Gerund, 393, 395, 396; distinction be-
tween gerund and present participle,
397; forms, 396; parsing of, 415;
use of, 395-397

Grammar review, 99, 123, 150, 179, 218,
251, 278, 337, 364
Greeting of a letter, 15, 417

Group composition, 19, 144, 145, 274,
355

Group exercises, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12,
14, 15, 17, 19, 34, 36, 43, 62, 65, 66,
68, 71, 73, 90, 96, 97, 112, 114, 117,
119, 122, 139, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148,
149, 169, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 206,
211, 212, 214, 216, 217, 224, 225, 230,
236, 239, 240, 243, 247, 254, 263, 266,
270, 271, 274, 289, 296, 301, 319, 320,
321, 323, 331, 352, 355, 356; adjec-
tives, 119, 122, 224, 225, 230, 236,
239, 240, 243, 247, 254; adverbs, 119,
122, 254, 263, 266, 270; advertise-
ments, 274, 356; anecdotes, 149, 217,
363; capitalization and punctuation,
9, 36, 66, 68, 71, 73, 90, 149, 169, 171,
176, 216, 217, 321, 335; conversation,
144; criticism and correction, 4, 6,
7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 34, 36, 43, 62,
65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 73, 90, 96, 97, 114,
117, 119, 122, 139, 146, 147, 148, 169,
171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 206, 211, 212,
214, 230, 236, 240, 243, 247, 263, 266,
270, 271, 289, 296, 301, 320, 321, 328,
331, 352, 355; debate, 146, 147, 355;
dramatization, 145, 334; letters, 14,
17, 19, 34, 36, 43, 65, 66, 90, 122, 146,
147, 169, 171, 249, 321, 355; outlines,
19, 144, 173, 175, 243, 270, 323; para-
graphs, 6, 19, 36, 66, 169, 171; pro-
nouns, 184, 206, 212, 289; sentences,
9, 11, 12, 36, 62, 66, 67, 68, 112, 139,
352, 355; word study, 10, 65, 66, 114,
119, 122, 169, 171, 224, 225, 319, 320,
321. See Notes 4, 35, 37, and 69. See
also Games

Gulick, Luther H., selection from The
Efficient Life, 337

Inflection, of adjectives, of adverbs
(see Comparison); of pronouns, 187;
of verbs, 400-404
Intensives, 377

Interjections, 386-387

Interrogation mark. See Question mark
Interrogative adverbs, 386

Interrogative pronouns, 191–193.
Interrogative sentence, II; order in,
30. See Note 21

Intransitive verbs, 285, 286
Introductory word, 31, 257, 279, 294
Inverted order of subject and predi-
cate, 30. See Note 21

Invitation, letters of, 34, 119, 145, 147,
213, 321, 418

Irregular comparison, of adjectives,
228; of adverbs, 258

Irregular plurals, 158, 159, 370-371
Irregular verbs, 301, 303, 405

Irving, Washington, Letter to a Little
Girl, 168; selections from: The Life
and Voyages of Columbus, 171, 251,
319; Rip Van Winkle, 207

Is (see Note 41), 81, 286, 310; com-
plete verb, 387; conjugation, 400, 401
Its, it's, 189

Joint and separate possession, 372

Kind (this kind, that kind), 231, 291

Lay, lie, 74, 313, 338

Leading Facts of American History, The,
Montgomery, selection from, 178
Learn, teach, 125, 312

Less, least, in comparison of adjectives,
227. See Note 86

Letter form, 16, 17, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92;
formal invitations and replies, 418;
formal notes, 418; heading, greeting,
body, ending, 15; punctuation, 20,
21, 417

Letter writing, exercises in, 13-18, 19,
34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 43, 44, 64-66, 70,
87-92, 97, 119, 120, 121, 145, 146, 147,
168-171, 207, 208-210, 213, 240, 247-
250, 270, 276, 277, 321, 330, 355, 356,
361; application for a position, 38;
business letters, 87-92, 120, 121, 170,
171, 247-250, 276, 277, 321, 322;
class post office, 17, 65, 170, 249 (see
Note 9); invitations, 34, 119, 145, 146,
147, 213, 330, 355

Letters, capital. See Capital letters
Letters, figures, etc., plural of, 370
Letters from famous people: Lord

Chesterfield to his Son, 359; Men-
delssohn to his Son Felix, 121; Mere-
dith Nicholson to a School Principal,
336; Phillips Brooks to a Little Girl, 64,
209; Sydney Smith to Charles Fox, 246;
Washington Irving to a Little Girl, 168
Lie, lay, 74, 313, 338

Life and Voyages of Columbus, Irving,
selections from, 171, 251, 319

Like, as, 349

Limiting adjectives, 223, 380
Linking verbs, 81, 286

Long, William J., selections from:

Northern Trails, 111; Wood Folk at
School, 115

Lowell, 282

Magazine, a class, 221. See Notes 93
and 98

Manner, adverbs of, 384; clauses of,
406

Martin, Martha E., selections from
The Friendly Stars, 99, 278
Martin, William, An Apple Orchard in
the Spring, 324
Masculine gender, 161, 185
May, can, 125, 338, 339

May, might, as helping verbs, 310
Measurement, saving compositions for,
68, 121, 361. See Notes 38, 51, and

100

Memorize, how to, 45. See Note 26
Memory exercise, 45, 268, 326, 329, 358
Mendelssohn, Felix, A Letter from his
Father, 121
Might, may, 310

Miller, Joaquin, Columbus, 40
Models, for analysis, diagramming, and
parsing, 407-415; for compositions,
Notes 24 and 70

Modifiers, 28, 102-112; adjective, 52-
54, 104-106, 222-241, 280, 380-383;
adjective clause, 105, 106, 108, 109,
130; adjective phrase, 104; adverb,
54-56, 255-266, 384-386; adverb
clause, 107, 108, 131, 265; adverb
phrase, 106, 107, 256, 265, 374; ap-
positives, 375-376; diagrams of,
410-412; infinitive, 398; participial
phrase, 374; possessive, 185, 186,
187, 381

Montgomery, The Leading Facts of
American History, selection from, 178
Mood of verbs, 390; imperative, 391;
indicative, 391; subjunctive, 391-392
More, most, in comparison of adjectives
and adverbs, 227, 233, 258
Must, as a helping verb, 310
Muzzey, D. S., selection from An
American History, 364

Napoleon, The Dead, Thackeray, 205
Natural order of subject and predicate,
30. See Note 21

Negative in debate, 147, 354

Negatives, 101, 180, 260, 279; double,
IOI, 260

Neither, nor, 350

Neuter gender, 161, 185

Newspaper, writing for, 148, 214, 276,
331, 356

Nicholson, Meredith, Letter to a School
Principal, 336

Night-letter telegrams, 271, 272, 273
No, 385

Nominative absolute, 374

Nominative case, 186, 187, 371, 377.

See Note 103
Non-exclamatory sentence, 409
Nor, or, use of, 350

Northern Trails, Long, selection from, III
Notes, formal, 418; forms for promis-
sory, 420

Nouns 48, 49, 154-167, 369-376; ab-
stract, 49, 369; as adjunct accusative,
374, 375; as adverbs, 373; as apposi-
tives, 375; cases of, 371; clauses used
as essentials, 377; collective, 160,
369; common, 155, 156, 157; com-
pound, 157; definition of, 49; game,
181; as independent elements, 373;
parsing of, 412 (see Note 67); proper,
155, 156, 157; use of, in sentences,
164-167

Number, definition, 157; of nouns, 157-
161, 370, 371; of pronouns, 184, 185,
201-203, 379; rules for forming plural
of nouns, 158-160; of verbs, 289–296
Numeral adjectives, 380

0,71

Object clauses, 377

Object of preposition, 343

Object of verb, 83, 84, 85, 102, 103, 284,
285; cognate, retained, secondary,
Note 103; indirect, 164, 165, 201
Old Ironsides, Holmes, 267
Only, position of, 124, 262, 280
Opportunity, Edward Rowland Sill, 357
Optional work. See Note 15
Or, nor, 350

Oral composition, 3, 4, 5, 18, 19, 33, 36,
37, 39, 42, 43, 68, 69, 70, 92, 94, 95,
96, 97, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 139,
141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 152, 153,
169, 173, 174, 175, 206, 207, 209, 210,
211, 213, 214, 215, 240, 241, 242, 243,
245, 246, 247, 269, 270, 273, 274, 275,
276, 322, 325, 326, 329, 331, 332, 333,
334, 354, 355, 356, 358, 363. See
Notes 2, 10, 83, and 91

