nitude of effect; second, preservation of the unity and beauty of the lawn, which thus remains undisfigured by spots; and, third, convenience of the master and mistress. The present ideal of the American countryseat, as cherished by the more progressive of our architects, was expressed last year by one of their number in the following words: "Among architects orders for city residences are now scarce, while country-houses fill their thoughts and crowd their boards. But the modest cottage, built a few years ago to 'rough 9 have cottages that would be mansions in England, villas in Italy, or châteaux in France. The cottage is an amiable deception, preserved to shield the roof-tree from the prevailing shams and pretenses of nearly everything else in American domestic life. In this one thing at least our countrymen seem to be sincere, above splurge, and to seek the beauties and comforts that wealth can furnish with an honest purpose. This growing taste for country life, coupled with the increased knowledge and higher cultivation of our intelligent people in it in' through the hot days of the summer, must be made a more hospitable home for today. It must be snug and comfortable, with broad hearth-stones and warm walls, for its tenants, lingering on through the biting days of late autumn and early winter. It is the fashion to call these country-houses cottages; but the cottage exists only in name. The cliffs of Newport, the rocks of Mount Desert, the shores of Shrewsbury, and the beaches of Westchester, Connecticut, and Long Island, all matters pertaining to art, has given the architect of to-day a great opportunity to raise the structure of an American style. The American country-house is becoming more and more distinctive, its character or plan more developed, and its economics more suited to our habits of life. The great heat of summer demands shady porches and wide verandas; the cold of winter snug corners and sunny rooms-two diametrically opposite conditions, which must be reconciled under the same roof. The rooms must be wide, with through draughts inviting the prevailing winds of summer, yet low-studded and shielded against the blasts of winter. The house must be ample for summer guests and summer hospitality, yet homelike for the family gathering around the winter fireside. These conditions demand original thought and hard study, and fulfilling them brings the architect's reward of facility through training. Facility begets confidence, and with it come new forms in place of the traditions of the studio, dropped one by one. Our distinctive constructive materials call for new lines, masses, and texture in elevations; and, with our national inventiveness fostered by the problem, our work becomes more or less national. Our country-house is already a welldefined school; whether colonial, sixteenth and seventeenth century of England or France, Romanesque from the south of France, or renaissance, the mass is American and typical in handling. The feeling may survive, but the style of the prototype has been bent to the homes we live in, and in bending yields to a new form. This new form will often borrow from a sympathetic type, and the result will be neither of the two, yet good withal. So we are passing through our incipient renaissance, copying less from the masters we studied and revere, and dropping the word 'style' from our practice." 66 Literature.-"Artistic Country - Seats," five volumes, large folio, one hundred full-page illustrations, (New York, 1887-'8); articles on "American Country-Dwellings," Century Magazine," 1886; recent numbers of the "American Architect," the "Sanitary Engineer," the "Art Age," Building," and the "Architects and Builders' Edition" of the "Scientific American"; "Artistic Houses," two hundred large folio views of domestic interiors, (New York, 1886.) 66 HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO, an American lawyer, born in Essex County, Va., April 21, 1809; died there, July 18, 1887. He was educated at the University of Virginia and Winchester Law School, and, after being graduated at both institutions, was admitted to the bar, and began practicing in 1830. In 1833 he entered upon his long and notable political career as a member of the State Legislature, where he served three years. At the close of his last term he was elected a member of Congress, taking his seat in 1838 as a Democrat. He at once took an advanced position by his advocacy of an independent treasury in opposition to the national-bank scheme, and his boldness in combating Henry Clay's protective policy. From that time his free-trade proclivities were intensified, and to his last days he was a most uncompromising supporter of that doctrine. Having been re-elected a Representative, he was chosen Speaker of the House in 1839, when but thirty years old. In the Polk canvass of 1844 he was an earnest advocate of that candidate's tariff and Texan policies. He was the author of the warehousing system, which was first incorporated in the tariff bill. In 1843 he was defeated for Congress, but in 1845 was re-elected. Before the expiration of his term he was elected to the United States Senate, where he took his seat in December, 1847, and served continuously till his formal expulsion in July, 1861. During the greater part of this period he was Chairman of the Committee on Finance, and was active in the discussion of the great political questions of the day. In 1854 he supported the Kansas Nebraska bill, in 1858 that provid ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO HUNTER. ing for the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Constitution, and in 1860 received votes upon several ballots as a candidate for the Democratic nomination to the presidency in the Charleston Convention, having for some time the next highest vote to that for Stephen A. Douglas. After the secession of Virginia he was a delegate to the Confederate Provisional Congress, and subsequently he became a Confederate Senator, in which office he was conspicuous for his opposition to Jefferson Davis. He also served for a time as Confederate Secretary of State. In February, 1865, he was associated with Messrs. Stephens and Campbell as commissioners to meet President Lincoln and Secretary Seward at Hampton Roads, to negotiate peace; but the conference was futile. After the close of the war he was arrested, but was released upon his parole, and pardoned in 1867 by President Johnson. In 1875 he was elected State Treasurer of Virginia, retiring to private life on the expiration of his term. His last public office was that of Collector of Customs at the port of Tappahannock, Va., to which he was appointed by President Cleveland in June, 1886, and which he held at the time of his death. IDAHO. Territorial Government.