of Adjectives. We have the same root in aft, eft, abaft, &c. Ere (O.E. dr), before, corresponds to the Gothic adv. airis, comparative of air, early. Or, as in or ever = before, is another form of the same word. Over (O.E. ofer) is a comparative connected with up, and with the compound above (O.E. a-b-ufan); cp. Sansk. upari, Gr. nép, Lat. super; O.E. ufera, higher. Under (O.E. un-der, Goth. un-dar), cognate with Latin infra, Sansk. adhas, 'below.' (2) Prepositions compounded with prepositions: into (Middle English intill), upon, beneath, underneath, afar, before, behind, beyond, within, without, throughout [Middle English foreby, at-fore, on-foran (= afore), tofore]. But (=O.E. bútan = be-útan) is composed of be (=by)+ out. In provincial English it signifies without. = Above a (on) + be + ove (O.E. bufan-be-ufan). See up and over, p. 286. About = á +be+out (O.E. ábútan – á-be-útan). = Among, amongst (O.E. ge-mang, on gemong; later forms, amonges, amang). Until and unto (which in Middle English had often the same sense) are not found in O.E., and are probably of Scandinavian origin; compare O.N. unnz until, where unnrepresents an older unp- cognate with O.E. óð until (from and). (3) Prepositions formed from substantives : Again, against, over against (O.E. on-géan, agean; togegnes, against; later forms, onzænes, azenes, ayens; cp. Ger. ent-gegen). Other prepositions of this class are, instead of, in behalf of, by dint of, by way of, for the sake of; abroad, abreast, atop, ahead, astride, adown, across. (4) Adjective prepositions : Till (cp. O.N. til, to) seems to be a use of a substantive meaning 'goal' (so Ger. ziel), originally the neuter of the Teutonic adj. til, 'good.' Till first makes its appearance as a preposition in the northern dialect. It occurs in the Durham Gospels (eleventh century). To-ward, towards, (O.E. tó-weard, tó-weardes). In earlier modern E. we find these elements separated. Cp. 66 Thy thoughts which are to us ward.”—Psalm xl. 5. Other adverbs of this kind are afterward, afterwards, upward, froward = away from. "Give ear to my suit, Lord; fromward hide not thy face."-Paraphrase of Psalm lv. by Earl of Surrey. Along, alongst (O.E. andlang, ondlang, M.E. endelong, endlonges, an long, on longe, alonges, through, along). It is often used for lengthwise, and is opposed to athwart or across. 66 be dores were alle of ademauntz eterne İclenched overpwart and endelong."-CHAUCER, Knightes Tale. "Muche lond he him gef an long þare sea."-Laz. 138. There is another along (O.E. ge-lang) altogether different from this, in the sense of on account (of).' "All this is 'long of you."-Coriol. v. 4. "All along of the accursed gold."-Fortunes of Nigel. CHAUCER, Tr. and Cr. ii. 1. 1000. "Vor oỡe is al mi lif ilong."-O.E. Hom., First Series, p. 197. Amid, amidst (O.E. on-middan, on-middun; later forms, amidde, amiddes; from the adjective midd, as in middle, mid-most). In the midst is a compound like Middle E. in the myddes of; cp. O.E. tó-middes amidst. = Other prepositions of this kind are, around, a-slant, a-skaunt, be-low, be-twixt (O.E. betweoh-s, be-tweox, from twi, two), between (O.E. be-tweonum, betwynan), atween, atwixt. An-ent is O.E. on-efn, on-emn, near, to-ward (later forms, on-efen-t, anent, anentes, anens, anence). Athwart, over-thwart, thwart (O.E. dwar, on Sweorh; O.N. pwert). Fast by (O.E. on fast, near); cp. hard by. Since (O.E. siddan; Middle E. sippe, sipe, sin, sen; sipens, siþence, sinnes, sins). = Early and dialectal no but, not but only. (5) Verbal prepositions :— The following prepositions arise out of a participial construction: notwithstanding, owing to, outtaken (now replaced by except), &c. "þer is non, outtaken hem (= iis exceptis)."—WICKLIFFE, Mark xii. 32. 329. III. Prepositions of Romanic Origin. (1) Uncompounded :—per, versus, sans (= Lat. sine). (2) Compounded:-(a) Substantive-across, viâ, because, apropos of, by means of, by reason of, by virtue of, in accordance with, in addition to, in case of, in comparison to, in compliance with, in consequence of, in defiance of, in spite of, in favour of, in front of, in lieu of, in opposition to, in the point of, in quest of, with regard to, in reply to, with reference to, in respect of, in search of, on account of, on the plea of, with a viez to. (b) Adjective-agreeably to, exclusive of, inclusive of, maugre, minus, previous to, relatively to, around, round, round about. (c) Verbal, (1) active :-during, pending, according to, barring, bating, concerning, considering, excepting, facing, including, passing, regarding, respecting, aiding, tending, touching; (2) passive:-except, excepted, past, save. CHAPTER XVII CONJUNCTIONS 330. CONJUNCTIONS join sentences and co-ordinate terms. According to meaning, they are divided into— Co-ordinate, joining independent propositions: (a) copulative, as and, also, &c.; (b) disjunctive, as or, else, &c.; (c) adversative, as but, yet, &c.; (d) illative, as for, therefore, hence. Sub-ordinate, joining a dependent clause to a principal sentence: (a) those used in joining substantive clauses to the principal sentence, as that, whether; (b) those introducing an adverbial clause, marking (1) time-when, while, until; (2) reason, cause-because, for, since; (3) conditionif, unless, except; (4) purpose, end—that, so, lest. 331. According to their origin, conjunctions may be divided into-pronominal, numeral, adverbial, substantive, prepositional, verbal, compound. (1) Pronominal: And (O.Sax. endi, O.H.Ger. anti. An = if is another form of and; the combination and if became an if, shortened to an. |