Oral dramatization. See Dramatization
Oral exercises: advertisements, 273;
"and" habit, 34, 66, 67, 96, 134, 139,
175, 235, 236, 247, 264, 351, 352,
355; Arbor-Day exercises, 330; biog-
raphy, 119; capitals, 20, 44, 71, 98,
156, 176, 224, 415; choosing suita-
ble adjectives, 237, 238, 239, 240,
241; choosing suitable adverbs, 265;
choosing suitable conjunctions, 34, 66,
67, 96, 134, 139, 175, 235, 236, 247,
264, 351, 352, 355; choosing suitable
prepositions, 353; choosing suitable
verbs, 319, 320; civics questions,
211, 213, 214; clauses, 152; compar-
ing things, 333; Correct usage (see
Correct use); debate, 145, 146, 147,
148, 354, 355, 356; description, 209,
237, 240, 241, 242; dialogue, 42, 43,
141, 152, 334; dramatization, 141, 334;
earning money, 37; explanations, 4,
5, 70, 95, 214, 246, 332; garden,
making a school, 274, 275, 276; giv-
ing directions, 69, 70; history topics,
269; how to do or make things, 4,
5, 6, 70, 95, 332; letters, 169, 247;
making sentences, 23, 47, 124, 151,
219, 253; outlines, 4, 18, 19, 33, 67,
68, 94, 95, 117, 122, 147, 173, 174,
211, 215, 241, 242, 322, 331, 354;
paragraph study, 18, 19, 94, 169;
parts of speech, 99, 123, 126, 150,
179, 218, 251, 278, 337; phrases, 126,
152; plans, 33, 96, 122, 241, 274-
277, 329; pronunciation, 47, 76, 101,
127, 151; public meetings, 213, 214;
punctuation, 20, 44, 72, 98 (see Punc-
tuation); saving money, 69; sentences
and sentence study, 8, 9, 10, 11, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34,
58, 59, 60, 77-81, 84, 85, 102, 103,
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 126, 128,
129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 152, 166, 181,
182, 204, 220, 234, 235, 236, 253, 254,
262, 263, 264, 278, 280, 281, 317, 318,
337, 340, 348, 351, 364, 366; spending
money, 68; stories, 18, 39, 42, 43,
94, 95, 115, 116, 117, 126, 139, 141,
174, 175; study of a poem, 39, 42,
113, 206, 245, 325, 326, 328; subor-
dinate clauses, 67, 126; synonyms,
61, 113, 114, 238, 268, 325, 328, 329;

telegrams, 271; telling interesting
things, 3, 4, 47, 94, 95, 173, 174, 175,
209, 211, 241, 242; variety in expres-
sion, 61, 136, 137, 138, 265, 266, 319,
351, 352; vocational questions, 36,
37, 38, 215, 322, 334; word study, 42,
44, 47, 62, 63, 67, 76, 101, 113, 127,
151, 169, 171, 207, 237, 238, 239, 245,
319, 320, 325, 328

Orders, sending, 90, 92, 276-277, 321
Ordinal numerals, 380
Other, 232

Ought, use of, 314

Outlines of compositions, 4, 5, 6, 18,
19, 20, 33, 36, 37, 38, 43, 68, 92, 94,
95, 116, 117, 169, 172, 173, 174, 175,
206, 209, 211, 215, 241, 242, 243, 269,
322, 329, 331, 354, 355; model, 5, 18,
33, 66, 173, 174

Outlines of European History, Robinson
and Beard, 218

Paragraph, definition, 19; indention of,
19. See Note II

Paragraph study, 5, 7, 18-19, 34, 35, 36,
42, 43, 65, 69, 92, 94, 136-139, 169,
170, 209, 331. See Note 12
Parsing, adjectives, 414; adverbs, 414;
conjunctions, 415; gerunds, 415; in-
finitives, 415; nouns, 413; participles,
415; prepositions, 415; pronouns,
413; verbs, 414

Participles, 299, 302, 303, 309, 390, 393,
394, 415; in adverb phrases, 374;
parsing of, 415; perfect, 299, 302,
303, 309, 393; present, 390, 393
Parts of speech, 48

Passive forms of verbs, 306–308, 388,
392, 403, 404

Passive voice, 306-308, 388, 392, 403, 404
Past participle. See Perfect participle
Past perfect tense, 300

Past tense, 297

Perfect participle, 299, 302, 303, 309,

393, 394, 415
Period, 20, 98, 416

Person, of pronouns, 183, 184, 185, 379;
of verbs, 289–296

Personal pronouns, 183-191, 200-204
Persons, description of, 239, 240
Phrases, adjective, 104, 105; adverb,
106, 107, 256, 265, 374; appositive,

376; definition, 344; infinitive, 398;
prepositional, 104, 105, 106, 107, 343;
verb, 51, 309, 310, 311. See Note 33
Pickwick Papers, Dickens, selections
from, 53, 239

Picnic, plans for a, 33, 34

Place, adverbs of, 384; clauses of, 406
Plans, discussing, 33, 96, 97, 122, 241,
274-277, 329. See Note 45
Planting of the Apple Tree, The, Bryant,
327

Plural, compound nouns, 160, 161;
definition, 157; foreign nouns, 370;
forms of different meanings, 370; of
letters, figures, etc., 370; of pronouns,
184, 185, 199, 201, 202, 203, 379; rules
for forming, of nouns, 158, 159, 160
Poem, study of a: An Apple Orchard in
the Spring, William Martin, 323;
Columbus, Joaquin Miller, 39; The
Dead Napoleon, Thackeray, 205; Hark
to the Shouting Wind, Henry Timrod,
112; Old Ironsides, Holmes, 267;
Opportunity, Edward Rowland Sill,
357; The Planting of the Apple Tree,
Bryant, 327; The Solitary Reaper,
Wordsworth, 244

