dollars ($25,000), said bond to be approved by the Comptroller, in accordance with section 425 of this ordinance. (Id., sec. 8.)

§ 427. In case of the violation of the provisions of this ordinance or regulations on explosives, even though no damage to persons or property be sustained, twenty (20) per cent of said bond for the first infraction and the whole amount for the second offense shall be forfeited theretor and paid over to and for the use and benefit of the Relief Fund of the Fire Department of The City of New York. (Id., sec. 9.)

§ 428. The commander, owner or owners of any ship or vessel arriving in the harbor of New York, and having more than twentyeight (28) pounds of gunpowder or other explosive named in this ordinance on board shall, immediately upon arrival and before such ship or vessel shall approach nearer than 300 yards of the pier line of said city, give written notice to the Fire Commissioner of the fact that such explosives are on said vessel. And all vessels having on board or loading explosives exceeding twenty-eight (28) pounds shall cause to be displayed at the masthead nearest the land while remaining within the city limits a red flag at least five feet square, and no ship or vessel shall lie at the pier after sunset having more than twenty-eight (28) pounds of explosives without a permit from the said commissioner, said permit to be issued for not exceeding forty-eight (48) hours. (Id., sec. 10.)

§ 429. Nothing in this ordinance shall be construed to apply to any ship or vessel of war in the service of the United States or any foreign government while lying at a distance of 300 yards or upwards from the pier line of said city, nor to any ship or vessel of war in the service of the United States while lying in any part of the navy yard in the Borough of Brooklyn. (Id., sec. 11.)

§ 430. No person shall fire or discharge any gun, pistol, fowling piece or other firearms in The City of New York under a fine of $10 for each offense. The provisions of this section shall not apply to the following places:

In the Borough of Manhattan-Harlem River Park; the dock at the foot of One Hundred and Fifty-fifth street, North River; the property of the Fort Washington Rifle Club; the Manhattan Casino, One Hundred and Fifty-fifth street and Eighth avenue; Fort George Park, Amsterdam avenue, One Hundred and Ninety-fourth to One Hundred and Ninety-seventh street; the Manhattan Field, Eighth avenue, One Hundred and Fifty-fifth to One Hundred and Fiftyseventh street; Speedway Clay Pigeon Club, Two Hundred and Sixth street and the Harlem River; Madison Square Garden; New York Motor Boat Club, One Hundred and Forty-seventh street and Hudson River.

In the Borough of The Bronx-Zeltner's Park, Third avenue and One Hundred and Seventieth street; Berkeley Oval, Burnside avenue, between Sedgwick avenue and Macombs Dam road; Pioneer Park, Stebbins avenue; Columbia College Gun Club, in Williamsbridge; the Country Club, on Eastchester Bay; the Kingsbridge Gun Club; the Melrose Shooting Club, at Berettos Point; grounds of Frank Strassburg, Broadway and Myers road, Van Cortlandt; Blue Rock Rod and Gun Club, Southern boulevard and One Huntred and Fifty-third street; Craig Lea Rod and Gun Club, Pelham

Bay; Transit Rod and Gun Club, Lafayette avenue and the Bronx River; Pelham Gun Club, E. Schofield St. City Island.

In the Borough of Brooklyn-The grounds of the Bergen Beach Gun Club, in Bergen Beach; Westminster Gun Club, on Mill Island; the Parkway Driving Club; the Canarsie Gun Club.

In the Borough of Queens-The Ideal Rod and Gun Club, the Columbia Rod and Gun Club and the Frog Inn Gun Club, in Springfield; the Queens County Gun Club; Gosman's Farm, on Middleburg avenue; Hillside Rod and Gun Club, Flushing; Seawanhaka Rod and Gun Club, Cortona; the Bohemian Gun Club, Belvidere Park, in the Second Ward; Oakland Golf Club, Bayside and meadowland on Flushing Creek; Cypress Hills Park, Evergreen; Whitestone Gun Club, in Whitestone.

In the Borough of Richmond-Fox Hills Gun Club, in Clifton; premises of Antonio Lazzeri, Rosebank; Nunley's Railroad Hotel and Casino, South Beach; premises of David Crabb, Linoleumville; Aquehonga Gun Club, Mill road, Richmond Valley; the Bedell Estate and Smith Farm, Annadale; the Rosenberg Estate, West New Brighton; the Robin Hood Gun Club, in the Fourth Ward; Westerleigh Men's Club, West New Brighton. (As amended at various times since 1906, with verbal changes.)

