CHAPTER XLV.

WARS OF THE FRENCH IN ALGERIA, FROM THE REVOLT UNDER ABD-EL-KADER IN

1840 TO THE FALL OF LOUIS PHILIPPE IN 1848.

23. First operations of the campaign, and capture of Medeah,

531

34. Attack on the French by the troops of Marocco. Combat on the Mouillah, 542

35. Conference between General Bedeau and the Marocco chief,

36. The conference ends in hostilities,

543

544

37. Commencement of hostilities with Marocco by sea and land,

545

38. Bombardment of Tangiers and Mogador,

546

39. Critical position of the French, and their resolution to fight,

40. Dispositions for the battle,

547

548

44. Campaign against the Kabyles, and fresh efforts of Abd-el-Kader,

45. Capitulation of Abd-el-Kader, and its violation by the French, .

46. General submission and pacification of Algeria,

47. General view of Algeria, as finally acquired by the French,

48. Diminutive scale still of its industrial resources,

49. Parallel of the British empire in India and the French in Algeria,

552

553

554

555

ib.

557

CHAPTER XLVI.

EXTERNAL AFFAIRS OF FRANCE AND EUROPE, FROM THE DEATH OF THE DUKE OF

ORLEANS IN 1843 TO THE REVOLUTION OF 1848.

1. Change in the external policy of France in the last years of Louis Philippe's

reign,

559

2. French excitement on the affair of Otaheite,

560

3. Pacific views of Louis Philippe and M. Guizot,

561

4. Violence of the public journals,

563

5. Affair of the University, and retirement of M. Villemain,

564

10. Negotiations with the Court of Rome on the subject, and ordonnance against

23. Disturbances at Cracow, and its abandonment by the Austrians,

24. Recapture of Cracow,

27. Justification of the annexation which this conduct of the Cracow insurgents

28. Embarrassment of M. Guizot and Lord Palmerston on the Polish question, 586

29. Renewed attempt to assassinate Louis Philippe,

32. Slight attention which this event excited. Marriage of the Duke de Bordeaux, 591

33. Last election under Louis Philippe,

592

34. The Spanish Marriages. History of the question,

594

35. Danger to England from the French and Spanish alliance,

595

36. Repeal of the Salic law, and opening of the Spanish throne to queens,
37. Effects of this change on the interests of England,

ib.

597

38. Queen Christina's proposal of a double marriage to Louis Philippe,

39. Which are declined by Louis Philippe,

41. Conferences at the Château d'Eu, and at Windsor, on the subject,

42. The Queen-Regent offers the hand of her daughter the Queen to Prince

43. Intrigue for the simultaneous marriage of the Queen and Infanta, which is

disapproved by Louis Philippe,

603

44. Lord Palmerston's letter of 19th July to Sir H. Bulwer,

45. Terror of M. Guizot and Louis Philippe of the Coburg proposal,

46. The two marriages are contracted on the same day,

605

607

608

47. Coldness in consequence of the British and French Governments,

48. Disastrous effects of this coldness,

609

610

49. Its effects on the future of France and England,

50. Who was to blame in these marriages,

611

612

51. Lord Palmerston's was an imprudent slip; Guizot's a breach of faith,

52. Effects of this disunion of France and England on Poland,

613

614

53. Diplomatic differences of France and England on the Treaty of Utrecht,

615

54. Cordiality of France and England before the affair of the Spanish marriages, 617

55. Affairs of Greece, and disaccord of France and England regarding it,

56. Which is at first supported, and then disowned, by Russia,

57. Commencement of a coldness, which approaches to a rupture,

618

619

620

64. Character of Pius IX.,

58. Increased division between France and England regarding Greece,

59. Differences regarding Portugal and La Plata,

60. Affairs at Madrid, and alienation of the King and Queen,

61. Affairs of Italy. Death of the Pope, and accession of Pius IX.,

62. Election and character of Pius IX.,

63. State of Italian opinion at this time,

65. General amnesty, and transports with which it was received,

66. First acts of the Pope,

621

622

623

624

625

626

627

628

629

67. Difficulties which beset the Papal Government,

ib.

68. Which are increased by the general concourse of Liberals to Rome,

69. Adoption of the same policy in the Grand-duchy of Tuscany,

82. M. Rossi's warning remarks to the Pope and the Radicals,

83. Riot in Rome,

88. Credulity of Lord Palmerston to the Liberal Italian agents,

650

89. Affairs of Switzerland, and progress of democracy in it,

95. Proceedings of the great Council against the Sunderbund,

96. Preparations for civil war,

Page

658

659

ib.

660

662

663

97. Policy of France and Austria at this crisis,

98. Policy of Lord Palmerston to support the Radicals,

99. Divergence of Lord Palmerston's policy on the question,
100. Disastrous effect of this divergence,

101. Lord Palmerston delays to join in the French and Austrian intervention, 664

102. Forces on both sides,

666

103. Easy success of the Radicals,

ib.

104. The tardy mediation of the five powers is declined,

668

105. Alarm which these measures of England awakened on the Continent,
106. Formation of a league against Great Britain,

107. Weakness of Great Britain at sea and land at this period,

108. Reflections on the extraordinary disproportion of the danger and means

of resistance,

670

671

109. Cause of the opposite foreign policy of France and England at this period, ib.

110. The completeness of revolution in one country, and its incompleteness in

the other, occasioned the difference,

FRANCE FROM THE MIDDLE OF 1847 TO THE FALL OF LOUIS PHILIPPE

5. Deficiency of the crops in 1845 and 1846,

6. Failure of the potato crop in 1846, and monetary crisis,

. 673

.674-675

676

677

678

7. Financial state of 1847, and great loans contracted for by the Government, 679

8. Enlarged issue of bank-notes,

18. Coalition of parties against the Government, and measures agreed on,

24. Decline of the banquet agitation in the end of the year,

47. Debate, and decision of the Liberal chiefs against the procession,

718

56. Announcement of this to the Chambers, and its reception in Paris,

728

62. M. Thiers and Odillion Barrot succumb, and withdraw the troops,

734

67. Proceedings of the generals at this time, and flight of the King,

68. Escape of the Royal Family,

740

741

72. Entrance of the Duchess of Orléans into the Chambers,

ib.

73. She is refused a hearing, and obliged by the mob to retire,

746

74. Nomination of the Provisional Government,

747

75. Nomination of another Provisional Government, and proclamation of a

Republic, ..

748

76. M. Lamartine's portrait of the Revolutionists,

749

77. Escape of the Duchess of Orléans and the Royal Family,

750

78. Causes which brought about the Revolution,

752

79. Which was ultimately owing to its revolutionary origin,

ib.