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They might get asleep if they were so comfortable. In the older settlements, the log cabin churches and school houses had given place to huge barn-like structures, lofty and bare and cold, with great square pews as large as the bed chambers of a modern dwelling, with high partitions, where each fa nily sat by itself like the witnesses in a court, the jury in the jury-box, or, in many cases, like the criminal in his pen, when the judge is about to pronounce sentence on him. The mother or grandmother, in respect for their age and dignity, were allowed to bring their footstoves, little square boxes of perforated tin, having a little iron dish of live coals within them, and with these, while inhaling the charcoal fumes, they were fain to keep their feet from freezing in the winter; but the father, and the sons, and the little children were allowed no such foolish indulgence. After tramping through the snow perhaps for miles, they took their seats in their pews with the temperature anywhere from 32° to zero, and listened as well as they could, while the preacher read his discourse, going on often to seventeenthly or eighteenthly, while the children either played with the house dog, who was a regular attendant upon the church and had his place in the pew, or amused themselves with some of the few objects in which they could find occupation for their mental and physical activity. The number of panes of glass in the great windows were counted over and over again; the calculation was made with an elaboration of the doctrine of chances, worthy of a Babbage or De Morgan, how many weeks, months, or years would elapse before the huge sounding board over the pulpit would fall, and whether it would come down on the minister's head like an extinguisher on a candle, and whether the little tub perched on a post in which he preached would be crushed in the downfall. Occasionally a child of uncommonly quick perception would find some gratification, as the minister announced his "fifteenthly" and "sixteenthly" in computing how much time he would be likely to consume in the heads yet to come; but such an idea as a child's being able to understand what the minister was preaching about, never entered the heads of parent or minister. How should it? The sermons were mostly doctrinal, masterly expositions and logical arguments on the great points of the Calvinistic theology, but it required the matured minds of

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the sturdy thinkers of those days to comprehend their force and pertinence. The sermons of that time were long; not merely an hour, but often two and three hours in duration. We read of one of the worthies of that time, a shining light in the Massachusetts ministry, that "he was a most godly and painful preacher" (don't laugh, reader, painful in those days meant painstaking); and that on one occasion he preached to his people a good three hours, in the morning of a very wintry day; and after they had taken food, he belabored them for their sins and shortcomings, in the afternoon, by the space of four hours more." In the cities, the churches were mostly frame buildings, though a few brick and stone were put up. One or two of the Dutch churches in New York were built of small red and black brick imported from Amsterdam, but very few had any architectural beauty. The Old Brick Church in New York, (Rev. Dr. Spring's) on Park Row, was in its day considered one of the finest churches in the city; if standing now it would hardly be considered a respectable stable (the use to which abandoned churches are generally put in that city). Indeed as late as 1830, forty-two years ago, there were not in the whole country twenty churches which could be considered specimens of graceful architecture. The great fire of 1835, which destroyed the second church edifice which the corporation of Trinity church had erected, as well as several other churches in that part of the city, was incidentally the impulse to great improvements in church architecture. The present Trinity church, “a poem in stone," was erected on the ruins of its predecessor, and Grace church soon after. From that time New York began to be noted for the beauty of its church edifices, many of them erected at enormous cost. Other cities followed the example; some, indeed, had already commenced the erection of beautiful churches. The Gothic styles, Early, Norman, Spanish, Mediæval, and English, were the favorites for many years, and even now have their advocates. Of late years, however, there has been a greater independence of the forms of Ancient and Medieval art on the part of our architects, and while the styles of the Renaissance, and the ancient classical, are found more frequently than formerly, there is a desire which now and then finds expression in stone, iron, or bricks and mortar, to origin