II. The Carrying of Loaded Firearms.

§ 431. Any person, other than a peace officer, who shall in any public street, highway or place within The City of New York, have or carry concealed upon his person any loaded pistol, revolver, or other firearm, without theretofore having been authorized, as hereinafter provided, to carry the same, shall be guilty of a minor offense, punishable by a fine not exceeding $250, or by imprisonment in a penitentiary or county jail for not more than six months, or by both. (Ord. app. February 24, 1905, sec. 1.)

§ 432. Any person, except as provided in this ordinance, who has occasion to carry a loaded pistol, revolver or firearm for his protection, may apply to the officer in command at the station house of the precinct where he resides, and such officer, if satisfied that the applicant is a proper and law-abiding person, shall give the said person a recommendation to the Police Commissioner, who may issue a permit to the said person allowing him to carry such loaded firearm.

Any non-resident who does business in The City of New York and has occasion to carry a loaded pistol, revolver or firearm while in the said city, must make application for permission to do so to the officer in command at the station house of the police precinct in which he so does business, in the same manner as is required of residents of the said city, and shall be subject to the same conditions and restrictions. (Id., sec. 2.)

§ 433. If, at the time of the arrest, a loaded pistol, revolver or firearm of any description shall be found concealed on the person of any one arrested, the officer making the arrest shall state such fact to the magistrate before whom the prisoner is brought, and shall make a separate complaint against such prisoner for violation of the provisions of this ordinance. (Id., sec. 3.)

§ 434. The Police Commissioner is hereby authorized and empowered, for reasons appearing to be satisfactory to him, to annul

or revoke any permission given under this ordinance. Every person to whom a permit shall be granted, as above provided, shall pay therefor the sum of $2.50, which shall be applied in aid of the Police Pension Fund, and a return, in detail, shall be made to the Comptroller or the Police Commissioner monthly, under oath, of the amount so received and credited. All persons to whom such permission shall be given are hereby declared to be individually responsible for their own acts or the consequences that may arise from the use of loaded pistols, revolvers or firearms carried under the permission obtained as provided in this ordinance. (Id., sec. 4.)

CHAPTER 12.-RULES OF THE ROAD.

Article I.-Method of Driving Vehicles.

§ 435. Vehicles Keeping to the Right.-Vehicles shall keep to the right, and as near the right-hand curb as possible. (Ord. app. December 14, 1903, sec. 1.)

General power is granted expressly in section 50, Greater New York Charter, "to regulate the use of streets and sidewalks by foot passengers, animals and vehicles; to regulate the speed at which horses shall be driven or ridden and at which vehicles shall be propelled in the street,' ," and further, "to make all such regulations in reference to the running of stages, omnibuses, trucks, cars, as may be necessary for the convenient use and accommodation of the streets, piers, wharves and stations." But all such regulations must be reasonable. Dunham vs. Trustees of Rochester, 5 Cow. 462. Police Commissioner may, by sec. 300 of the charter, regulate traffic on streets but he cannot prohibit traffic or even deny use of vehicles on parts of certain streets. Peace vs. McAdoo, 110 App. Div. 13.

§ 436. Vehicles Meeting.-Vehicles meeting shall pass each other to the right. (Id., sec. 2.)

§ 437. Vehicles Overtaking Others.-Vehicles overtaking others shall, in passing, keep to the left. (Id., sec. 3.)

§ 438. Turning and Starting. The driver or person having charge of any vehicle, before turning the corner of any street, or turning out or starting from or stopping at the curb line of any street, shall first see that there is sufficient space free from other vehicles, so that such turn, stop or start may be safely made, and shall then give a plainly visible or audible signal. (Id., sec. 4.)

§ 439. Turning to the Right into Another Street.-A vehicle turning to the right into another street shall turn the corner as near to the curb as practicable.

THUS:

(Id., sec. 5.)

§ 440. Turning to the Left into Another Street.-A vehicle turn

ing to the left into another street shall pass to the right of and beyond the centre of the street intersection before turning.

THUS:

(Id., sec. 6.)

§ 441. Crossing Streets.-A vehicle crossing from one side of the street to the other shall do so by turning to the left so as to head in the same direction as the traffic on that side of the street.

