Bolides

she was beheaded on May 19th, 1536. Whether she was guilty or not has never been decided; that she was exceedingly indiscreet is certain.

Bolides (bo'līdz), a name given to those meteoric stones or aerolites that explode on coming in contact with our atmosphere.

Bolingbroke (bol'ing-bruk), HENRY ST. JOHN, VISCOUNT, English statesman and political writer, born in 1678 at Battersea, London; educated at Eton and at Oxford, where he had a reputation both for ability and libertinism. In 1700 he married a considerable heiress, the daughter of Sir Henry Winchcomb, but they speedily separated. In 1701 he obtained a seat in the House of Commons, attaching himself to Harley and the Tories. He at once gained influence and became secretary of war in 1706, though he retired with the ministry in 1708. He continued, however, to maintain a constant intercourse with the queen, who preferred him to her other counselors, and on the overthrow of the Whig ministry in 1710, after the Sacheverell episode, he became one of the secretaries of state. In 1712 he was admitted to the House of Lords with the title of Viscount Bolingbroke, and in 1713, against much popular opposition, concluded the Peace of Utrecht. At this period the Tory leaders were intriguing to counteract the inevitable accession of power which the Whigs would receive under the House of Hanover; but shortly after the conclusion of the peace a contention fatal to the party broke out between the lord high treasurer (Harley, Earl of Oxford) and Bolingbroke. Queen Anne, provoked by Oxford, dismissed him, and made Bolingbroke prime minister, but died herself four days later. The Whig dukes at once assumed the power and proclaimed the elector king. Bolingbroke, dismissed by King George while yet in Germany, fled to France in March, 1715, to escape the inevitable impeachment by which, in the autumn of that year, he was deprived of his peerage and banished. James, the English Pretender invited him to Lorraine and made him his secretary of state, but dismissed him in 1716 on a suspicion of treachery. He remained for some years longer in France, where (his first wife having died) he married the Marquise de Villette, niece of Madame de Maintenon, occupying himself with various studies. In 1723 he was permitted to return to England, living at first retired in the country in correspondence with Swift and Pope. He then joined the opposition to the Walpole ministry, which he attacked during eight

Bolivar

years in the Craftsman and in pamphlets with such vigor and skill that in 1735 a return to France became prudent, if not necessary. In 1742, on the fall of Walpole, he came back in the expectation that his allies would admit him to some share of power; but being disappointed in this respect, he withdrew entirely from politics and spent the last nine years of his life in quietude at Battersea, dying in 1751. He wrote in excellent and forcible style, his chief works being A Dissertation upon Parties; Letters on the Spirit of Patriotism, on the Idea of a Patriot King, and On the State of Parties at the Accession of George I; Letters on the Study of History (containing attacks on Christianity), and other works. Pope was indebted to him for suggestions for his Essay on Man. He was clever and versatile, but unscrupulous and insincere. Bolivar (bo-le vär), SIMON (El Li

bertador), the liberator of Spanish South America, was born at Caracas, July 24. 1783. He finished his education in Europe, and having then joined the patriotic party among his countrymen he shared in the first unsuccessful efforts to throw off the Spanish yoke. In 1812 he joined the patriots of New Granada in their struggle and having defeated the Spaniards in several actions he led a small force into his own country (Venezuela), and entered the capital, Caracas, as victor and liberator, Aug. 4, 1813. But the success of the revolu tionary party was not of long duration. Bolivar was beaten by General Boves, and before the end of the year the royalists were again masters of Venezuela. Bolivar next received from the Congress of New Granada the command of an expedition against Bogotá, and after the successful transfer of the seat of government to that city retired to Jamaica. Having again returned to Venezuela he was able to rout the royalists under Morillo, and, after a brilliant campaign, effected in 1819 a junction with the forces of the New Granada republic. The battle of Bojaca which followed gave him possession of Santa Fé and all New Granada, of which he was appointed president and captain-general. A law was now passed by which the Republics of Venezuela and New Granada were to be united in a single state, as the Republic of Colombia, and Bolivar was elected the first president. In 1822 he went to the aid of Peru, and was made dictator, an office held by him till 1825, by which time the country had been completely freed from Spanish rule. In 1825 he visited Upper Peru, which formed itself into an independent republic named