ate designs more appropriate to our own time, our climate and the new materials for building which we have. Sometimes this leads to very singular structures, experiments, it would seem upon public taste and endurance. Under the name of Italian Renaissance we have particolored buildings of red and creamcolored stone, or black and white marbles, with a profusion of spires, turrets, and finials, and crowned with a massive dome; in one of the so-called American styles we have broad, squat iron buildings, low, but crowned in the center with a high, towering dome, reminding one of a huge foundry. Another American style studiously plain, and undoubtedly capacious and comfortable for accommodating an audience, seems intended for two towers, whereof one is cut short at the height of the ridge-pole of the church, and the other forgetting its original intent presently shoots up into a lofty spire (usualÎy of wood, but covered with slate) so slender and fragile, that it seems most like a monster darning-needle, set up on end. But these partial failures only serve as waymarks to a more perfect architecture which shall in the end attract the attention of the world by its grace and adaptation to the purposes for which it is intended. City churches are not as yet all models of beauty, but they are improving in these respects very rapidly. In their interior arrangement there has been a great advance. The old-fashioned pew has been banished and the modern slip or cushioned seat, low, easy, readily accessible and attractive has taken its place. The pulpit 41*

is not now a perch or eyrie from which the preacher can get a bird's eye view of his congregation, but a simple reader's desk on a raised platform. Pillars are either entirely dispensed with or are so small as not to interfere with the view of the pulpit. Warming and ventilation have been the subject of anxious and protracted thought, and though we can hardly say as yet that either is perfect, yet we are so rapidly approximating to perfection in these particulars, that the present generation will probably be able to realize it. The Sunday School and Bible Classes have come to be such important agencies in religious progress, that special accommodations are required and provided for them, usually in a separate building, but attached to the church. And so strong are the demands for social life in connection. with the church, that most of the newer church edifices have their parlors, retiring rooms, ante-rooms, committee rooms, and many of them pastor's studies and church libraries in connection with the church edifices.

The churches in the country come up slowly to these improvements, and those of the Southern and Western States more slowly than those of the Eastern or Middle States; but the progress in all is encouraging. Still great as has been the advance of the last forty years, we are, as a nation, far behind most foreign nations in the number, the splendor, or the costliness of our temples for religious worship.

INDEX

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ACCIDENT insurance companies, 227.

"Academician," the first educational periodical, 898.

Academies and high schools, 448.
"Academy," an, in Virginia, 877.

Adams, Hannah, works of, 285.

Adams, Mr., designer and wood engraver, 840.

Adams, John, extract from, upon education, 852.

Aqua regia, 107.

Aquatint engraving, 842.

Architecture, domestic, 245; modern improvements in, 947.
Argentiferous lead ores, methods of working. 90.

Arizona, rich gold deposits of, 71; silver mines of, 115.

Arks, transportation of coal by, 186.

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Adams, John Quincy, works and career of, 276; extract | Arrastre, the, description and illustration of, 75.

from, upon education, 851.

Adams press, the, 297; Illustration of, 295.

Adirondac iron mines, 25.

Adventure copper mine, the, 5d

Advertising, newspaper, 804.

Etna Insurance Company, 222.

Agricultural machines, use of, at the West, 175.

Agriculture, schools of, 481.

Arsenic associated with zinc. 100.
Arts of design in America, 824.

Assay office, New York, gold deposits at the, 79; establish-
ment of the, 215.

Associated Press, the, 308; use of the telegraph by, 318.
Astor Library, 509.

Atlantic cities, account of the, 181; table of exports of the,
187; of imports, 192.

Alabama, iron mines and furnaces of, 28; banks and banking Atlantic Mutual Marine Insurance Company, 228.
in, 208.

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Ancram lead mine, New York, 82.

Anæsthesia, discovery and use of, 261.

Anderson, Dr., early engraving by, 840,

Andover Theological School, 478.

Aniline, origin and value of, 149.
Annapolis, Md., Naval Academy at, 476.

Anthracite coal, use of, in iron-making, 23; first successful
application of, 25-6; first knowledge and use of, 120
geological position of, 122; composition and varieties of
128; strata of illustrated, 181-2; mining of, 142; open
quarries of, 143; concentration of beds of, 144; breaking
and screening of, 147; employment of, in house-warm-
ing, 243.

Appalachian coal-basin, 124.