THUS:

(Id., sec. 7.)

§ 442. Stopping at Curb.-No vehicle shall stop with its left side to the curb. (Id., sec. 8.)

§ 443. Driving, Backing, etc., on Sidewalks. It shall not be lawful for any public cartman, or for any person driving or having charge of any public cart, wagon or other vehicle, to drive or back any such public cart or any other cart, wagon or other vehicle, onto the sidewalk of any of the streets of said city, except as hereinafter provided, or to stop any such cart, or any other vehicle, on any of the crosswalks or intersections of streets so as to obstruct or hinder the travel along such crosswalks or intersection of streets, or to place any such carts or other vehicles crosswise of any streets of said city, except to load thereon or unload therefrom; but in no case shall it be lawful for any person to permit such cart or other vehicle to remain so crosswise of any street for a longer period than may be actually necessary for such purpose; but it shall be lawful for the owner or occupant of any store, warehouse or building in any street or avenue in which the rails of any railroad company are laid so close to the curbstone as to prevent the owners or occupant from keeping any such cart or other vehicle in the carriageway in front of his place of business without interference with the passing cars of any such railroad company to occupy with such cart or other vehicle during business hours so much of the sidewalk as may be necessary for such cart or other vehicle provided that sufficient space be retained for the passage of pedestrians between the cart or other vehicle so permitted to occupy such portion of the sidewalk and the stoop or front of every such store, warehouse or other build

ing. In no case shall it be lawful to place any such carts, wagons or other vehicles, crosswise of the carriageway on Broadway or Fifth avenue, south of Fifty-ninth street, or on Park row, nor shall any such cart, wagon or other vehicle be permitted to remain in front of any premises on said Broadway or Fifth avenue, south of Fiftyninth street, or on Park row, unless placed in close proximity to the curb, with the side of such cart, wagon or other vehicle parallel therewith. (Id., sec. 9.)

§ 444. In no case shall a vehicle remain backed up to the curb excepting when actually loading or unloading. (Id., sec. 10.)

§ 445. Stopping Close to Curb Line.-Unless in an emergency or to allow another vehicle (as provided in sections 449, 450 and 451) or pedestrians to cross its path, no vehicle shall stop in any public street or highway of this city, except close to the curb line. (Id., sec. 11.)

§ 446. Obstructing Crossings.-No vehicle shall stop, for the purpose of taking or setting down a passenger or loading or unloading freight, or for any other purpose, except in case of accident or other emergency, or when directed to stop by the police, in such a way as to obstruct any street or crossing. (Id., sec. 12.)

§ 447. Stopping Near Corners.-No vehicle shall stop or stand within the intersection of any street, nor within ten feet of a street corner. (Id., sec. 13.)

§ 448. Surface Cars Taking On or Discharging Passengers.Surface cars shall stop on the far side of the street at the crosswalk to discharge or take on passengers, excepting that the surface cars operated on Eighth avenue, in the Borough of Manhattan, shall stop both on the near and far side of the street at the intersection of West One Hundred and Thirty-fifth street with said avenue. (Amend. app. April 27, 1906.)

§ 448a. Right of Way-On all public streets and highways of the City, all vehicles going in a northerly or southerly direction shall have the right of way over any vehicle going in an easterly or westerly direction.

8449. Right of Way of Certain Vehicles-The officers and men of the Fire Department and Fire Patrol, with their fire apparatus of all kinds, when going to, or on duty at, or returning from a fire, and all ambulances, whether of public or private character, and all other vehicles when employed in carrying sick or injured persons to hospitals or other places for relief or treatment, and the officers and men and vehicles of the Police Department, and all physicians who have a Police permit (as hereinafter provided), shall have the right of way in any street and through any procession, except over vehicles carrying the United States mail. The Police Department is hereby empowered to issue, upon application therefor, a permit for such right of way to any duly registered physician, which permit shall not be transferable. (Amend. app. December 11, 1906.)

§ 450. Right of Way of Cars.-Subject to the preceding section of this article, surface cars running on tracks laid in the streets especially for their use shall have the right of way along such tracks, between cross streets, over all vehicles moving in the same direction t a less rate of speed than ten miles an hour; and the driver of any vehicle proceeding upon the track in front of a surface car shall turn