperor Julian, on what occasion written, 368.
Missorium, or great golden dish of Adolphus king of the Visigoths, history of, 521. Moawiyah, assumes the title of caliph, and makes war against Ali, 931. His character and reign, ib. Lays siege to Constantinople, 972. Modar, prince of the Amali, seduced by the empe- ror Theodosius, turns his arms against his own countrymen, 437.
Moguls, primitive, their method of treating their conquered enemies, 557. Reign and conquests of Zingis, 1164. Conquests of his successors, 1167. See Tamerlane. Moguntiacum, the city of, surprised by the Ale- manni, 400.
Mohawkas the Egyptian, his treaty with the Sara- cen Amrou, 954.
Monarchy defined, 24. Hereditary, ridiculous in theory, but salutary in fact, 67. The peculiar objects of cruelty and of avarice under, 252. Monastic institutions, the seeds of, sown by the primitive Christians, 191. Origin, progress, and consequences of, 602.
Money, the standard and computation of, under
Constantine the Great, and his successors, 254.
Monks have embellished the sufferings of the pri- mitive martyrs by fictions, 215.
- character of, by Eunapius, 470. By Rutilius, 480. Origin and history of, 602. Their industry in making proselytes, 604. Their obedience, ib. Their dress and habitations, 605. Their diet, ib. Their manual labour, 606. Their riches, ib. Their solitude, 607. Their devotion and visions, ib. Their division into the classes of Canobites and Anachorets, ib.
-- suppression of, at Constantinople, by Con- stantine V. 879. Monophysites of the east, history of the sect of, 838. Monothelite controversy, account of, 833. Montesquieu, his description of the military go- vernment of the Roman empire, 77. His opinion that the degrees of freedom in a state are mea- sured by taxation, controverted, 252.
Montius, quæstor of the palace, is sent by the emperor Constantius, with Domitian, to correct the administration of Gallus in the east, 275. Is put to death there, ib.
Moors of Barbary, their miserable poverty, 693. Their invasion of the Roman province punished by Solomon the eunuch, 696. Morea is reduced by the Turks, 1240. Morosini, Thomas, elected patriarch of Constan- tinople by the Venetians, 1126. Meseilama, an Arabian chief, endeavours to rival Mahomet in his prophetical character, 935. Moses, the doctrine of the immortality of the soul not inculcated in his law, 185. His sanguinary laws compared with those of Mahomet, 919. Mosheim, character of his work De rebus Chris- tianis ante Constantinum, 816, note. Moslemah, the Saracen, besieges Constantinople, 973.
Motassem, the last caliph of the Saracens, his wars with the Greek emperor Theophilus, 988. Is killed by the Moguls, 1168.
Moursoufle, usurps the Greek empire, and destroys Isaac Angelus, and his son Alexius, 1121. Is driven from Constantinople by the Latins, 1122. His death, 1128.
Mousa, the son of Bajazet, invested with the king- dom of Anatolia, by Tamerlane, 1186. His reign, 1191.
Mozarabes, in the history of Spain, explained, 970. Municipal cities, their advantages, 15. Muratori, his literary character, 1275, note. Mursa, battle of, between the emperor Constan- tius, and the usurper Magnentius, 271. Musa the Saracen, his conquest of Spain, 965. His disgrace, 966. His death, 967. Mustapha, the supposed son of Bajazet, his story,
Muta, battle of, between the forces of the emperor Heraclius and those of Mahomet, 924. Mygdonius, river, the course of, stopped by Sapor king of Persia, at the siege of Nisibis, 267.
Narbonne is besieged by Theodoric, and relieved by count Litorius, 567.
Nacoragan, the Persian general, his defeat by the Romans, and cruel fate, 729. Naissus, battle of, between the emperor Claudius and the Goths, 115.
Naples is besieged and taken by Belisarius, 700. Extent of the duchy of, under the Exarchs of Ravenna, 788.
Narses, his embassy from Sapor king of Persia to the emperor Constantius, 281.