Appalachian mountains, gold mines of the, 64.

Atlantic Telegraph, history of the, 814.
Atwood, Luther, patent coal-oil kiln of, 159.
Audubon, John James, career and works of, 288.

Austin, Moses, mining operations of, 86.

Authors, American, 274; younger, list of, 281.

Bachus, Elijah, inanufacture of cannon by, 19.

Backus, Senator F. F., report of, upon the instruction of
idiots, 500.

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Baldface Mountain, N. H., iron ores of, 24.

Baltimore, iron mines near, 22; the charcoal iron of, 28;
copper smelting at, 59; chrome at, 118; receipts of coal
at, 189; origin, growth, and commerce of, 188; orphan
asylums in, 486.

Baltimore Company's open coal mines, Wilkesbarre, Pa.
picture of, opposite 187; account of, 144.
Baker, George A., painter, 333.
Bakoo, the petroleum of, 161.
Bancroft, George, 284.

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Banks, disastrous speculations of, 170, 172; State, establish-
ment and operations of, 199; over-issues of, 200; oppo-
sition of, to the United States Bank, 201; suspension of,
in 1814, 201; increase and expansion of, 202; failure of,
in 1837, 203; history of, 2038-9; table of, 1791-1860, 209;
method of transacting business by, 210; settling of bal
ances by, 210-11. (See National banks.)

Bare Hill copper mine, Maryland, 49; chromium at, 118.
Barnard, Henry, educational journals edited by,506.
Barnes, A. S., & Co., sales of school books by, 268,
Bars, iron, how made, 39.

Bartlett, J. R., illustration of the New Almaden quicksilver
mine by, 113.

Barytes, sulphate of, used in adulterating white lead, 95,
Bedsteads and bedding formerly used, 250,

Appleton, D., & Co., sales of Webster's Spelling-book, &o., Beaumont's method of arresting lead fumes, 90.
by, 264, 268,

Beecher, Miss Catharine E., 285; efforts of, for female educa- Brokers, board of New York. 195.
tion, 405,

Belgium, zinc manufacture in, 101.

Belleville, N. J., copper mine at, 49.

Bell-metal, composition and use of, 68, 120.

Bells, production of, 63.

Bennet, William James, painter, 828.

Bennett, James Gordon, 803.

Benton, Thomas II., works of, 277.

Benzole, character and use of, 148.

Bronze, composition of, 62, 68 120.

Brooklyn, manufacture or white lead in, 996; orphan asylums
in, 486.

Brooks, Mrs. Maria, 285.

Brown, Charles B., works of, 278.

Brown, Henry Kirke, sculptor, works of, 826.

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Brown, William, process of, for dry distillation of coal oil, 158.
Browr. coal, beds of 122.

Berkeley, Sir William, report of, upon education in Virginia, Brown University, 854
349.

Brownson, Orestes A., writings of, 282.

Bruce, George, Jr., type-casting machine invented by, 298,
Bruce, George, Sr., stereotyping introduced by, 800.

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Bethlehem, Pa., manufacture of zinc at, 99, 104; Moravian Bryant, William C., 284.
female seminary at, 857.

Beuthen, Silesia, zinc mines at, 102.

Bible, the, early printing of, 263; issues and low price of, by
the Bible Society, 264; Charlemagne's, 264, 272; the
educational influences of, 898,

Bible Societies, formation of, 264.

Bills of credit, State, constitutional prohibition of, 199.
Bingham, Caleb, girls' school of, 457.
Birch, Thomas, marine painter, 230.

Birmingham, Eng., manufacture of nails at, 41.
Bishop sleeves, 258.

Bituminous coal, first trade ín, 121; geological position of,
122; character and kinds of, 122; spontaneous combus-
tion of, 124; beds of, 129; mining of, 141. (See Gas, and
Coal oils.)

Black river, Wis., iron mines of, 30.
Blanc de neige, 104.

