History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in 1852, Volum 7

W. Blackwood, 1858

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... parties , but by writers of the same party at different times . In the early period of his career he was the chosen champion of the Church and High Tory principles , and in a similar degree the object of obloquy to the Whigs in his late ...

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... party has been since that time almost drowned in the loud and impassioned applause of the ruling Liberal majority in ... parties . which divide the country , has been owing . Sir R. Peel , at different times of his life , was not only ...

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CHAPTER XLI	1

Causes of this diversity	2

Injustice of these extreme opinions on both sides	3

He did not want political courage	4

He had no original genius and was not a leader of thought	5

His style of oratory	7

His administrative powers	8

Great merit of his opposition to Reform	9

Commencement of the Chartist insurrection	367

Preparations of the Chartists	368

Vigorous preparations in the Government	369

Defeat of the Chartists	372

Detection of the frauds in the Chartist petition	373

Immense sensation this produced on the Continent	374

Renewed agitation by the Chartists and its suppression and their trials	375

Preparations for a rebellion in Ireland	376

Real explanation of his conduct	10

His views on the Currency	12

Explanation thus afforded of his political career	13

His character in private life	14

Formation of the new Ministry	15

Which was aided by the want of an adequate currency	19

Statistical details proving the distress	20

Immense difficulties in finance and from the inadequate national arma ments	22

Great distress in the manufacturing districts	24

Still more serious riots in Scotland	25

Measures of repression adopted	26

Their effects and results of the strike	27

Skilful use made of these circumstances	28

Opposite arguments adduced by the AntiCornLaw League and real causes of the distress	29

Short session of 1841	30

Opening of the Parliament of 1842	31

2833 Sir R Peels plan 3237	32

The Ministerial plan 38 34 The Ministerial plan	34

Further divisions on the Corn Laws and close of the session	35

3539 Answer of Lord John Russell and Lord Palmerston 3841	38

The bill passes both Houses and various amendments are thrown out	42

4348 Sir R Peels speech on introducing his financial measures 4448	44

VOL VII	49

5054 Argument against the incometax 5053	50

The bill passes and its reception by the country	54

Reflections on the Tariff and reasons for it	55

It might have been easily obviated by an extension of the Currency	56

The incometax was justifiable	57

But this made the tax on perishable incomes more unjust ib 60 Reasons of this injustice being committed	58

Peels heroic conduct on the Affghanistan disaster	59

Lord Mahons Copyright Bill	60

Reflections on this Act	61

Extension of the dangers of literature	62

The Temperance Movement in Ireland	63

Progress and decline of the movement	64

Commencement of the Repeal agitation	65

Monster meetings	67

Character of these meetings and language used at them ib 70 Measures of Government and Arms Bill	69

The Clontarf meeting is stopped and OConnell arrested	70

Trial and conviction of OConnell	71

Reversal of the sentence	72

Effects of this decision	73

His subsequent carcer and death	74

Fine harvest of 1842 and gradual improvement in the country in 1843	75

General improvement in the country	77

Parliamentary measures of 1843 Lord Ashleys Bills for Infant Labour	78

Sir James Grahams unsuccessful Factory and Education Bill	79

New Factory Bill and Lord Ashleys Tenhours amendment	80

Reflections on this subject	82

Rebecca riots	83

Increase of the riots	84

The Chartist and AntiCornLaw movements	86

Differences with America	87

Question of the right of search	88

The danger of scarcity had passed away before the bill was brought forward 213	89

The question is settled by Lord Aberdeen	90

Its origin	91

Proceedings regarding the dispute	93

Terms of the treaty and its reception in Great Britain	94

Reflections on it	95

Its history	96

Conclusion of a treaty	97

Its terms	99

Reflections on these Treaties	100

Origin of the Otaheite dispute with France ib 98 Interference of the French missionaries	101