Bolivia

Bolivia

Bolivia, in honor of Bolivar. In Colom- lightful, the lower valleys and plains bia a civil war arose between his ad- quite tropical. Among animals are the herents and the faction opposed to him, llama, alpaca, vicuña, chinchilla, etc.; but Bolivar was confirmed in the presi- the largest bird is the condor. Bolivia dency in 1826, and again in 1828, and has long been famed for its mineral continued to exercise the chief authority wealth, especially silver and gold, the until May, 1830, when he resigned. He total value of these metals from the disdied at Carthagena on the 17th Decem- covery of the mines in 1545 to the presber, 1830.-One of the states or depart- ent time exceeds $3,000,000,000. ments of Colombia is named Bolivar silver produce has fallen off greatly from after him. past times and is now small. The cele

Bolivia (bo-liv'i-a), originally called UPPER PERU, a republic of South America, bounded N. and E. by Brazil, s. by the Argentine Republic and Paraguay, and w. by Peru and Chile. Its area, according to recent estimates, is 708,195 sq. miles. As a result of the 1879-81 war with Chile, Bolivia ceded to that country her coast territory, covering about 29,000 sq. m., with a population of 22,000. The total pop. is 2,267,935. An unascertained proportion of the inhabitants belong to aboriginal races (the Aymaras and the Quichuas); the larger portion of the remainder being Mestizos or descendants of the original settlers by native women. The capital, formerly Sucre is now La Paz; other towns are Sucre or Chuquisaca, Potosi, Oruro, and Cochabamba. The broadest part of the Andes, where these mountains, encompassing Lakes Titicaca (partly in Bolivia) and Aullagas, divide into two chains, known as the Eastern and Western Cordilleras, lies in the western portion of the state. Here are some of the highest summits of the Andes, as Sorata, Illimani, and Sajama. The two chains inclose an extensive tableland, the general elevation of which is about 12,500 ft., much of it being saline and barren, especially in the south. The ramifications of the eastern branch extend a long way from the Cordillera, forming numerous valleys which pour their waters into the Pilcomayo, an affluent of the Paraguay, and into the Mamoré, Beni, and other great affluents of the Amazon. These spurs of the Eastern Cordillera are succeeded by great plains, in parts annually flooded to such a degree by the numerous rivers running through them that communication by boat is practicable for long stretches. In the southeast there is an extensive barren region with salt marshes. The waters of Lake Titicaca are conveyed to Lake Aullagas by the Desaguadero; the latter lake has only an insignificant outlet.

The

brated Potosi was once the richest silver district in the world. The mining of tin became active in 1905, and this country in 1910 produced 40 per cent. of the world's yield of tin. Copper and nickel also are abundant. The country is capable of producing every product known to South America, but cultivation is in a very backward state. Coffee, coca, cacao, tobacco, maize, and sugarcane are grown, and there is an inexhaustible supply of India rubber. The imports and exports are roughly estimated at about $16,000,000 and $22,000,000, respectively. The chief exports are silver (two-thirds of the whole), cinchona or Peruvian bark, cocoa, coffee, caoutchouc, alpaca wool, copper, tin, and other ores. Roads are few and bad; and until these are improved and extended, railway construction carried on so as to communicate economically with the most important centers of industry, and the water communication by way of the Amazon and its tributaries taken advantage of, the trade must remain small. Accounts are kept in bolivianos or dollars, value from 40 to 48 cts.

By its constitution Bolivia is a democratic republic. The executive power is in the hands of a president elected for four years, and the legislative belongs to a congress of two chambers, both elected by universal suffrage. The finances are in a disorganized state; the revenue may amount to $5,500,000. The debt (1910) was $3,000,000. The religion is the Roman Catholic, and public worship according to the rites of any other church is prohibited. Education is at an exceedingly low ebb.

