ARTICLE II. Each ftate retains its fovereignty, freedom and independence, and every power, jurifdiction, and right, which is not by this confederation exprefsly delegated to the United States in congrefs affembled. ARTICLE III. The said states hereby feverally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defence, the fecurity of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare; binding themfelves to aflift each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, fovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever. ARTICLE IV. The better to fecure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourfe among the people of the different states in this union, the free inhabitants of each of these states, (panpers, vagabonds, and fugitives from juftice excepted) thall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several states; and the people of each state shall have free ingrefs and regrefs to and from any other state; and fhall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, fubject to the fame duties, impofitions, and restrictions, as the inhabitants thereof refpectively; provided, that fuch reftrictions fhall not extend fo far as to prevent the removal of property imported into any state, to any other state of which the owner is an inhabitant: provided also, that no imposition, duties, or restrictions, shall be laid by any state on the property of the United States, or either of them. If any perfon guilty of, or charged with, treafon, felony, or other high misdemeanors, in any ftate, fhall flee from juf tice, and be found in any of the United States, he shall, upon demand of the governor or executive power of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, and removed to the ftate having jurifdiction of his offence. Full faith and credit fhall be given in each of these states, to the records, acts, and judicial proceedings, of the courts and magiftrates of every other state. ARTICLE V. For the more convenient management of the general interests of the United States, delegates fhall be annually appointed, in fuch manner as the legislature of each state shall direct, to meet in congrefs on the first Monday in November, in every year; with a power referved to each state, to recal its delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to fend others in their ftead for the remainder of the year. No ftate fhall be reprefented in congrefs by lefs than two, nor by more than seven members: and no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of fix years: nor fhall any perfon, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under the United States, for which he, or another for his benefit, receives any falary, fees, or emolument of any kind. Each state fhall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of the states, and while they act as members of the committee of the ftates. In determining queftions in the United States in congrefs affembled, each state shall have one vote. Freedom of fpeech and debate in congrefs, fhall not be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of congrefs and the members of congrefs fhall be protected in their perfons from arrefts and imprisonments, during the time of their going to and from, and attendance on, congrefs, except for treafon, felony, or breach of the peace. ARTICLE VI. No ftate, without the confent of the United States in congress assembled, shall send any embaffy to, or receive any embaffy from, or enter into any conference, agreement, al liance, or treaty with, any king, prince, or ftate: nor fhall any perfon, holding any office of profit or truft under the United States, or any of them, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign ftate: nor fhall the United States in congrefs affembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility. No two or more states shall enter into any treaty, confederation, or alliance, whatever between them, without the confent of the United States in congrefs affembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the fame is to be entered into, and how long it fhall continue. No ftate fhall lay any impofts or duties, which may interfere with any ftipulations in treaties entered into by the United States in congrefs affembled, with any king, prince, or state, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by congrefs to the courts of France and Spain. No veffels of war fhall be kept up in time of peace by any ftate, except fuch numbers only as fhall be deemed neceffary by the United States in congress affembled, for the defence of fuch state or its trade: nor fhall any body of forces be kept up by any state, in time of peace, except fuch number only as, in the judgment of the United States in congrefs affembled, fhall be deemed requifite to garrifon the forts neceffary for the defence of fuch state; but every state shall always keep up a well regulated and difciplined militia, fufficiently armed and accoutred; and fhall provide, and conftantly have ready for ufe, in public ftores, a due number of field-pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage. No ftate fhall engage in any war, without the confent of the United States in congrefs affembled, unless fuch state be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a refolution being formed by some nation of Indians to invade fuch state, and the danger is fo imminent as not to admit of a delay, till the United States in congress affembled can be confulted: nor fhall any state grant commiffions to any fhips or veffels of war, nor letters of marque or reprifal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States in congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state, and the subjects thereof, against which war has been fo declared, and under such regulations as shall be established by the United States in congress assembled; unless such state shall be infested by pirates; in which cafe, veffels of war may be fitted out for that occafion, and kept fo long as the danger fhall continue, or until the United States in congress assembled shall determine otherways. ARTICLE VII. When land forces are raised by any state for the common defence, all officers of, or under, the rank of colonel, fhall be appointed by the legislature of each ftate refpectively, by whom fuch forces fhall be raised, or in fuch manner as fuch state fhall direct; and all vacancies fhall be filled up by the ftate which firft made the appointment. ARTICLE VIII. All charges of war, and all other expenses that fhall be incurred for the common defence, or general welfare, and allowed by the United States in congrefs affembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several states, in proportion to the value of all land within each state, granted to or furveyed for any person, as fuch land and the buildings and improvements thereon fhall be estimated, according to fuch mode as the United States in congress assembled shall, from time to time, direct and appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion, shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legiflatures of the feveral states, within the time agreed upon by the United States in congrefs affembled. ARTICLE IX. The United States in congress assembled, shall have the fole and exclufive right and power of determining on peace and war, except in the cafes mentioned in the Sixth Article; or fending and receiving ambaffadors; entering into treaties and alliances; (provided, that no treaty of commerça fhall be made, whereby the legislative powers of the refpective ftates, fhall be reftrained from impofing fuch impofts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are fubjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any fpecies of goods or commodities whatsoever;) of establishing rules for deciding in all cafes, what captures on land or water fhall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the fervice of the United States, shall be divided or appropriated; of granting letters of marque or reprifal in times of peace; appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high feas, and eftablishing courts for receiving and determining finally, appeals in all cafes of captures; (provided, that no member of congress fhall be appointed a judge of any of the faid courts.) The United States in congrefs affembled, fhall alfo be the laft refort on appeal, in all difputes and differences now fubfifting, or that hereafter may arise, between two or more ftates, concerning boundary, jurifdiction, or any other caufe whatever; which authority fhall always be exercised in the manner following:-Whenever the legislative or executive authority, or lawful agent, of any state in controversy with another, fhall prefent a petition to congrefs, ftating the matter in question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof fhall be given by order of congrefs to the legislative or executive authority of the other ftate in controverfy, and a day affigned for the appearance of the parties by their lawful agents, who fhall then be directed to appoint by joint confent, commiffioners or judges to conftitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in queftion: but if they cannot agree, congrefs fhall name three perfons out of each of the United States; and from the lift of fuch perfons each party shall alternately ftrike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number fhall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not lefs than feven nor more than nine names, as congress shall direct, shall in the prefence of congrefs be drawn out by lot; and the perfons whofe names 1 |