impede its progress. Having executed the views of the company thus far, about the middle of December he returned to Pennsylvania, and laid before his friends and employers charts of the lands taken up, with a detailed account of his proceedings, which afforded the most perfect satisfaction.

Early in the spring of 1766 he returned to Nova Scotia, in order to complete the task so advantageously commenced in the preceding year, taking with him ma ny settlers, implements of husbandry, provisions, &c.— Late in the autumn of that year, Mr. Wayne returned, having, in a manner highly honorable to himself, and gratifying to the company, accomplished the various objects of his agency.

Having succeeded in planting this new community, the company continued him as agent to extend and im prove it. Although he did not revisit the settlement, he directed the concern whilst it retained the character of an association. The correspondence which remains on this subject proves him to have been an able negociator, and his numerous field notes, charts, and astronomical observations, exhibit accuracy as well as great taste in execution. The labour bestowed on this infant establishment promised a rich reward to the association, but the active and glorious part which Mr. Wayne and his companions espoused in behalf of their country, previous to, and during the revolutionary war, deprived them of enjoying the fruits of their enterprise in Nova Scotia.

In the year 1767, Mr. Wayne having married a daughter of Mr. Bartholomew Penrose, an eminent merchant of the city of Philadelphia, established himself on a farm in his native county. From this period until the year 1774, his time was devoted to agriculture and practical surveying. Such was his celebrity in the latter profession, that he was called for on all important and intricate cases, both in his own and the neighboring counties. Many of the provincial and other leading roads in Pennsylvania have felt the impress of his chain and compass. During the above period Mr. Wayne was elected to fill some higher grades of county offices, and at the same time he took a very active part among his compatriots in the preparation for that awful struggle between the mother country and her colonies, which eventuated in the liberty and independence of the latter. He was one of the provincial deputies who, early in the year 1774, were chosen by the different counties to take into consideration the alarming state of affairs between Great Britain and her colonies, and report thereon. He was also a member of the Pennsylvania convention, which shortly after this, assembled in the city of Philadelphia, whose patriotic and spirited proceedings excited an honorable and powerful emulation in the other colonies.

The state of public affairs strongly indicated that the Pennsylvania Legislature of 1774-5, should be composed of men possessing the soundest heads and stoutest hearts; the greatest care was therefore taken throughout the province to secure the election of characters of this description. Among the members returned from Chester county was Anthony Wayne, who, in conjunction with Charles Thompson, Thomas Mifflin, and othzealous patriots of the same body, led the way in preparing for the decisive part which Pennsylvania afterwards took in the general contest. In the summer of 1775, Mr. Wayne was appointed a member of the committee of safety with Dr. Franklin, John Dickinson and others, alike distinguished for zeal in their country's To this committee appertained the duty of calling into actual service, as they were termed, the 'Associators," and providing for the defence of the province against invasion from abroad and insurrection at home. Mr. Wayne having resolved to enter the service of his country the moment an opportunity should occur, most assiduously applied his mind to acquiring a knowledge of military tactics. Every author of eminence on the subject, and within his reach, was procured; and every

cause.

day, which he could spare from other public duties, he devoted to performing the services of a drill officer, and infusing into the minds of his fellow citizens a knowledge of military science, the aid of which he clearly perceived our great and glorious cause would soon require. His growing popularity brought to his standard large assemblages of the yeomanry wherever he appointed a drill, and intrepidity, if ever brought to the test, insured the most prompt and strict attention to his orders. At this stage of the memoir, it may be gratifying to the reader to be presented with a description of Mr. Wayne's person. It is given as follows, from the pen of one who most distinctly recollects the facts:

"He was above what is commonly termed the 'middle stature,' and well proportioned. His hair was dark; his forehead was high and handsomely formed; his eyes were dark hazel, intelligent, quick and penetrating; his nose inclined to the acquiline; the remainder of his face was well proportioned, and his whole countenance fine and animated."