Page 99 The French take possession of Otaheite	102

Affair of Mr Pritchard which complicates the case	103

The matter is adjusted	105

Spanish marriages	106

Reduction of the 3 per cents ib 104 Favourable financial statement of 1844	107

Reduction of taxes	108

Reduction of Sugar Duties	109

Bank Charter Act	110

108111 Sir R Peels argument in support of his Bill 111113	111

112113 Argument against the Bill 114116	114

The Bill passes both Houses	116

Similar bills for Scotland and Ireland	117

Reflections on this debate	118

What was not foreseen	119

Visit of the King of the French to England	120

Visit of the Emperor Nicholas	121

Political objects of the visit	122

CHAPTER XLII	124

The Railway Mania	126

Effects of the mania on society	127

Effects on the public mind	128

Its immediate benefits to some classes	129

Great effect of these speculations in the country	130

Division in the landed interest occasioned by the railway mania	132

Good effects of the railway mania on the labouring classes	133

Effects of the railway system on commerce and manufactures	134

Beneficial effect of the railway system on the working classes	136

Bill passes reducing railway deposits to a half	137

Its vast effect in stimulating these undertakings	138

Flourishing state of trade and the revenue ib 14 Sir R Peels favourable financial statement	139

Continuance of the Incometax and repeal of more indirect taxes	140

1617 Mr Barings objection to it 142143	142

The bill is carried by a large majority	144

Reflections on this measure ib 20 Causes of this great change	145

Increase in Irish agrarian crime	146

Grant to secular colleges	147

Enlarged grant to Maynooth College	149

Reflections on this measure and its failure	150

History of the subject	151

Causes of the law being evaded	152

CHAPTER XLIII	225

Both the Whigs and the Tories were destroyed by their own leaders	226

Causes which led to these changes	227

Formation of the new Cabinet	228

58 Government plan for the sugarduties 229232	229

915 Argument of the Protectionists on the other side 233239	233

Sir R Peels singular conduct and passing of the bill	239

Result of this measure to the West Indies	240

Effect on the slave trade	242

Explanation of this given by foreign writers	243

Real explanation of it	244

Proof of the colonies having been disfranchised by the Reform Bill	245

Discussion on flogging in the army	246

Motion on the subject and Wellingtons order	247

Reflections on this subject	249

Difference in the composition of the British and foreign armies	250

Necessity of corporal punishment in the field	251

Lord Palmerstons Cabinet minute on the defences of the country	252

Wellingtons measure for enrolling the pensioners	255

Arms bill for Ireland	256

Sir R Peels measures for the relief of the Irish suffering and those of Lord J Russell	258

Commencement of the Irish famine	259

Deplorable and alarming state of the country	261

Government plans on the subject	262

Enormous extent of the distress	264

Woeful scenes in the country	265

Her Majestys speech on opening Parliament	266

Ministerial plan for the Irish relief	267

Description of the calamity by Lord Brougham	268

Ministerial plan for the relief of Ireland	269

Amended Poor and Temporary Relief Act 10 and 11 Victoria c 7	270

Immense relief afforded under this Act in Ireland	272

Ratio of indigent persons relieved	273

Great mortality of this period	274

Immense pecuniary efforts made in Great Britain	275

Vast extent of the emigration from Ireland	276

Still greater emigration to foreign parts	277

Effects of this exodus on the Irish population	279

Which arose mainly from freetrade measures	280

Voluntary relief in Ireland and causes of its small amount	282

Reflections on the Irish famine	283

Potato famine in Scotland at this period	284

Means taken in Scotland to combat it	285

Lord George Bentincks project for Irish railways	286

5458 His railway scheme 287290	287

It is opposed by Ministers	291

Division on the subject and reflections on it	294

Character of Lord George Bentinck	295

His family and early history	296

His mental qualities	298

His private character and habits ib 69 The Budget of 1847	299

Its details	300

Causes which led to the approach of a monetary crisis	301

Great effect of the Irish famine	303

Progress of the panic	304

Difference between this and former crises	305

7982 Answer of the Government and Sir R Peel 309312	309

Nothing followed on this debate	313

Reflections on it ib 85 Debate on the Navigation Laws	315

8990 Answer of Sir R Peel Sir James Graham and Mr Cobden 318319	318

The bill passes both Houses	320

Reflections on this measure ib 93 Vast difference in the mortality of manufacturing towns and the country	322