Blast furnaces in the colonies, 17; construction and working
of, 32; American, superior economy of, 88; illustrations
of 84, 85; tables of production and distribution of, 46.
Bleaching powder, manufacture of, from manganese, 119.
Blende, zinc ore, 96.

Blind, the, institutions for the instruction of, 467; alphabets
for, 498; course of instruction of, 441; printing for, and
writing by, 498; statistics of, 498.

Block-tin lining of lead pipe, 92.

Bloodgood & Ambler, silver-lead smelting works of, 91.
Bloomaries, description and working of, 86; localities of, 87.
Blooms, iron, how made, 39.

Blue mass, preparation of, 115.

Blue Ridge, the, copper ores of, 49-50; lead mines of, 88.
Boghead cannel coal, 123; composition of, 147.

Bog ores, iron, 22.

Boiler-plate iron, production of, 41.

Boise Basin gold mines. Idaho, 71.

Bonnets, fashions of, 254, 257, 258, 259.

Book-binding, 270; illustrations of machines for, 271,
origin of, 278; processes of, 272.

Books, ancient cost of, 262; effect of the discovery of print-
ing upon, 263; early market for, in New England, 263;
religious, cheapening of, 264; process of the manufacture
of, 264; methods of the sale of, 265; old, the trade in, 266;
subscription, publication of, 267; great sales of, 267; sta-
tistics of, 269; increased cost and use of, 269; sizes of,
272.

Booksellers, American Company of, 263, 264; number and
classes of, 264.

Book stalls, the business of, 266.

Book trade, the, 262; competition in, 264; number engaged
in, and operations of, 265; the statistics of, 269.
Book trade sales, 265.

Borneo, platinum from, 107.

Boston, origin, growth, and commerce of 185; banking sys-
tem of, 203-4; early bookselling at, 268; early town pro-
vision for schools in, 347; past experiences in the high
schools of, 345 451.

Boston Athenæum, art gallery of the, 335; library of the, 509,

427.

Boston City Library, 424, 425-6 (illustrations).
“Boston Courant," the, 301.

Braidwoods, the, deaf-mute instructors, 491,

Braille's system of writing and printing for the blind, 441.
Bramali's pump for making lead pipe, 92.

Brass, manufacture and uses of, 62.

Buckingham, Joseph T., letter of, upon his early school ex
perience, 871.

Buckminster, Joseph S., 282.

Buffalo, origin, growth, and trade of, 176.
Buhrstone iron ore, 22.

Building associations, fallacy of, 225.

Buildings, ventilation of, 245. (See Houses.)
Bulls and bears, in stock oper tions, 195.

Burden, Henry, rotary squeezer invented by, 89; machines
of, for spikes and horse-shoes, 43.

Bureaus, former style of, 250.

Burke rocker, the, illustration and description of, 74.
Burmah, the petroleum of, 161.

Burning-fluid, use of, for light, 253.

Burr, Thomas, process of, for making lead pipe, 91.
Burra Burra Mining Company, 50, 51.
Bushnell, Horace, 282; extract from, upon the homespun ers
of common schools, 381.

Bushnell's anthracite stove, 248,

Bussey, Benjamin, bequest of, to Harvard College, 401.
Bustle, use and construction of the, 258.
Butler, E. H., & Co., sales of school books by, 268.
Butler, W. Allen, 281.

Calamine, silicate of zinc, 96, 97.
Calash, the, for the head, 254, 258.

Calhoun, John C., career and works of, 277.

California, history, methods, and yield of gold-mining in, 71-8;
quicksilver mines of, 111-12; silver mines of 116; petro-
leuin in, 167.

California Quicksilver Mining Association, 112.
Camphene, introduction and use of, 252.

Canada, railroads of, 173; public improvements and trade of
179; effect of the reciprocity treaty with, 179.
Canada East, gold mines of, 64.

Canada West, oil region of, 167.

Canals, in California, for gold-mining, 72; built for coal trans
portation, 189, 140 (table);" opening of, 171, 172; effect of,
upon Western trade and settlement, 172.