The best likeness of the subject of this memoir is that which was taken by Mr. Charles W. Peale, near the close of the revolutionary war, and which is exhibited among those of other American patriots in the gallery of the Philadelphia Museum. From the same pen it is stated, that "The natural disposition of Mr. Wayne was very amiable-that he was ardent and sincere in his attachments-that his morals were chaste and his manners refined."

So desirous was Mr. Wayne of disciplining the differ ent military associations in his native county, that he retired from the civil councils of Pennsylvania in the month of September, 1775 In a few weeks he raised a regiment of volunteers, of which he was unanimously elected Colonel, and by his address and assiduity soon exhibited, to the surprise or his countrymen, a corps more resembling veterans than militia.

Congress, on the 3d of Jan. 1776, appointed him Colonel of one of the regiments which they had resolved to raise for Pennsylvania. So soon as the appointment was announced, his former associates almost unanimously agreed to follow his fortunes in the regular service of their country,-a circumstance highly flattering to him and honorable to themselves, and by which means he was speedily enabled to take the field. At the opening of the campaign of 1776, Col. Wayne received orders to join the army under Gen. Lee, at New York; thence he proceeded with his regiment to Canada.

General Sullivan, who at this time commanded the army in Canada, being apprised of the approach of the enemy, was desirous of not only checking their advance, but striking them before they could concentrate their forces; he therefore resolved to attack the advance guard, under Gen. Frazer, then posted at Three Riv ers. The expedition was entrusted to General Thompson. The troops principally consisted of Pennsylvanians, and of the regiments of St. Clair, Wayne, Irvine, and Hartley.

Although the plan of this expedition was well laid, and considerable resolution discovered in its execution, yet a combination of untoward circumstances compelled the Americans to retreat in the greatest confusion.General Thompson and the gallant Col. William Irvine, with some of our officers, were taken prisoners, and several rank and file were killed. On this occason Colonel Wayne, although wounded, was much distinguished for his bravery and good conduct in uniting and bringing off the dispersed and broken bodies of troops.

Soon after the defeat at Three Rivers, the American army was compelled to retreat out of, and from Canada, and ultimately, after many feats of bravery, enduring much toil, and innumerable privations, it was concentrated at Ticonderoga. At this post and its dependencies General Gates and Schuyler, then commanding, determined to take their stand, and defend them at every sacrifice. General Carlton with part of his fleet appear

ed in view of those posts, and landed his army, as if determined to attack them; however, after reconnoitering the works, and observing the defiance exhibited by their defenders, he re-embarked his army and retired into winter quarters.

Immediately after the main body of the British had withdrawn from the neighborhood of Ticonderoga, General Gates repaired to Washington's army with a strong detachment of the northern troops; hence the command of the remainder devolved on Gen. Schuyler, by whom the following orders were issued:

perhaps we may recover Pennsylvania from her delirium. At present she has lifted a knife to her own throat. Your timely prescriptions may yet save her life. I need not say, that in the field, we expect the Pennsylvanians will show us the 'metal of their pasture' in the day of trial. Let no other State bear away from us the palm of military glory."

The General, after replying very fully to the political part of this letter, and regretting that his military duties prohibited his absence from the army, adds:-"The enemy do not seem fond of meeting disciplined troops.My brigade offered Gen. Grant battle six times the othSARATOGA, Nov. 23, 1776. Sir-The care of the fortresses of Ticonderoga and er day; he as often formed, but always on our approach his people broke and ran, after firing a few vollies, Mount Independence being committed to you, as comwhich we did not return, being determined to let them manding officer, with a garrison composed of your regiment, and those of Wood, Dayton, Irvine, Burrell, feel the effects of a close fire, and then give them the and Whitecomb, to compose the garrison, together bayonet under cover of the smoke. This hero, who with the artillery, under Major Stevens, the light in- was to march through America at the head of 5,000 fantry companies, under Col. Whitcomb, Col. Baldwin, men, by a flank fire of our artillery had his coat much the chief engineer, with sundry artificers, and Maj. Hay, dirtied, his horse's head taken off, and himself badly A. D. Q. M. General, including in all upwards of 2,500 bruised, for having the presumption, at the head of sevrank and file. I have the fullest confidence in your vi- en hundred British troops, to face five hundred Penngilance, attention, and foresight, to guard against sur-sylvanians. You may rest assured, Sir, that the Pennprise, and to do every thing that may have a tendency sylvanians will not give up the palm of military glory' to any troops on earth." to secure your post and promote the weal of the service, &c. &c.