Narses, king of Persia, prevails over the preten- sions of his brother Hormuz, and expels Tiridates king of Armenia, 147. Overthrows Galerius, ib. Is surprised and routed by Galerius, 148. Ar- ticles of peace between him and the Romans, 149. Narses, the Persian general of the emperor Mau- rice, restores Chosroes II. king of Persia, 798. His revolt against Phocas, and cruel death, 806. Narses, the eunuch, his military promotion, and dissension with Belisarius, 707. His character and expedition to Italy, 741. Battle of Tagina, 742. Takes Rome, 743. Reduces and kills Teias, the last king of the Goths, 744. Defeats the Franks and Alemanni, 745. Governs Italy in the capacity of exarch, ib. His disgrace, and death, 782.
Naulobatus, a chief of the Heruli, enters into the Roman service, and is made consul, 106. Navy of the Roman empire described, 7. Nazarene church at Jerusalem, account of, 179. Nazarius, the pagan orator, his account of mira- culous appearances in the sky in favour of Con stantine the Great, 297.
Nebridius, prætorian præfect in Gaul, is maimed and superseded, by his indiscreet opposition to the troops of Julian, 338.
Negroes of Africa, evidences of their intellectual inferiority to the rest of mankind, 407. Nectarius is chosen archbishop of Constantinople, 447.
Nennius, his account of the arrival of the Saxons in Britain, different from that of Gildas, Bede, and Witikind, 636, note.
Nepos, Julius, is made emperor of the west by Leo the Great, 597.
Nepotian, account of his revolt in Italy, 272. Nero persecutes the christians as the incendiaries of Rome, 210.
Nerva, emperor, his character, and prudent adop tion of Trajan, 30. Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, his cha- racter, 822. His heresy concerning the incarna- tion, ib. His dispute with Cyril of Alexandria, 823. Is condemned, and degraded from his episcopal dignity, by the council of Ephesus, 824. Is exiled, 825. His death, 826. His opi-
nions still retained in Persia, 836. Missions of | his disciples in the East Indies, 837. Nevers, John, count of, disastrous fate of him and his party at the battle of Nicopolis, 1176. Nice becomes the capital residence of sultan Soli- man, 1062. Siege of, by the first crusaders, 1080. Nicephorus I. emperor of Constantinople, 854. His wars with the Saracens, 981. His death, 1021.
Nicephorus II. Phocas, emperor of Constantino- ple, 861. His military enterprises, 992. Nicephorus III. Botoniates, emperor of Constanti- nople, 866. Was raised to the throne by sultan Soliman, 1062.
Origen declares the number of primitive martyrs | to be very inconsiderable, 216. His conference with the empress Mammaa, 221. His memory persecuted by the emperor Justinian and his clergy, 832.
Orleans besieged by Attila king of the Huns, and relieved by Etius and Theodoric, 570. Ostus, bishop of Cordova, his great influence with Constantine the Great, 298. Prevails on Con- stantine to ratify the Nicene creed, 317. Is with difficulty prevailed on to concur in deposing Athanasius, 324.
Osrhorne, the small kingdom of, reduced by the Romans, 83.
Ossian, his poems, whether to be connected with the invasion of Caledonia by the emperor Seve- rus, 52. Is said to have disputed with a christian missionary, 22, note.
Nicetas, senator of Constantinople, his flight, on the capture of the city by the Latins, 1123. His brief history, 1124, note. His account of the statues destroyed at Constantinople, 1124. Nicholas, patriarch of Constantinople, opposes the Ostia, the port of, described, 513. fourth marriage of the emperor Leo the philoso-Othman, caliph of the Saracens, 929. pher, 859. Othman, the father of the Ottomans, his reign, 1172.
Nicholas V. pope, his character, 1212. How in- terested in the fall of Constantinople, 1228. Nicomedia, the court of Diocletian held there, and the city embellished by him, 151. The church of, demolished by Diocletian, 225. His palace fired, 226.
Nicopolis, battle of, between sultan Bajazet, and Sigismond king of Hungary, 1176. Nika, the sedition of, at Constantinople, 666. Nineveh, battle of, between the emperor Hera- clius, and the Persians, 813. Nisibis, the city of, described, and its obstinate de- fence against the Persians, 267. Is yielded to Sapor by treaty, 383.