Candles, paraffine, manufacture of, 159; use and varieties of

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Carpets, early use of, 250.

Castillero, Andres, working of cinnabar by, 112.
Cast iron, manufacture of, 82; uses of, 36; decarbonizing of
86; manufacture of steel from, 44.
Castle Garden, New York, emigrant depot, 240.
Central Park, the, of New York, 190.
Ceracchi, sculptor, career of, 334.
Chairs, old and new varieties of, 250.
Champlain canal, opening of, 171.
Chandler, Abiel, 484.

Chandler Scientific School, 451.
Channing, William E., writings of, 282.
Chapman, John G., painter and designer, 831.
Character, formation of, 831.

Charcoal, use of, in iron-making, 22.
Charlemagne's Bible, 264, 272.

Charleston, origin, growth, and commerce of, 188.

Bray, Rey. Thomas, libraries in Maryland established by, 856. Charleston Library Society, 558.

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Bread, kinds of formerly most used, 252.

Breckenridge Coal Oil Works, Kentucky, 154.

Bridgewater, Vt., gold at, 64.

Bridgewater copper mine, New Jersey, 49.
Bristol, Conn., copper mine at, 49.

British coal-fields, the, 183.

British immigration into the United States, 234–5,

Charlotte, N. C., branch mint at, 64; gold deposits at, 79.
Chatham, Conn., cobalt mine at, 18; nickel at, 117.

Chaudiere river, gold mines of, 64.

Cheever, Rev. George B., D. D., 280.

Chesapeake, iron mines on the, 22.

Chesapeake and Ohio canal, charter for, 171

Chester county, Pa., lead mines of, 88.

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Church, landscape paintings of, 333.

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Copper, ores of, 48; mines of, 48 et seq.; process of mining,
on Lake Superior, 52; statistics of, 56–8; ancient uses of
60; modern uses of, 61; sheet, manufacture of, 61; alloys
of, 61, 62-8; mines of, 116.

Copper mining in the colonies, 18.

Copper-plate engraving, 341.

Cinnabar, 111; early knowledge of, in California, 112; metal- Copper-smelting, 58; processes of, 59.

lurgic treatment of, 114.

Cincinnati, origin, growth, and trade of, 180.
Circular saw, invention of the, 247.

Cities, lake, account of, 176; recapitulation, 178; river, 180;
recapitulation, 151; Atlantic, 181.

Clausthal, lead-melting at, 89; treatment of argentiferous
ores at, 116.

Clay, Henry, 277.

Clearing nouse system, the, 210.

Clerc, Laurent, deaf-mute, 492.

Clergymen, distinguished, list of, 282.

Coram, Robert, account of country schools by, in 1791, 385.
Cornell's lead-pipo machine. 92.
Cornwall, Pa., iron mines of, 26.

Costume, changes in, illustrated, 253.
“Courier and Enquirer,” New York, 302,
Crawford, sculptor, career and works of, 835.
Credit system, of New York, 191–2.

Cretins, Dr. Guggenbühl's school for, 500.
Crockery, former style of, 251.
Croton aqueduct, the, 249.

Crucibles for steel-making, 44, 45.
Cuba, the bitumen

162 161.

Cleveland, origin and trade of, 176% direct trade of with Eu- Cummings, Thomas S., miniature painter, 831,
rope, 177.

Clevenger, Shobal Vail, sculptor, 334.

Cliff copper mine, the, 53.

Clinton, De Witt, extract from, upon education, 861.

Clinton county, New York, iron works of, 25; bloomaries
in, 37.

Clocks, former styles of, 251.
Clymer press, the, 287.

Coal, early neglect and first use of, 120; varieties of 121; the
ash of, 123; composition of different kinds of, 122, 123
(table); qualities of, 123; relative values of, 124 (table); |
geological and geographical distribution of 124; strata
of, illustrated, 129, 180; amount of, available, 133; rela-
tive amount of, in Europe and America, 134 (table); pro-
duction of, in eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland,
1820-1860, 134-5 (table); transportation of, to market,
135; table of public works for, 140; mining, general
account of, 140; useful applications of, 144. (See An-
thracite, Bituminous, &c.)