Signed,

Col. ANTHONY WAYNE.

PHILIP SCHUYLER.

The compliment paid to Col. Wayne in selecting him for the command of those important posts, was certain ly a high and flattering one; they were the barriers between the two powerful forces of the British army, and to a young but gallant offier their defence was entrusted, from the month of November, 1776, until May, 1777. The details of this command are highly interesting and honorable to the Colonel, but the limits assigned this memoir preclude their insertion.

On the 21st day of February, 1777, Colonel Wayne was promoted by Congress to the rank of Brigadier General. He continued in command of Ticonderoga and its dependencies until the month of May, at which period, in consequence of his earnest solicitations, he was ordered to join the main army, then under his exA few cellency, Gen. Washington, in New-Jersey. days previously to the General's departure for head quarters, the field officers of the continental army at Ticonderoga unanimously addressed him in the most affectionate and flattering terms.

After the British retreated from New Jersey, the Commander-in-chief complimented General Wayne on the honour which he had acquired in contributing a "large In an official letter to Congress, share of bravery and good conduct" in driving the eneunder date of the 22d June, General Washington said: my from that State. "General Greene desires me to make mention of the conduct and bravery of General Wayne and Col. Moras they constantly advanced upon an enemy far superior gan, and of their officers and men, upon this occasion, to them in numbers and well secured behind strong redoubts."

After this event, some time elapsed before Sir Wm. Howe developed the real object of his next movement. So soon as it was ascertained General Wayne received the following order from the Commander in-chief, which was promptly obeyed and satisfactorily executed:

HEAD-QUARTERS.

"The fleet have gone out of the Hook, and as Delaware appears to be the most probable destination, I desire that you will leave your brigade under the next in command and proceed yourself immediately to Chester, in Pennsylvania, where your presence will be necessary to arrange the militia who are to rendezvous there."

General Washington having received intelligence About the middle of May, General Wayne arrived at head quarters, and was received by the officers and sol- that the British fleet with the army was standing up the diery of the army, but especially by those of the Penn- Chesapeake bay, he instantly decamped from the marsylvania line, with great pleasure. Being immediately gin of the Delaware, in Bucks county, and marched placed in the command of a brigade, he made every with his whole army to oppose, if not defeat, the object possible exertion to bring it into the field in the most of his enemy-the reduction of Pennsylvania, particuenviable style of discipline: for this purpose, as well as larly that of Philadelphia; and this at most fearful odds on account of the deeply interesting crisis of the war, fifteen thousand American troops, including militia, did he forego the pleasure of even visiting his family, opposed to eighteen thousand British regulars, comfrom whom he had then been separated more than six-pletely appointed and equipped, commanded by the teen months; yet he had his reward in the consciousness most renowned Generals that Europe could produce. of doing his duty and gratifying his General, with whom he soon became a favourite, and at all times shared largely of his confidence.

About this period the people of Pennsylvania, were, unhappily, much divided on the subject of state policy. In order that he might aid in the restoration of harmony, many of General Wayne's former political associates were very desirous of his visiting his native state; among them was one of her most favorite sons, then a member of the Pennsylvania delegation in Congress, who thus addressed the General:—“Come, my dear Sir, and let us weep together over this dear nurse of our childhood, the protectress of our youth, and the generous rewarder of our riper years. 'De republica nunquam desperandum est. Let us unite our efforts once more, and

*Doctor Rush.