Introduction of a system of limited service	324

Which passes into law	325

Public education	326

New Coercion Bill for Ireland	328

Prorogation and dissolution of Parliament	330

Commercial embarrassinents	331

Increased monetary pressure in August	332

Commercial bankruptcies	333

Suspension of the Bank Charter Act	334

Reflections on this change	336

Great and immediate effect of this letter	337

Meeting of Parliament and Queens Speech	339

106108 Sir R Peels statement on the Bank Charter Act 340342	340

109111 Answer of Lord G Bentinck and Mr Thomas Baring 343344	343

Result of the debate	345

Reflections on this debate	346

Great distress in the country from the monetary crisis	348

Details of the railway and mercantile losses	349

Rise in cotton from the crash of 1839 in America	350

Vast variations in the price of provisions	351

Pernicious effect of the French Revolution of 1848	352

Immense influx of destitute Irish into Western Britain ib 120 Extreme severity of the pressure on the middle classes	353

Immediate benefits of the railway expenditure	355

Magnitude and perfection of the railway system in Britain	357

Fall in the exports and revenue	358

Great increase of paupers and criminals	359

Increase of crime emigration and decline of population	360

Extreme suffering in Glasgow and the manufacturing districts	362

Outbreak in Glasgow in March 1848	363

Further riots and their suppression	364

Good effects of this success	366

Total defeat of the rebellion	378

Trial of OBrien and revealing of the designs of the conspirators	379

Immense effects of the monetary crisis of 1847	382

Lesson which it taught the British people	383

The monetary crisis was owing to Free Trade and a Fettered Currency ib 144 Dangers of Free Trade and a Fettered Currency	384

Which keeps the nation constantly on the verge of a monetary crisis	386

Argument on the other side as to the export of gold	388

Danger of gold passing merely through the richer States	390

Erroneous argument of the bullionists on this subject	391

The monetary crisis of 1847 was owing to Free Trade and the monetary laws	392

Sir Robert Peels object in the Act of 1844	394

The very opposite effects have followed ib 153 Way in which the monetary laws inflamed speculation	395

Ultimate effects of Free Trade irrespective of the Currency	396

Capital facilitates manufactures far more than agriculture	397

Everything that is plentiful becomes cheap	398

Greater mortality of cities than rural districts	399

Manner in which these circumstances arrest population	400

Effect of these laws combined	401

Free Trade induces at first cheap prices of food and then often famine prices	402

Free Trade was forced upon Sir R Peel	405

Effects of this system on national progress and independence	406

Protection must continue to be the policy of young and growing states	407

Which is the result on their part of necessity	408

The effects of Free Trade must be judged of before 1852	409

Necessity of maritime superiority to the present existence of Britain	411

Speech of M Thiers 702	418

Effect of the general monetary crisis	448

Treaties of 1831 and 1833 with France regarding the slave trade	454

Indignation which the treaty excited in France and America	458

Law on literary property defeated	465

Serious troubles at Toulouse	471

Movement in favour of reform in the Chamber	477

Reflections on this debate and its result	484

Result of the debate and reflections on it	494

Lamartine as a statesman	500

Corruption of the Ministerial majority in the Chamber	506

CHAPTER XLV	511

Description of the Sahara	512

Influence thence arising to the rulers of the Tel	513

Extreme varieties of the climate	514

The Kabyles ib 6 Statistics of the colony	515

Difficulties of the colony in respect of industry	516

Exports and imports	517

Great importance of Algiers as a school for war	518

Qualities called out in the officers and soldiers ib 1112 Character of Changarnier	521

Canrobert	523

Marshal Bugeaud	524

General de Lamoricière	526

Marshal St Arnaud	527

Marshal Pelissier	528

The Zouaves	529

State of Algiers in 1840	530

First operations of the campaign and capture of Medeah	531

Expedition against Milianah	533

Bloody combat on the Col de Mouzaia	534

Campaign of 1841	535

Successful campaign of 1841 ib 28 Submission of various tribes in the south and west	537

