Then, since HK and GE, which are in the same plane, are both at right angles to the straight line AB, they are parallel to one another. And be-, cause the lines HG, HD are parallel to the lines EB, EF, each to each, the plane GHD is parallel to the plane (13. 2. Sup.) BEF; and therefore EG, which is perpendicular to the plane BEF, is perpendicular also to the plane (Cor. 13. 2. Sup.) GHD. Therefore HK, which is parallel to GE, is also perpendicular to the plane GHD (7. 2. Sup.), and it is therefore perpendicular to HD (def. 1. 2. Sup.), which is in that plane, and it is also perpendicular to AB; therefore HK is drawn perpendicular to the two given lines, AB and CD.

PROP. XX. THEOR.

If a solid angle be contained by three plane angles, any two of these angles are greater than the third.

Let the solid angle at A be contained by the three plane angles BAC, CAD, DAB. Any two of them are greater than the third.

D

If the angles BAC, CAD, DAB be all equal, it is evident that any two of them are greater than the third. But if they are not, let BAC be that angle which is not less than either of the other two, and is greater than one of them, DAB; and at the point A in the straight line AB, make in the plane which passes through BA, AC, the angle BAE equal (Prop. 23. 1.) to the angle DAB; and make AE equal to AD, and through E draw BEC cutting AB, AC in the points B, C, and join DB, DC. And because DA is equal to AE, and AB is common to the two triangles ABD, ABE, and also the angle DAB equal to the angle EAB; therefore the base DB is equal (4. 1.) to the base BE. And because BD, DC are greater (20. 1.) than CB, and one of them BD has been proved equal to BE, a part of CB, therefore the other DC is greater than the remaining part EC. And because DA is equal to AE, and AC common, but the base DC greater than the base EC; therefore the angle DAC is greater (25. 1.) than the angle EAC; and, by the construction,

B

E

the angle DAB is equal to the angle BAE; wherefore the angles DAB, DAC are together greater than BAE, EAC, that is, than the angle BAC. But BAC is not less than either of the angles DAB, DAC; therefore BAC, with either of them, is greater than the other.

PROP. XXI. THEOR.

The plane angles which contain any solid angle are together less than four right angles.

B

A

Let A be a solid ang e contained by any number of plane angles BAC, CAD, DAE, EAF, FAB; these together are less than four right angles. Let the planes which contain the solid angle at A be cut by another plane, and let the section of them by that plane be the rectilineal figure BCDEF. And because the solid angle at B is contained by three plane angles CBA, ABF, FBC, of which any two are greater (20. 2. Sup.) than the third, the angles CBA, ABF are greater than the angle FBC For the same reason, the two plane angles at each of the points C, D, E, F, viz. the angles which are at the bases of the triangles having the common vertex A, are greater than the third angle at the same point, which is one of the angles of the figure BCDEF therefore all the angles at the bases of the triangles are together greater than all the angles of the figure and because all the angles of the triangles are together equal to twice as many right angles as there are triangles (32. 1.) ; that is, as there are sides in the figure BCDEF; and because all the angles of the figure, together with four right angles, are likewise equal to twice as many right angles as there are sides in the figure(1 cr. 32. 1.); therefore all the angles of the triangles are equal to all the angles of the rectili neal figure, together with four right angles. But all the angles at the bases of the triangles are greater than all the angles of the rectilineal, as has been proved. Wherefore, the remaining angles of the triangles, viz. those at the vertex, which contain the solid angle at A, are less than four right angles.

D

E

Otherwise.

Let the sum of all the angles at the bases of the triangles = S; the sum of all the angles of the rectilineal figure BCDEF=2; the sum of the plane angles at A=X, and let R= a right angle.

Then, because S+X= twice (32. 1.) as many right angles as there are triangles, or as there are sides of the rectilineal figure BCDEF, and as +4R is also equal to twice as many right angles as there are sides of the same figure; therefore S+X=2+4R. But because of the three plane angles which contain a solid angle, any two are greater than the third,

S7; and therefore X/4R; that is, the sum of the plane angles which contain the solid angle at A is less than four right angles.

SCHOLIUM.

A

It is evident, that when any of the angles of the figure BCDEF is exterior, like the angle at D, in the annexed figure, the reasoning in the above proposition does not hold, because the solid angles at the base are not all contained by plane angles, of which two belong to the triangular planes, having their common vertex in A, and the third is an interior angle of the rectilineal figure, or base. Therefore, it cannot be concluded that S is necessarily great

B

D

C

er than 2. This proposition, therefore, is subject to a limitation, which is

farther explained in the notes on this Book.

ELEMENTS

OF

GEOMETRY.

SUPPLEMENT.

BOOK III.

OF THE COMPARISON OF SOLIDS.

DEFINITIONS.

1. A SOLID is that which has length, breadth, and thickness.

2. Similar solid figures are such as are contained by the same number of similar planes similarly situated, and having like inclinations to one another.

3. A pyramid is a solid figure contained by planes that are constituted betwixt one plane and a point above it in which they meet.

4. A prism is a solid figure contained by plane figures, of which two that are opposite are equal, similar, and parallel to one another; and the others are parallelograms.

5. A parallelopiped is a solid figure contained by six quadrilateral figures, whereof every opposite two are parallel.

6. A cube is a solid figure contained by six equal squares.

7. A sphere is a solid figure described by the revolution of a semicircle about a diameter, which remains unmoved.

8. The axis of a sphere is the fixed straight line about which the semicircle revolves.

9. The centre of a sphere is the same with that of the semicircle.

10. The diameter of a sphere is any straight line which passes through the centre, and is terminated both ways by the superficies of the sphere

11. A cone is a solid figure described by the revolution of a right angled triangle about one of the sides containing the right angle, which side remains fixed.

12. The axis of a cone is the fixed straight line about which the triangle revolves.

3. The base of a cone is the circle described by that side, containing the right angle, which revolves.

14. A cylinder is a solid figure described by the revolution of a right angled parallelogram about one of its sides, which remains fixed.

15. The axis of a cylinder is the fixed straight line about which the parallelogram revolves.

16. The bases of a cylinder are the circles described by the two revolving opposite sides of the parallelogram.

17. Similar cones and cylinders are those which have their axes, and the diameters of their bases proportionals.

PROP. I. THEOR.

If two solids be contained by the same number of equal and similar planes similarly situated, and if the inclination of any two contiguous planes in the one solid be the same with the inclination of the two equal, and similarly situated planes in the other, the solids themselves are equal and similar.

Let AG and KQ be two solids contained by the same number of equal and similar planes, similarly situated so that the plane AC is similar and equal to the plane KM, the plane AF to the plane KP; BG to LQ, GD to QN, DE to NO, and FH to PR. Let also the inclination of the plane AF to the plane AC be the same with that of the plane KP to the plane KM, and so of the rest; the solid KQ is equal and similar to the solid AG. Let the solid KQ be applied to the solid AG, so that the bases KM and

AC, which are equal and similar, may coincide (8. Ax. 1.), the point N coinciding with the point D, K with A L with B, and so on. And because the plane KM coincides with the plane AC, and, by hypothesis, the