The first important opposition to this powerful army was made on the banks of Brandywine, the 11th day of September, 1777. On this memorable day Gen. Wayne His command was stationed at conducted a division. Chad's Ford, with orders to resist the passage of the column under Knyphausen. So soon as Sir William Howe commenced the attack on the right, Knyphausen made his arrangements to pass the Ford, when a treThe conflict was most gallantmendous cannonade, accompanied by small arms, commenced on both sides. ly kept up by Wayne and his troops until near sunset; at length, overpowered by numbers, and perceiving the enemy, who had vanquished our right column, approaching near his flank and rear, he was compelled to retreat. Much credit was bestowed on the General and his division for their coolness and bravery throughout the day, and it was well merited. Their gallant resis

tance at the Ford most certainly prevented the Hessian General from materially annoying our retreating columns. The celebrated Colonel Henry Lee, in speaking of this engagement, in his Memoirs of the Southern Campaigns, says: "The contest, which began on our right, spread to our left, and was warm in some parts of the American line, and many of the corps distinguished themselves. The most conspicuous were the brigades of Wayne and Weeden, and the 3d regiment of Virginia, commanded to Col Marshall, to which, with the artillery directed by Colonel Proctor, of Pennsylvania, much praise was given." The loss sustained by the Americans in this action has been stated at 300 killed and 600 wounded and 400 prisoners. Sir William Howe stated the loss of his army to be only 100 killed and 400 wounded.

enemy lay it was difficult of access, and all his arrangements to prevent either a surprise or repulse were well formed,-yet so fully apprised, as has been said above, were the British of every circumstance, and so faithfully pilotted over hills and along by-paths, that the General was subjected to the mortification of a retreat, after bravely resisting the assailants, many of whom were killed and carried off with the wounded, in litters, by night. To conceal the fact, not a light was permitted to burn in any house on the return march of those murderers, by whom no quarters was given to the invalid, though gallant soldier. It would appear that they were determined to wreak their vengeance on the division, because they supposed it chiefly consisted of Irishmen, and their immediate descendants.

The number of killed and wounded in this action, as reported by General Wayne, was one hundred and fifty, which statement was subsequently proven to be correct. The British report made the number three hundred, and American writers have generally copied this report, not making allowance for exaggeration. A few persons are yet living who assisted in burying the dead; but fifty-three were found on the field, whose bodies were decently interred by the neighboring farmers in one grave, immediately adjoining the scene of action, being one mile south of the Warren tavern, on the Philadelphia and Lancaster turnpike road.

Washington with his army retired to Chester in the night; the next morning he decamped, and marched by the route of Philadelphia. Here he crossed the Schuylkill, and resolved to give the enemy another battle.For this purpose, both armies were arrayed, on the 16th, in Goshen township, Chester county, some distance south-west of the Warren tavern, on the road leading from Philadelphia to Lancaster. General Wayne, who commanded the advance, had commenced the action with great spirit, when a violent storm, accompanied by torrents of rain, stopped its further progress, and rendered it impossible for either army to keep the field. On the 20th of Sept. 1817, being the 40th anniversaSeparated by the tempest from his adversary, the A-ry of the Massacre, a monument was erected over the merican General resolved to replenish his ammunition, remains of those gallant men by the Republican Artil which was ruined by the rain, from the insecurity of the lerists, of Chester County, aided by the contributions cartouch boxes and artillery tumbrels; he therefore re- of their fellow citizens. It is composed of white martired with the main army up the Schuylkill, and crossed ble, and is a pedestal surmounted by a Pyramid. Upon at Parker's Ferry, where a fresh supply of ammunition the four sides of the body of the pedestal, are appro, might be obtained in time to dispute the passage of the priate inscriptions. The monument is enclosed by a Schuylkill, and yet make another effort to save Phila- stone wall, forming a rectangular oblong, from north to delphia. south,60 ft inlength and 20 in width. The historical account of the location of this engagement is erroneous. It is stated to have occurred in the woods, near the entrance of the road leading from Darby into that leading to Lancaster. The fact is not so. The position of the troops, on that night, was nearly, if not quite, two miles west from this place, and on ground incomparably more eligible. The Paoli Tavern is situated at the spot first mentioned. The affair, in consequence of this topographical error, has been styled the "Massacre at the Paoli."