Nizam, the Persian vizir, his illustrious character, and unhappy fate, 1062. Noah, his ark very convenient for resolving the difficulties of Mosaic antiquarians, 86, Nobilissimus, a title invented by Constantine the
Otho 1. king of Germany, restores and appropriates the western empire, 894. Claims by treaty the nomination of the pope of Rome, 895. Defeats the Turks, 1024, 1025.
Otho II. deposes pope John XII. and chastises his party at Rome, 896.
Otho, bishop of Frisingen, his character as an his- torian, 1250, note.
Ottomans, origin and history of, 1171. They obtain an establishment in Europe, 1174. Ovid is banished to the banks of the Danube, 261. Oryrinchus, in Egypt, monkish piety of that city,
Pacatus, his encomium on the emperor Theodosius the Great, 454.
Parthia, subdued by Artaxerxes king of Persia, 81. Its constitution of government similar to the feudal system of Europe, ib. Recapitulation of the war with Rome, 82. Paschal II. pope, his troublesome pontificate, 1244.
Pastoral manners, much better adapted to the fierceness of war, than to peaceful innocence, 415. Paternal authority, extent of, by the Roman laws. 764. Successive limitations of, 765. Patras, extraordinary deliverance of, from the Sclavonians and Saracens, 997. Patricians, the order of, under the Roman repub- lic, and under the emperors, compared, 242. Under the Greek empire, their rank explained, 884.
Patrick, the tutelar saint of Ireland, derivation of his name, 600, note.
Pavia, massacre of the friends of Stilicho there, by the instigations of Olympius, 498. Is taken by Alboin king of the Lombards, who fixes his residence there, 783.
Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, his character and history, 222.
Paul archbishop of Constantinople, his fatal con- test with his competitor Macedonius, 328. Paula, a Roman widow, her illustrious descent, 502. Was owner of the city of Nicopolis, 504. Her monastic zeal, 601. Paulicians, origin and character of, 1013. Are persecuted by the Greek emperors, 1015. They revolt, ib. They are reduced, and transplanted to Thrace, 1016. Their present state, 1017. Paulina, wife of the tyrant Maximin, softens his ferocity by gentle counsels, 69, note. Paulinus, master of the offices to Theodosius the Younger, his crime, and execution, 542. Paulinus, bishop of Nola, his history, 519. Paulinus, patriarch of Aquileia, flies from the Lombards with his treasure, into the island of Grado, 783.
Great to distinguish his nephew Hannibalianus, Paderasty, how punished by the Scatinian law, Pegasians, the party of, among the Roman ci-
260. Noricum described, 9.
Normans, their settlement in the province of Nor- mandy in France, 1034. Their introduction to Italy, 1035. They serve in Sicily, ib. 'They conquer Apulia, 1036. Their character, ib. Their treaty with the pope, 1038. Novatians are exempted by Constantine the Great, in a particular edict, from the general penalties of heresy, 307. Are cruelly persecuted by Ma- cedonius bishop of Constantinople, 329. Novels of Justinian, how formed, and their charac- ter, 763.
Noureddin, sultan, his exalted character, 1096. Nubia, conversion of, to christianity, 843. Numerian, the son of Carus, succeeds his father in the empire, in conjunction with his brother Cari- nus, 136.
Numidia, its extent at different æras of the Roman history, 11.
Oasis, in the deserts of Libya, described, 532, note. Three places under this name pointed out, 825, note.
Obedience, passive, theory and practice of the christian doctrine of, 298.
Obelisks, Egyptian, the purpose of their erection, 279.
Oblations to the church, origin of, 195. Obligations, human, the sources of, 772. Laws of the Romans respecting, ib. Odenathus, the Palmyrene, his successful opposi- tion to Sapor king of Persia, 108. Is associated
in the empire by Gallienus, 110, 111. Character and fate of his queen Zenobia, 120. Odin, the long reign of his family in Sweden, 89, note. His history, 96.
Odoacer the first barbarian king of Italy, 598. His character and reign, 600, Resigns all the Roman conquests beyond the Alps to Euric king of the Visigoths, 618. Is reduced and killed by Theo- doric the Ostrogoth, 648.
