color is uniform. The liquid red is the most hurtful to the skin on account of the salts which enter into its composition.

Mix the carmin in a mortar with a little water, introduce the talc, and triturate until a very thick homogeneous paste is obtained; add 10 to 15 drops of a clear solution of gum; then triturating all the time add 6 drops of oil of almonds. Continue to beat until the required consistency is obtained.

Introduce into small porcelain jars and dry in an oven. This red is the brightest; it constitutes the first shade. Other shades may be obtained by changing the proportion of talc.

Second Shade.

For 2 drachms carmine use 41⁄2 ounces talc.

Third Shade.

For 2 drachms carmine use 5 ounces talc, 20 drops of gummy solution, and 8 drops of oil.

Fourth Shade.

For 2 drachms carmine use 5 ounces talc, 25 drops of gummy solution, and 10 drops of oil. By increasing the proportions of talc, oil, and gum

my solution, it is possible to obtain all the shades from the deepest to the lightest.

The red in powder is made in the same manner, only the quantity of oil is diminished, and the gummy solution is dispensed with.

Triturate in a mortar with a little distilled wa

ter as the above, using the same proportions of gum water and oil.

Dissolve the balsam in a portion of the alcohol, and the carmine in the ammonia, adding a little distilled water; lastly, in a third glass, mix the balance of the alcohol and water, the oxalic acid and sulphate of alumina. When the solution is complete pour in the carmine and balsamic solution; stir, let it settle fifteen minutes, and keep in well-corked bottles.

Boil the cochineal and the salts of tartar in the water; after a few minutes of ebullition add the alum and cream of tartar; pass through a cloth, and put in bottles.

Dissolve the binoxalate in distilled water, and the carmine in ammonia. Add the alcohol. Mix the whole in a large glass, and stir well.

Different shades may be made with the liquid, and by diluting it with tale, and adding mucilage and a few drops of oil.

Dissolve the lake in water; then pour on the lemon juice until the coloring matter is precipitated. Filter, and keep the deposit for future use. The liquid red is prepared by dissolving this deposit in distilled water.

In jars it is prepared by rubbing this same deposit with talc.

This red is used only on the stage.

27

SECTION XVII.

SOAPS.

BEFORE the discovery of soap, the cleansing of tissues was effected by argillaceous earths and certain plants, such as the soap-wort, etc. The invention of soap is attributed to the Gauls. They prepared their soap with a lye made from ashes and tallow. The Romans made improvements in its manufacture, and with them it was an important branch of industry. There has been discovered in the ruins of Pompeii a soap manufactory, with all the apparatus, and even tubs full of soap. Others attribute the discovery of soap to the wife of a fisherman in the village of Savona, in the State of Genoa.

Whatever is its origin, this product, as we have seen, was known by the Romans. Modern civilization has perfected its manufacture, and has rendered it absolutely necessary to domestic uses. The word soap, chemically speaking, means the body formed by the union of an alkaline, earthy, or metallic oxide, with some of the immediate principles of fatty bodies. In other words, soap