On the 19th of September, General Wayne received the following order from the Commander-in-chief, which had been preceded on the 17th and 18th by others, equally, if not more urgent on the occasion:

Reading Furnace, 6 o'clock, P.M. DEAR SIR-I have this instant received yours of half past 3 o'clock, A. M. Having written to you already to move forward upon the enemy, I have but little to add. Generals Maxwell and Potter are ordered to do the same, being at Potts' forge. I could wish you and those Generals to act in conjunction, to make your advance more formidable, but I would not have too much of the 20th, which some, even American historians, as If the General had occupied the ground on the night time delayed on this account. I shall follow as speedi-sert he did, and there the disaster had occurred, he ly as possible with jaded men-some may probably go off immediately, if I find they are in condition for it. The horse almost all out upon the patrol. Cartridges have been ordered for you. Give me the earliest information of every thing interesting, and of your moves, that I may know how to govern mine by them. The cutting off the enemy's baggage would be a great matter. Yours, sincerely,

[Signed,] GEO. WASHINGTON. The General in reply assured the Commander-inchief, that "every possible exertion would be made to carry his orders into effect." For this purpose, on the evening of the 20th September, with a great diminution of his division since the morning of the 11th, in consequence of the killed, wounded, and invalid, he took an excellent position with fifteen hundred troops, militia included, three miles in rear of the left wing of the British army-whence, after being reinforced, it was his intention to march and attack the enemy's rear when they decamped, and, if possible, 'cut off their baggage;' but in this he was disappointed. Traitors, on the evening above mentioned, passed into the British camp, fully apprised the enemy of his position, and in the night conducted them to it. It has been said that Wayne's encamping ground was well chosen, and this was the fact. No public roads were then in existence which led immediately to it, and from the direction in which the

would have been justly accountable to his God and Country for all the blood shed on that night; because itself, and only one mile from the enemy's lines. The the position would have been extremely ineligible in above remarks have been deemed proper, not only on account of the General's memory, but also for the pur pose of handing down to posterity correct information on a subject, which has never failed to excite much interest and inquiry.

Shortly after this affair General Wayne was much distressed to hear that, either from misrepresentation, envy or malice, he was censured for his conduct on account of the unfortunate rencontre on the night of the 20th. He therefore addressed the Commander-in-chief, as follows:

SIR-I feel myself very much injured until such time as you will be kind enough to indulge me with an inquiry into my conduct concerning the action of the 20th September.

Conscious of having done my duty, I dare my accusers to a fair and candid hearing; dark and insidious friends I dread, but from an open and avowed enemy I have nothing to fear.

I have no other mode of showing them forth to open view, than through your means. I must therefore beg an immediate investigation by a Court Martial,

ANTHONY WAYNE.

Your compliance will much oblige your Excellency's by the enemy and liberated again, who said that he had most obedient humble servant.

Extract of a communication dated White Marsh, 2dnemy. Immediately on his return the troops were all

The first part of the charge that "I had timely no- In the eyes of gentlemen and officers I trust that I tice of the enemy's intention to attack the troops understand justified for the part I took on that night. I had my command," is very readily answered.

supported by the grenadiers returned to the charge. The enemy again gave way, but being Gen. Sullivan's division and Conway's brigade were at this time engaged to the south of Germantown, whilst my division had the right wing of the enemy's army to encounter, on the north of the town, two-thirds of our sistance; however the unparalleled bravery of our army being then too far to the north to afford us any astroops surmounted every difficulty, and obliged the enemy to break and run in the utmost confusion. Our people remembering the action of the night of the 20th of September, near the Warren, pushed on with their bayonets and took ample vengeance for that night's work. Our officers exerted themselves to save many of the poor wretches who were crying for mercy, but to little purpose, the rage and fury of the soldiers were not to be restrained for some time, at least not until great numbers of the enemy fell by their bayonets. The fog, together with the smoke occasioned by our cannon and musketry, made it almost as dark as night, our people mistaking one another for the enemy, frequently exchanged shots before they discovered their error. We had now pushed the enemy near three miles, and were in possession of their whole encampment, when a large body of troops were advancing on our left flank, which being taken for the enemy, our men fell back, in defiance of every exertion of the officers to the con