Ohud, battle of, between Mahomet and Abu So- phian prince of Mecca, 921. Olga, princess of Russia, her baptism, 1030. Olive, its introduction into the western world, 21. Olybrius is raised to the western empire by count Ricimer, 596.
Olympic games compared with the tournaments of the Goths, 1075. Olympiodorus, his account of the magnificence of the city of Rome, 503. His account of the mar- riage of Adolphus king of the Visigoths with the princess Placidia, 521.
Olympius, favourite of the emperor Honorius, alarms him with unfavourable suspicions of the designs of Stilicho, 498. Causes Stilicho to be put to death, 499. His disgrace, and ignominious death, 512. Omar, caliph of the Saracens, 929. His character, 936. His journey to Jerusalem, 949. Ommiyah, elevation of the house of, to the office of caliph of the Saracens, 931. Why not the objects of public favour, 978. Destruction of, 979.
Oracles, heathen, are silenced by Constantine the Great, 331.
Orchan, emir of the Ottomans, his reign, 1172. Marries the daughter of the Greek emperor Cantacuzene, 1174.
Ordination of the clergy in the early ages of the church, an account of, 302. Orestes is sent ambassador from Attila king of the Huns, to the emperor Theodosius the younger, 560. His history and promotion under the western emperors, 598. His son Augustulus, the last emperor of the west, ib. Orestes, prætor of Egypt, is insulted by a monkish mob ia Alexandria, 821.
Pagan, derivation and revolutions of the term, 332, note.
Paganism, the ruin of, suspended by the divisions among the christians, 332. Theological system of the emperor Julian, 350.
general review of the ecclesiastical establishment and jurisdiction of, before it was subverted by christianity, 462. Is renounced by the Roman senate, 464. The pagan sacrifices prohibited, 465. The temples demolished, ib. The ruin of, deplored by the sophists, 470. Pagan ceremonies revived in christian churches, 472. Paleologus, Constantine, Greek emperor, his reign, 1222. Is killed in the storm of Constantinople by the Turks, 1235.
Palaologus, John, emperor of Constantinople, 1157. Marries the daughter of John Cantacuzene, 1159. Takes up arms against Cantacuzene, and is re- duced to flight, 1160. His restoration, ib. Dis- cord between him and his sons, 1177. His treaty with pope Innocent VI. 1196. His visit to pope Urban V. at Rome, 1197.
Paleologus, John II. Greek emperor, his zeal, 1201. His voyage to Italy, 1202. Paleologus, Manuel, associated with his father John, in the Greek empire, 1177. Tribute exacted from him by sultan Bajazet, 1178. His treaties with Soliman and Mahomet, the sons of Bajazet VI. 1192. His visits to the courts of Europe, 1197. Private motives of his European nego ciations explained, 1200. His death, ib. Paleologus, Michael, emperor of Nice, his brief replies to the negociations of Baldwin II. em- peror of Constantinople, 1135. His family and character, 1143. His elevation to the throne, 1144. His return to Constantinople, 1145. Blinds and banishes his young associate, John Lascaris, 1146. He is excommunicated by the patriarch Arsenius, ib. Associates his son Andronicus in the empire, 1147. His union with the Latin church, ib. Instigates the revolt of Sicily,
Pantheon at Rome, by whom erected, 18, note. Is converted into a christian church, 466. Pantomimes, Roman, described, 509. Paper, where and when the manufacture of, was first found out, 941. Papinian, the celebrated lawyer, created prætorian præfect, by the emperor Severus, 50. His death, 54. Papirius, Caius, reasons for concluding that he could not be the author of the Jus Papirianum, 753, note.
Papists, proportion their number bore to that of the protestants in England, at the beginning of the fast century, 294, note.
Para, king of Armenia, his history, 406. Is trea- cherously killed by the Romans, 409. Parabolani of Alexandria, account of, 821, note. Paradise, Mahomet's, described, 916. Paris, description of that city, under the govern- ment of Julian, 290. Situation of his palace, 335, note.
Pekin, the city of, taken by Zingis the Mogul em- peror, 1166.