Bolivia under the Spaniards long formed part of the viceroyalty of Peru, at a later date it was joined to that of La Plata or Buenos Ayres. Its independent history commenced with the year 1825, when the republic was founded. The constitution was drawn up by Bolivar, in whose honor the state was named The climate, though ranging between Bolivia: and was adopted by Congress in extremes of heat and cold, is very 1826. It has since undergone important healthy, and cholera and yellow fever are modifications. But the country has been unknown. The elevated regions are cold almost continually distracted by internal and dry, the middle temperate and de- and external troubles, and can scarcely

Bolkhoff

Bologna

be said to have had any definite constitu- all parts of Italy. Bologna has long tion. It suffered severely in the war been renowned for its university, said to which, with Peru, it waged against Chile have been founded in 1088, and having an in 1879 and subsequent years, and which attendance of students between 3000 and ended in the loss of territory already 5000 in the 12th to the 15th century, and mentioned; and has suffered from a fre- in 1262 nearly 10,000, among them Dante quent state of anarchy since the close of and Petrarch. In 1564 Tasso was a stuthat war. dent there, and in the 17th century, Malpighi, the great anatomist, was one of the school's professors. Among its faculty women have several times been numbered. The Academy of Fine Arts has a rich collection of paintings by native artists. such as Francia, and the later Bolognese school, of which the Caraccis, Guido Reni, Domenichino, and Albani were the found

Bolkhoff (bol'hof), an ancient town of Russia, gov. of Orel; the industries embrace leather and hemp, hosiery, tallow, gloves, soap. Pop. 26,395.

Boll Weevil (bōl we'vil), a small gray insect, the most serious pest of cotton in the United States. The damage done by the insect in 1907 was estimated at $10,000,000. Bollandists (bol'lan-dists), the society of Jesuits which published the Acta Sanctorum, a collection of lives of the saints of the Roman Catholic Church. They received this name from John Bolland (d. 1665), who edited the first five volumes from materials already accumulated by Heribert Rosweyd, Flemish Jesuit (d. 1629). The society was first established at Antwerp, removed to Brussels after the abolition of the Society of Jesuits in 1773, and dispersed in 1794. A new association was formed in 1837 under the patronage of the Belgian government, and the publication of the Acta Sanctorum has been continued.

a

Bologna (bol-lön'yå), one of the oldest,

largest, and richest cities of Italy, capital of the province of same name, in a fertile plain at the foot of the Apennines, between the rivers Reno and Savena, surrounded by an unfortified brick wall. It is the see of an archbishop, and has extensive manufactures of silk goods, velvet, artificial flowers, etc. The older quarters are poorly and the modern handsomely built. There are colonnades along the sides of the streets affording shade and shelter to the footpassengers. Among the principal buildings are the Palazzo Pubblico, which con- ers.-Bologna was founded by the Etrustains some magnificent halls adorned cans under the name of Felsina; became with statues and paintings; the Palazzo in 189 B.C. the Roman colony Bononia; del Podestà; and the church or basilica was taken by the Longobards about 728 of St. Petronio. Among the hundred A.D.; passed into the hands of the Franks, other churches, S. Pietro, S. Salvatore, and was made a free city by Charlemagne. S. Domenico, S. Giovanni in Monte, S. In the 12th and 13th centuries it was one Giacomo Maggiore, all possess rich treas of the most flourishing of the Italian reures of art. The leaning towers, Torre publics; but the feuds between the different Asinelli and Garisenda, dating from the parties of the nobles led to its submis12th century, are among the most re- sion to the papal see in 1513. Several markable objects in the city; and the attempts were made to throw off the market is adorned with the colossal papal yoke, one of which, in 1831, was for bronze Neptune of Giovanni da Bologna. a time successful. In 1849 the Austrians An arcade of 640 arches leads to the obtained possession of it. In 1860 it was church of Madonna di S. Lucca, situated annexed to the dominions of King Victor at the foot of the Apennines, near Emmanuel. Pop. 172,628.-The province Bologna, and the resort of pilgrims from of BOLOGNA, formerly included in the

STAGES OF THE MEXICAN COTTON BOLL WEEVIL

Fig. 1.-Adult weevil, dorsal view. Fig. 2.-Adult weevil, side view. Fig. 3.-Full-grown larva, side view. Fig. 4.-Egg. Fig. 5.-Pupa, ventral view. Fig. 6.-Adult with wings spread. All except Fig. 4, enlarged to 4 diameters; Fig. 4, enlarged 35 diameters.