Final defeat and flight of AbdelKader	538

His reappearance	539

Capture of the harem of AbdelKader	540

Commencement of difficulties with Marocco	541

Which lead to a rupture ib 34 Attack on the French by the troops of Marocco Combat on the Mouillah	542

Conference between General Bedeau and the Marocco chief	543

The conference ends in hostilities	544

Commencement of hostilities with Marocco by sea and land	545

Bombardment of Tangiers and Mogador	546

Critical position of the French and their resolution to fight	547

Dispositions for the battle	548

Battle of Isly	549

Glorious victory of the French	550

Peace with Marocco	551

Campaign against the Kabyles and fresh efforts of AbdelKader	552

Capitulation of AbdelKader and its violation by the French	553

General submission and pacification of Algeria	554

General view of Algeria as finally acquired by the French	555

Diminutive scale still of its industrial resources ib 49 Parallel of the British empire in India and the French in Algeria	557

Slight attention which this event excited Marriage of the Duke de Bordeaux 591	570

2930 Speech of M de Tocqueville 703704	586

Queen Christinas proposal of a double marriage to Louis Philippe	598

Lord Palmerstons letter of 19th July to Sir H Bulwer	605

Terror of M Guizot and Louis Philippe of the Coburg proposal	607

The two marriages are contracted on the same day	608

Coldness in consequence of the British and French Governments	609

Disastrous effects of this coldness	610

Its effects on the future of France and England	611

Who was to blame in these marriages	612

Lord Palmerstons was an imprudent slip Guizots a breach of faith	613

Effects of this disunion of France and England on Poland	614

Diplomatic differences of France and England on the Treaty of Utrecht	615

Cordiality of France and England before the affair of the Spanish marriages	617

Affairs of Greece and disaccord of France and England regarding it	618

Which is at first supported and then disowned by Russia	619

Commencement of a coldness which approaches to a rupture	620

Increased division between France and England regarding Greece	621

Differences regarding Portugal and La Plata	622

Affairs at Madrid and alienation of the King and Queen	623

Affairs of Italy Death of the Pope and accession of Pius IX	624

Election and character of Pius IX	625

State of Italian opinion at this time	626

Character of Pius IX	627

General amnesty and transports with which it was received	628

First acts of the Pope	629

Difficulties which beset the Papal Government ib 68 Which are increased by the general concourse of Liberals to Rome	630

Adoption of the same policy in the Grandduchy of Tuscany	631

Movements in Sardinia and Piedmont	632

Papal declaration against Liberalism	633

Revolutionary movement in Rome ib 73 Measures of the Austrian and French cabinets	634

Conduct of the French Government	635

Effects in Piedmont	636

Prince Metternichs views at this crisis ib 77 M Guizots policy as to Italy at this period	637

Policy of the English Government at the same time	639

Great reforms introduced into Piedmont	641

Revolution at Lucca and its annexation to Tuscany	642

Enthusiasm excited at Rome by Lord Mintos arrival	643

Rossis warning remarks to the Pope and the Radicals	644

Riot in Rome	645

Revolt in Sicily	646

Publication of a constitution at Naples	647

Great sensation produced by this change in Italy	648

Convulsions in Sicily	649

Credulity of Lord Palmerston to the Liberal Italian agents	650

Affairs of Switzerland and progress of democracy in it	651

Progress of democratic influences in it	653

Rapid growth of Radicalism in the Swiss cities	654

Origin of the religious disputes	655

Invasion of the Free Bands under Ochsenbein	656

Which leads to the Sunderbund	657

Proceedings of the great Council against the Sunderbund	658

Preparations for civil war	659

Policy of France and Austria at this crisis ib 98 Policy of Lord Palmerston to support the Radicals	660

Divergence of Lord Palmerstons policy on the question	662

Disastrous effect of this divergence	663

Lord Palmerston delays to join in the French and Austrian intervention	664

Forces on both sides	666

Easy success of the Radicals ib 104 The tardy mediation of the five powers is declined	668

Alarm which these measures of England awakened on the Continent ib 106 Formation of a league against Great Britain	669

Weakness of Great Britain at sea and land at this period	670

Reflections on the extraordinary disproportion of the danger and means of resistance	671

