The later Roman Empire to the twelfth century

abbeys Abbot Aëtius ally ancient Antioch Aquitaine Arabs Archbishop Arian army Austrasia barbarian barbaric Bavaria became bishops brother Burgundy Byzantine Caliph Carolingian century Charlemagne Charles chief Christian Church civil clergy conquered conquest Conrad Constantine Constantinople Count court crown Crusade Danube death defeated duchy Duke dynasty East Eastern ecclesiastical elected Emperor Empire Empress England feudal fiefs France Francia Frankish Franks frontier Gaul German Goths Greek Gregory heathen Henry Henry the Lion Heraclius imperial invasion Italy Justinian king king's kingdom land Latin Lombard lord Lothar Lotharingia magnates Mercia Merovingian monasteries monks Monophysite Moslem Neustria nobles Norman Ostrogoths Otto pagan Papacy papal Patriarch peace Pepin Persian Pope princes provinces raids reform reign revolt rival Roman Rome royal rule ruler Saxon secular Sicily Slavs Stilicho Swabia synod Syria Theodoric Theodosius took towns tribes troops Vandals vassals victory Viking Visigoths West Western