Coal Hill lead mine, New York, 88.

Coal mining, carly, on James river, 18. (See Coal.)
Coal oils, manufacture of, 155; table of American factories of,
155; history and method of the manufacture of, 156;
coals used for, 157; retorts for, 157; kilns and pits for,
158; process of refining, 158; uses of, 160; use of, for
light, 160, 252. (See Petroleum.)

Coal tar, production and composition of, 148.
Coats, fashions of, 253, 257, 258.

Cobalt, inine of, at Chatham, Conn., 18; use of, 116; ores and
mines of, 117; treatment of, 117.

Coinage, colonial, 212-13; adoption of Jefferson's plan of,
213; modifications of, 214, 215; table of, 1793-1860, 214;
of silver, number of pieces, 216; process of, 217; of pla-
tinum, 107.

Coins, foreign, in the colonies, 213.

Coke, production of, 150; from coal-oil works, 159.
Cole, Thomas, career and paintings of, 332.
College of New Jersey, charter of, 356.

Colleges in the United States, 458; table of, 546-33

Colliery slope and breaker at Tuscarora, Pa., picture, oppo-
site 139; description of, 142, 144.

Colonies, the, issue of paper money by, 198; coinage in,
212-13; literature in, 274; education in, 345.

Colorado, gold mines of, 71,

Columbia College, New York, origin of, 847.

Columbian or Clymer press, the, 287.

Columbite and columbium, discovery of, 18.

Combination press, the, 287.

Ce nmercial Advertiser," New York, 802.

Commercial schools,483.

Common School Almanac," 518.

"Common School Assistant," 518.

Common schools, accounts of the early state of, 837

provisions for the maintenance of, 396

“Common Sense," Paine's, 275.

Communipaw, N. J., zine manufacture at, 104.
Congress, school laws of, 362; library of, 509.

Cupellation of argentiferous lead, 90. -
Cupola furnaces for copper slags, 60.

Currency, national issues of. 211. (See Banks, Paper money.)
Curtius, Dr. Alexander Carolus, 855.
Cut nails, invention of, 41, 246.

Daguerreotyping, introduction of, 261; American use and
improvement of, 343.

Dahlonega, Ga., branch mint at, €4; gold-mining at, 70; gold
deposits at, 79...

Damascus Steet Company, 44.
Danville, Pa., iron furnaces at, 24.
Darley, F. O. C., designer, 333.
Darlington, Williain, letter of, upon country schools, 882.
Dartmouth College, origin of, 358.
Davenport, Rev. John, 313,347.
Davidson county, N. C., gold in, 69 ; lead in, 84.
Davidson sisters, the, 286.

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Davis, John, account of an old field school in Virginia by,884.
Davy, Sir Humphry, improvement in copper sheathing by, 61.
Day, Benjamin H., first penny paper published by, 303.
Deaf and dumb, the institutions for the instruction of, 441;
natural condition of, 487; methods of instructing, 492;
distinguished individuals among, 492; statistics of, 493
(table)

Deep River coal-beds, North Carolina, 129.

Delaware, banks in, 205; colonial school legislation of, 849.
Delaware and Hudson canal, coal transportation of, 139.
De l'Epée's method of deaf-mute instruction, 449.
Demand notes issued by Government, 211.
Dentistry, use of platinum in, 109.
Detmold, C. E., report of, 104.

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Detroit, copper sinelting at, 60; origin and railroad connec-
tions of, 177.

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Connecticut, early mining in, 17; iron inines and furnaces of,
24; copper mines of, 48; lead mines of, 82; manufacture
of tin in, 120; town action for schools in, 899; colonial

Dwight, Hon Edmund, 480.

Dwight, Timothy, D. D, works of, 281; school of, at Green-
field, 447.

Dyestone iron ore in Tennessee, 28.

East India School, the, at Charles City, Va., 845.

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