Pelagian controversy agitated by the Latin clergy, 494. And in Britain, 529. Pella, the church of the Nazarenes settled there, on the destruction of Jerusalem, 180. Peloponnesus, state of, under the Greek empire, 997. Manufactures, 998.
Penal laws of Rome, the abolition and revival of, 775.
Pendragon, his office and power in Britain, 529. Penitentials, of the Greek and Latin churches, his- tory of, 1070.
Pepin, king of France, assists the pope of Rome against the Lombards, 883. Receives the title of king by papal sanction, 884. Grants the ex- archate to the pope, 885.
Pepin, John, count of Minorbino, reduces the tri- bune Rienzi, and restores aristocracy and church government at Rome, 1266.
Pepper, its high estimation and price at Rome, 511, note.
Perennis, minister of the emperor Commodus, his great exaltation and downfall, 35. Perisabor, a city of Assyria, reduced and burned by the emperor Julian, 373. Perozes, king of Persia, his fatal expedition against the Nephthalites, 679.
Persecutions, ten, of the primitive christians, a re- view of, 220.
Perseus, amount of the treasures taken from that prince. 63.
Persia, the monarchy of, restored by Artaxerxes, 78. The religion of the Magi reformed, 79. Abridgment of the Persian theology, ib. Sim- plicity of their worship, 80. Ceremonies and moral precepts, ib. Every other mode of wor- ship prohibited but that of Zoroaster, 81. Ex- tent and population of the country ib. Its mili- tary power, 84. Account of the audience given by the emperor Carus to the ambassadors of Va- ranes, 135. The throne of, disputed by the bro- thers Narses and Hormuz, 147. Galerius de- feated by the Persians, ib. Narses overthrown in his turn by Galerius, 148. Articles of peace agreed on between the Persians and the Ro- mans, 149.
Persia, war between Sapor, king of, and the em- peror Constantius, 266. Battle of Singara, ib, Sapor invades Mesopotamia, 282. The Persian territories invaded by the emperor Julian, 371. Passage of the Tigris, 376. Julian harassed in his retreat, 379. Treaty of peace between Sapor and the emperor Jovian, 383. Reduction of Ar- menia, and death of Sapor, 407, 408.
the silk trade, how carried on from China through Persia, for the supply of the Roman empire, 668. Death of Perozes, in an expedi- tion against the white Huns, 679. Review of the reigns of Cabades, and his son Chosroes, 720. Anarchy of, after the death of Chosroes II. 815. Ecclesiastical history of, 836.
invasion of, by the caliph Abubeker, 937. Battle of Cadesia, b. Sack of Ctesiphon, 938. Conquest of, by the Saracens, 939. The Magian religion supplanted by Mahometism, 969. The power of the Arabs crushed by the dynasty of the Bowides, 992. Persia subdued by the Turks, 1056.
conquest of, by the Moguls, 1168. By Ta- merlane, 1180. Pertinar, his character, and exaltation to the imperial throne, 39. His funeral and apo- theosis, 46.
Pescennius Niger, governor of Syria, assumes the imperial dignity on the death of Pertinax, 44. Petavius, character of his Dogmata Theologica, 816, note.
Peter, brother of the eastern emperor Maurice,
Peter, Bartholomew, his miraculous discovery of the holy lance, 1084. His strange death, ib. Peter of Courtenay, emperor of Constantinople, 1131.
Peter the hermit, his character and scheme to re- cover the Holy Land from the infidels, 1066. Leads the first crusaders, 1072. Failure of his zeal, 1083.
Petra, the city of, taken by the Persians, 728. Is besieged by the Romans, ib. Is demolished, 729. Petrarch, his studies and literary character, 1208. And history, 1258. His account of the ruin of the ancient buildings of Rome, 1281. Pfeffel, character of his history of Germany, 899,
Phalanx, Grecian, compared with the Roman le- gion, 6.
Pharamond, the actions, and foundation of the French monarchy by him, of doubtful autho- rity, 527.
Pharas commands the Heruli, in the African war, under Belisarius, 686. Pursues Gelimer, 698. His letter to Gelimer, ib. Pharisees, account of that sect among the Jews, 185.