Cause of the opposite foreign policy of France and England at this period ib 110 The completeness of revolution in one country and its incompletene...	672

CHAPTER XLVII	673

23 Prince de Joinvilles letter to the Duke de Nemours 674675	674

Views of the King on the subject	676

Deficiency of the crops in 1845 and 1846	677

Failure of the potato crop in 1846 and monetary crisis	678

Financial state of 1847 and great loans contracted for by the Government	679

Enlarged issue of banknotes	680

General corruption in the Government departments	682

Events which brought it to light	683

Revelation of further scandal	684

Result of the trial and conviction of the accused	685

Murder of the Duchess of Praslin	686

Details of the catastrophe and its termination	687

Use made of these abuses by the Revolutionists	689

Cry for Parliamentary Reform	690

Discontent of the National Guard	691

Coalition of parties against the Government and measures agreed on	692

Commencement of the banquet agitation	694

Duvergier dHaurannes speech	695

de Lamartines speech at Maçon	696

Efforts of the Liberals to keep back the Socialists	697

de Lamartines ulterior views	698

Decline of the banquet agitation in the end of the year	699

Meeting of the Chambers and Kings Speech	700

Duchâtels answer 706710	706

Discussion on the Address	711

Divisions on the Address ib 41 The Opposition resolve on a banquet	712

Great agitation in Paris on the announcement	714

Death of the Princess Adelaide ib 44 Preparations for the banquet	715

Programme of the proposed procession	716

Difficulties on both sides regarding a procession ib 47 Debate and decision of the Liberal chiefs against the procession	718

Articles in the National and Réforme on the subject	719

Strength of the Republicans at this period	720

Forces of the Government and its measures	721

Aspect of the people	722

Insidious policy of the National Guard	723

The National Guard in effect join the insurgents	724

Consternation in the Tuileries	726

Resignation of M Guizot ib 56 Announcement of this to the Chambers and its reception in Paris	728

Catastrophe in front of M Guizots house	729

Parade of the dead bodies through Paris	730

Thiers is sent for	731

Excessive agitation in Paris during the night	732

Marshal Bugeauds success	733

Thiers and Odillion Barrot succumb and withdraw the troops	734

Ruinous consequences of this concession	735

Abandonment of the Palais Royal	736

Last hours of the monarchy	737

The King is forced to abdicate	738

Proceedings of the generals at this time and flight of the King	740

Heroic conduct of the Duchess of Orléans	742

Opinion in the Chamber of Deputies	743

Treachery of M de Lamartine	744

Entrance of the Duchess of Orléans into the Chambers ib 73 She is refused a hearing and obliged by the mob to retire	746

Nomination of the Provisional Government	747

Nomination of another Provisional Government and proclamation of a Republic	748

Lamartines portrait of the Revolutionists	749

Escape of the Duchess of Orléans and the Royal Family	750

Causes which brought about the Revolution	752

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Vanlige uttrykk og setninger

a-year agricultural amount Bank Charter Act Bank of England bill Britain British brought bullion Cabinet calamity cause cent Chancellor CHAP Chartist circumstances classes commercial consequence Continued Corn Laws currency debate distress districts Duke of Wellington duty effect emigration entirely evil Exchequer expenditure exports famine favour foreign Free Trade gold Government grain honour House of Commons immense important income-tax increase interest Ireland Irish Irish famine Islands issue labour land Lord George Bentinck Lord John Lord John Russell Lord Palmerston majority manufacturing Mart means measure ment Ministers monetary crisis nation opinion Parl Parliament party passed Peel Peel's period persons poor Poor-Law population potato present principle produced proposed prosperity quarter railway railway mania reduction relief rendered repeal revenue Scotland Sir James Graham slave speculation suffering sugar tion took wheat Whigs whole XLII XLIII

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Bibliografisk informasjon

Tittel	History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in 1852, Volum 7 History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in 1852, Archibald Alison
Forfatter	Archibald Alison
Utgiver	W. Blackwood, 1858
Original fra	Harvard University
Digitalisert	30. aug 2007

Eksporter sitat	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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