THE NATIONAL CYCLOPÆDIA OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. VOL. VII. STATE STORICAL SO OF WISCONSI BOSTON: LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY. 1853. Lübeck, in 1630, the deputies from the several cities appeared merely to declare their secession from the League. Hamburg, Lübeck, and Bremen formed an association in 1641, and remained free republics till December 1810, when they were incorporated with the French empire, but in 1813 they were again separated from France, and with are now called the free HANWAY, JONAS, was born at Portsmouth, HANSEATIC LEAGUE or HANSA, a celebrated commercial confederacy, which took its name from the ancient German word 'Hanse,' sig nifying an association for mutual support. The cities of Hamburg, Lübeck, and Bremen were, in the middle ages, the depositories of the manufactures of Italy and Germany, with which they supplied the northern countries of Europe in ex- Frankfurt-am-Main change for their raw produce. The wealth which Hanseatic Cities of the Germanic Confederation. they acquired excited the envy and the rapacity of (Sartorius, History of the German Hansa, 2 vols. the princes and nobles; the imposition of new and 1830-4; Macgregor's Statistics.) the augmentation of old tolls were great impediments to trade, which was likewise rendered un-in 1712, and died in 1786. He was a Russian safe by numerous banditti and pirates who infested merchant, connected with the trade into Persia. the roads and the neighbouring seas and rivers. Business having led him into Persia, he published Hamburg and Lübeck concluded an alliance in in 1753 his Historical Account of the British 1241 by which they engaged to maintain ships Trade over the Caspian Sea, with a Journal of and soldiers for the purpose of protecting their Travels from London through Russia into Persia,' commerce. The city of Brunswick joined the &c., 4 vols. 4to. He was made a commissioner of alliance in 1247. In course of time most of the the navy. The Marine Society and the Magdalen trading towns in Europe joined this association, Charity owe their establishment mainly to him: which included London, Rouen, Bordeaux, St.-Malo, he was also one of the great promoters of SundayBayonne, Marseille, Barcelona, Seville, Cadiz, Lis- schools. bon, Antwerp, Danzig, Dort, Amsterdam, Bruges, Rotterdam, Ostend, Dunkirk, Leghorn, Messina, Naples, Bergen, Novgorod, all the towns on the Bal- HARDICANUTE, HARDECANUTE, tic, the Elbe, and the Weser, Embden, Cologne, and HARDACNUTE, was the eldest son of Canute other towns, to the number of 85. Their principal the Great, king of England, Denmark, and Norfactories in foreign countries were Bruges, Lon- way, by Emma, daughter of Richard I., duke of don, Novgorod, and Bergen. All the towns sent Normandy. [ETHELRED II.] The death of deputies to a congress which usually met in Lübeck. Canute, in 1035, brought forward, as claimants to The Hanse Towns became so powerful that in the inheritance, Sweyn and Harold, his two sons 1348 they defeated the kings of Norway and by Alfgiva, daughter of the Earl of Northampton, Denmark, deposed Magnus, king of Sweden, and Hardicanute, his son by Emma, and Edward, gave his crown to his nephew Albert; they the elder of the two sons of Emma by her equipped, in 1428, 40 ships of war and raised former husband Ethelred. A civil war was HAPSBURG. [HABSBURG.] or 12,000 troops, exclusive of seamen, in a war with prevented by an agreement that the authority Erick, king of Denmark; and in the same century of Hardicanute should be confined to the country they compelled Edward IV. to restore all their to the south of the Thames, and that all the privileges and property in England, which he had rest of England should be resigned to Harold. attempted to withhold. That part of the city of Meanwhile Hardicanute remained in Denmark, London called the Steelyard was their exclusive leaving the government of his English province in property, and Bishops-Gate, one of the principal the hands of his mother till the invasion of Engentrances to London, was intrusted to them to land, in 1037, by Emma's younger son Alfred, guard. But when the roads and seas were no when Emma fled to the Continent, and Harold longer insecure, when America was discovered, became undisputed king of all England. On the and India was reached by doubling the Cape of death of Harold, a deputation arrived from the Good Hope, the Hanseatic League gradually English nobility, offering the crown to Hardicanute, declined, and at the last general assembly at who came over and assumed the government. His VOL. VII. B |