Phasis, river, its course described, 725. Pheasant, derivation of the name of that bird, 726. Philelphus, Francis, his character of the Greek language of Constantinople, 1207.
Philip 1. of France, his limited dignity and power, 1068.
Philip Augustus, of France, engages in the third crusade, 1101.
Philip, prætorian præfect under the third Gordian, raised to the empire on his death, 76. Was a favourer of the christians, 221.
Philip, prætorian præfect of Constantinople, con- veys the bishop Paul into banishment clandes- tinely, 328.
Philippicus, emperor of Constantinople, 850. Philippopolis taken and sacked by the Goths, 98. Philo, a character of his works, 309. Philosophy, Grecian, review of the various sects of, 12.
Phineus, the situation of his palace, 234. Phocaa is settled by Genoese, who trade in alum, 1191.
Phocas, a centurion, is chosen emperor by the disaffected troops of the eastern empire, 803. Murders of the emperor Maurice, and his chil- dren, 804. His character, ib. His fall, and death, 805.
Photius, the son of Antonina, distinguishes him- self at the siege of Naples, 711. Is exiled, ib. Betrays his mother's vices to Belisarius, 712. Turns monk, ib.
Photius, the patrician, kills himself to escape the persecution of Justinian, 831. Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, character of his Library, 1010. His quarrel with the pope of Rome, 1108.
Phranza, George, the Greek historian, some ac- count of, 1200, note. His embassies, 1222. His fate on the taking of Constantinople by the Turks. 1236.
Picardy, derivation of the name of that province, 1066, note.
Pilate, Pontius, his testimony in favour of Jesus Christ, much improved by the primitive fathers,
Pilpay's fables, history and character of, 722. Pinna marina, a kind of silk manufactured from the threads spun by this fish, by the Romans, 668.
Pipa, a princess of the Marcomanni, espoused by the emperor Gallienus, 103. Piso, Calphurnius, one of the competitors against Gallienus, his illustrious family and character, Pityus, the city of, destroyed by the Goths, 104. Placidia, daughter of Theodosius the Great, her history and marriage with Adolphus king of the Goths, 521. Is injuriously treated by the usurper Singeric, after the death of her husband, 526. Her marriage with Constantius, and retreat to Constantinople, 544, 545. Her administration in the west, as guardian of her son the emperor Valentinian III. 546. History of her daughter Honoria, 569. Her death and burial, 577, note. Plague, origin and nature of this disease, 750. Great extent and long duration of that in the reign of Justinian. 752.
Plato, his theological system, 309. Is received by the Alexandrian Jews, ib. And expounded by St. John the Evangelist, 310. The theological system of the emperor Julian, 350. Platonic philosophy introduced into Italy, 1211. Platonists, new, an account of, 157. Unite with the heathen priests to oppose the Christians, 224. Plautianus, prætorian præfect under the emperor Severus, his history, 50.
Plebeians of Rome, state and character of, 507. Pliny the Younger, examination of his conduct toward the christians, 213.
Poet laureat, a ridiculous appointment, 1259, note. Poggius, his reflections on the ruin of ancient Rome, 1276.
Poitiers, battle of, between Clovis king of the Franks, and Alaric king of the Goths, 625. Pollentia, battle of, between Stilicho the Roman general, and Alaric the Goth, 488. Polytheism of the Romans, its origin and effects, 12. How accounted for by the primitive chris-
tians, 182. Scepticism of the people at the time of the publication of christianity, 198. The christians why more odious to the pagans than the Jews, 206.
- the ruin of, suspended by the divisions among christians, 332. Theological system of the emperor Julian, 350.
review of the pagan ecclesiastical esta- blishment, 462. Revival of, by the christian monks, 471. Pompeianus, præfect of Rome, proposes to drive Alaric from the walls by spells, 510. Pompeianus Ruricius, general under Maxentius, defeated and killed by Constantine the Great, 167.
Pompey, his discretional exercise of power during his command in the east, 25. Increase of the tributes of Asia by his conquests, 64. Pontiffs, pagan, their jurisdiction, 462. Pontifer Maximus, in pagan Rome, by whom that office was exercised, 301.