Positive degree, 225, 258

Possession, separate and joint, 372
Possessive adjectives, 187, 381
Possessive case, 371, 377

Possessive forms of nouns, 162, 163,
371, 372

Possessive pronouns, 185, 186, 187, 195
Post office, class, 17, 65, 170. See Note 9
Potential verb phrase, (term not used), 310
Predicate, 24, 26; compound, 59; pre-

ceding subject, 30 (see Note 21);
principal word of, 29, 30, 31, 32, 51, 77
Predicate adjective. See Predicate word
Predicate nominative. See Predicate word
Predicate noun. See Predicate word
Predicate pronoun. See Predicate word
Predicate verb. See Principal word of
predicate

Predicate word, 78-82, 229, 261, 286
Prepositional phrases, 104, 105, 106,
107, 165, 343

Prepositions, 56–58, 342-345; choosing
the right, 353; definition, 57; com-
pound, 343; correct use, 344, 345;
object of, 343; parsing of, 415

Present participle, 390, 393, 394
Present perfect participle, 394
Present perfect tense, 299

Present tense, 297

Principal clause, 129, 346

Principal parts of verb, 301-303, 340,
394; list of irregular verbs, 405
Principal verb, 310

Principal word, of predicate, 29; of
subject, 27, 28, 77

Progressive perfect participle, 394
Progressive verb phrases, 389
Pronominal adjectives, 199, 380, 381.
See Note 80

Pronouns, 49, 183-204; accusative-
dative case, 377; adjective, 198, 199;
antecedent, 201-203, 378; case forms,
186, 187, 195, 377; compound per-
sonal, 190, 191; compound relative,
194; correct use, 46, 75, 82, 100, 101,
187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 200–204, 218,
219; declension, 187, 195; demon-
strative, 198, 199, 200, 231, 380; gen-
der, 184, 201, 203; genitive case, 377;
indefinite,198; intensive, 377; inter-
rogative, 191, 192, 193; nominative
case, 377; number, 184, 185, 199, 201,
202, 203, 379; object, 186, 195; pars-
ing, 413 (see Note 76); person, 183,
184, 185, 201, 379; personal, 183–191;
possessive, 186, 195; pronoun adjec-
tives, 198, 199, 200, 380, 381; reflex-
ive, 377; relative, 194, 195, 196, 378–
380; subject, 186, 195

Pronunciation, 47, 76, 101, 127, 151.
See Note 28

Proper adjectives, 224
Proper nouns, 155, 156, 176

Punctuation marks, 20, 21, 44, 71, 72,

98, 148, 149, 176, 216, 335. See rules,
416-417

Purpose, clauses of, 407

Question, indirect, 362-363. See Note

ΙΟΙ

Question mark, 20, 417
Questions, lists of, used in group exer-

cise, 4, 7, 12, 15, 17, 18, 36, 66, 117,
121, 122, 139, 170, 175, 212, 236, 243,
247, 263, 270, 296, 321, 323, 355. See
Notes 35 and 50

Quotation marks, 44, 177, 362-363, 417

Reference, using this book for. See
Notes 14 and 36

Reflexive pronouns, 190, 191, 377, 378
Regret, formal note of, 418
Regular verbs, 301, 302
Relative adverbs, 385
Relative clauses, 196, 204
Relative pronouns, 194-198, 379, 380;
agreement with antecedent, 201-203,
378; antecedent, 378; as, use of,
380; case forms, 195, 377; compound,
194; definition, 194; gender, 379;
number, 379; person, 379; that, use
of, 380; usage, 196; what, use of,
194, 378; which, use of, 380; who,
use of, 379

Result, clauses of, 407

Review, 22, 23, 99, 123, 150, 151, 166,
167, 177, 178, 204, 206, 210, 218, 220,
234-236, 251, 254, 262-264, 278, 281,
282, 315, 316, 317, 318, 337, 364. See
also Additional sentences; Games;
Group exercise

Rip Van Winkle, Irving, selection from,
207

Rise, raise, 314

Robinson and Beard, selection from
Outlines of European History, 218

Salutation of a letter (term not used).
See Greeting

Sang, sung, 22, 338. See Note 17
Saw, seen, 22, 338. See Note 17

Scarlet Letter, The, Hawthorne, selec-
tion from, 150

School garden, plans for, 274
Scott, 282
Seem, 81, 286

Semicolon, 149, 417

Sentence study, exercises in, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 58, 59,
60, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 102, 103,
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 126, 128,
129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136–139, 152,