Popes of Rome, the growth of their power, 879. Revolt of, from the Greek emperors, 880. Origin of their temporal dominion, 885. Publication of the Decretals, and of the fictitious donation of Constantine the Great, 886. Authority of the German emperors in their election, 895. Violent distractions in their election, ib.
Popes, foundation of their authority at Rome, 1242. Their mode of election settled, 1252. Schism in the papacy, 1269. They acquire the absolute dominion of Rome, 1274. The eccle- siastical government, 1275.
Population of Rome, a computation of, 509. Porcaro, Stephen, his conspiracy at Rome, 1273. Posthumus, the Roman general under the emperor Gallienus, defends Gaul against the incursions of the Franks, 102.
Power, absolute, the exercise of, how checked, 1005.
Prefect of the sacred bed-chamber, under Con- stantine the Great, his office, 249.
Prafects of Rome and Constantinople, under the emperors, the nature of their offices, 243. The office revived at Rome, 1248. Pratextatus, præfect of Rome under Valentinian, his character, 398. Pratorian bands in the Roman army, an account of, 42. They sell the empire of Rome by public auction, ib. Are disgraced by the emperor Se- verus, 46. A new establishment of them, 49. Authority of the prætorian præfect, 50. Are reduced, their privileges abolished, and their place supplied, by the Jovians and Herculeans, 151. Their desperate courage under Maxentius, 168. Are totally suppressed by Constantine the Great, 169. Pratorian præfect, revolutions of this office under the emperors, 242. Their functions when it be- came a civil office, 243.
Prators of Rome, the nature and tendency of their edicts explained, 755. Preaching, a form of devotion unknown in the temples of paganism, 305. Use and abuse of, 306. Predestination, influence of the doctrine of, on the Saracens and Turks, 920.
Presbyters, among the primitive christians, the office explained, 193.
Prester John, origin of the romantic stories con- cerning, 837.
Priests, no distinct order of men among the ancient pagans, 198. 301.
Priestley, Dr, the ultimate tendency of his opinions pointed out, 1019, note. Primogeniture, the prerogative of, unknown to the Roman law, 770.
Prince of the waters, in Persia, his office, 721, note. Priscillian, bishop of Avila in Spain, is, with his followers, put to death for heresy, 448. Priscus, the historian, his conversation with a cap- tive Greek, in the camp of Attila, 558. character, 560, note.
Priscus, the Greek general, his successes against the Avars, 802. Proba, widow of the præfect Petronius, her flight from the sack of Rome by Alaric, 517. Probus assumes the imperial dignity in opposition to Florianus, 129. His character and history, 130. Probus, prætorian præfect of Illyricum, preserves Sirmium from the Quadi, 412. Probus, Sicorius, his embassy from the emperor Diocletian to Narses, king of Persia, 149. Procida, John of, instigates the revolt of Sicily from John of Anjou, 1150. Proclus, story of his extraordinary brazen mirror, 673.
Proclus, the Platonic philosopher of Athens, his superstition, 682.
Proconsuls of Asia, Achaia, and Africa, their office, 244.
Procopia, wife of the Greek emperor Michael I. her martial inclinations, 854. Procopius, his history, and revolt against Valens, emperor of the east, 391. Is reduced and put to death, 392. His account of the testament of the emperor Arcadius, 540. His account of Britain, 640. Character of his histories, 660. Accepts the office of secretary under Belisarius, 685. His defence of the Roman archers, 686. His account of the desolation of the African province by war, 734.
Proculians, origin of the sect of, in the Roman civil law, 759.
Proculus, his extraordinary character, and his re- bellion against Probus in Gaul, 133. Prodigies in ancient history, a philosophical reso- lution of, 296. Promises, under what circumstances the Roman law enforced the fulfilment of, 772. Promotus, master-general of the infantry under Theodosius, is ruined by the enmity of Rufinus, 473.
Property, personal, the origin of, 769, How ascer- tained by the Roman laws, ib. Testamentary dispositions of, how introduced, 770. Prophets, their office among the primitive chris- tians, 192. Propontis described, 234.
Proterius, patriarch of Alexandria, his martial episcopacy, and violent death, 828, 829. Protestants, their resistance of oppression, not consistent with the practice of the primitive christians, 293. Proportion of their number to that of the catholics, in France, at the beginning of the last century, 294, note. Estimate of their reformation of popery, 1018.
Protosebastos, import of that title in the Greek em- pire, 1001.
Proverbs, the book of, why not likely to be the pro- duction of king Solomon, 694, note. Provinces of the Roman empire described, 8. Dis- tinction between Latin and Greek provinces, 15. Account of the tributes received from, 63. Their number and government after the seat of empire was removed to Constantinople, 244. Prusa, conquest of, by the Ottomans, 1172. Prussia, emigration of the Goths to, 96. Pulcheria, sister of the emperor Theodosius the Younger, her character and administration, 540. Her lessons to her brother, 541. Her contests with the empress Eudocia, 542. Is proclaimed empress of the east, on the death of Theodosius, 565. Her death and canonization, 590. Purple, the royal colour of, among the ancients, far surpassed by the modern discovery of cochi-. neal, 667, note.
Pygmies of Africa, ancient fabulous account of, 407.
Quadi, the inroads of, punished by the emperor Constantius, 280. Revenge the treacherous mur- . der of their king Gabinius, 411. Quastor, historical review of this office, 249. Question, criminal, how exercised under the Ro- man emperors, 251.
Quintilian brothers, Maximus and Condianus, their history, 35.
Quintilius, brother of the emperor Claudius, his ineffectual effort to succeed him, 116. Quintus Curtius, an attempt to decide the age in which he wrote, 76, note.
Quirites, the effect of that word when opposed to soldiers, 62, note.
Radagaisus, king of the Goths, his formidable invasion of Italy, 492. His savage character, ib. Is reduced by Stilicho, and put to death, 493.
Radiger, king of the Varni, compelled to fulfil his matrimonial obligations by a British heroine, 641.
Ramadan, the month of, how observed by the Turks, 915.
Rando, a chieftain of the Alemanni, his unpro- voked attack of Moguntiacum, 400. Ravenna, the ancient city of, described, 490. The emperor Honorius fixes his residence there, ib. Invasion of, by a Greek fleet, 881. Is taken by the Lombards, and recovered by the Venetians, 882. Final conquest of, by the Lombards, 883. The exarchate of, bestowed by Pepin on the pope, 885. Raymond of Thoulouse, the crusader, his character, 1074. His route to Constantinople, 1076. His bold behaviour there, 1078.
Raymond, count of Tripoli, betrays Jerusalem in- to the hands of Saladin, 1099. Raynal, abbé, mistaken in asserting that Con- stantine the Great suppressed pagan worship,
Rebels, who the most inveterate of, 1015. Recared, the first catholic king of Spain, converts his Gothic subjects, 616.
Reformation from popery, the amount of, esti- mated, 1018. A secret reformation still working in the reformed churches, 1019. Rein-deer, this animal driven northward by the improvement of climate from cultivation, 86. Relics, the worship of, introduced by the monks, 470. A valuable cargo of, imported from Con- stantinople by Louis IX. of France, 1134. Remigius, bishop of Rheims, converts Clovis, king of the Franks, 621.
Repentance, its high esteem, and extensive opera- tion among the primitive christians, 189. Resurrection, general, the Mahometan doctrine of, 915.
Retiarius, the mode of his combat with the secutor, in the Roman amphitheatre, 38. Revenues of the primitive church, how distributed, 196. 304. Of the Roman empire, when removed to Constantinople, a review of, 252. Rhateum, city of, its situation, 235. Rhatia described, 9.
Rhazates, the Persian general, defeated and killed by the emperor Heraclius, 813. Rhetoric, the study of, congenial to a popular state, 681.
Rhine, the banks of, fortified by the emperor Va- lentinian, 400.
Rhodes, account of the colossus of, 952. The knights of, 1173.
Richard I. of England, engages in the third cru- sade, 1101. Bestows the island of Cyprus on the house of Lusignan, 1111. His reply to the ex- hortations of Fulk of Neuilly, 1112. Richard, monk of Cirencester, his literary charac- ter, 528, note.
Ricimer, count, his history, 584. Permits Majorian to assume the imperial dignity in the western
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