-The following were the Territorial officers during the year: Governor, Edward A. Stevenson; Secretary, Edward J. Curtis; Controller and Auditor, James L. Onderdonk, succeeded by James H. Wickersham; Treasurer, Joseph Perrault, succeeded by Charles Himrod; Attorney-General, D. P. B. Pride, succeeded by Richard Z. Johnson; Superintendent of Public Instruction, James L. Onderdonk, succeeded by Silas W. Moody: Chief-Justice of Supreme Court, James B. Hays; Associate Justices, Norman Buck and Case Broderick. Legislative Session.-The Legislature in session at the beginning of the year adjourned on February 10, having reached the sixty-day limit. There was a stubborn contest in the lower House over the speakership, forty ballots being necessary for its determination. Among the important measures passed was an act making the Superintendency of Public Instruction a distinct office, it having been previously combined with the controllership. Another act revises and collates the law regulating corporations. The commission appointed by the Legislature of 1885 to revise and compile the General Statutes reported at this session, and its work was adopted as the Revised Statutes of the Territory. A resolution was adopted opposing the segregation of Idaho and its annexation to adjoining States or Territories. Other general acts of the session were as follow: Providing for the appointment by the Governor of a board of Capitol trustees, for the custody and maintenance of the new Capitol building and grounds. Amending the law relating to school trustees. Authorizing the creation of independent school districts, if the electors of said district vote to establish such, provided the taxable property of such district amounts to $200,000, and giving the trustees of the district so created enlarged powers over those exercised by ordinary district trustees. Empowering the Governor to draw from the Federal Government arms and equipments for the militia to the amount of $11,257.58, that being the sum to which the Territory is entitled from the United States. Regulating the practice of pharmacy by requiring every pharmacist to obtain a certificate from, or pass an examination before, a county board of pharmacy, providing that the county commissioners of each county shall appoint three reputable pharmacists or physicians to act as such board, and prescribing its duties. Requiring every practitioner of medicine or surgery to file with the county recorder a diploma from, some regularly chartered medical school, and making it unlawful for any other persons to practice. Designating the last Monday of April as a legal holiday, to be known as Arbor-day." Revising the law regulating the assessment of taxes. Providing that the county commissioners may fix bounties for the destruction of certain wild animals, and empowering them to levy a special bounty-tax of not more than one half of one per cent. Authorizing county commissioners to refund county indebtedness at their discretion. Providing that all costs in criminal cases, where the I defendant is convicted, shall be taxed against him and collected, if he is possessed of property. Giving the conductor or other person in charge of a railroad train, or a station agent, power to arrest without warrant any person committing an unlawful act upon any train or in any station, and prescribing the punishment for such act. To provide for the registration of electors. To protect the forests of the Territory from destruction by fire. the year, lation of the Territory was 32,610. No enuPopulation. By the census of 1880 the popumeration has since been made, but careful estimates by county officials, about the middle of times as many as in 1880. The most populous show an increase to 97,250, or three counties were Alturas, with 16,250 people; Bingham, with 10,500; Ada, with 10,000; Nez Percé, with 9,600; and Shoshone, with 8,500. At the close of the year the total population must have exceeded 100,000. There are at least 3.000 Mormons in the Territory seventh of the whole number of voters; but who are entitled to vote, being about one the Territory compelling every voter to take they are practically disfranchised by a law of an oath against polygamy. There is great need of more extensive surveys of the public lands of the Territory, in the best tracts are closed to immigration. In order to open them for settlement. Some of the Boisé district only 2,500,000 acres out of 10,000,000 are surveyed; in the Blackfoot district there are 3,900,000 acres of surveyed and 5,000,000 of unsurveyed land; in the Hailey district only one third is surveyed land; in the Coeur d'Alene district only thirteen townships are surveyed, and it is estimated that the population of this region would be doubled within a year if the land were ready for occupation. Finances. The following statement shows the Territorial indebtedness at the 1st of October: Bonds, act 1877, due Dec. 1, 1891 Total $46.715 06 80.000.00 20.000 00 54,140 43 $200,855 49 Only the first three items represent the permanent debt. The income of the Territory for 1887 was made up as follows: Property-tax of 3 mills, $70,000; poll-tax, $10,000; from licenses, $7,500; from all other sources, $2,200; total, $89,700. Statistics. The total valuation of taxable property in 1886 was $17,725,122; in 1887, $20,741,192. These figures represent only a fraction of the wealth of the Territory, as the valuation itself is placed very low, and does not include the rich mining properties and their products, on which there is no tax. Growing crops are also exempt, and, as assessments are made early in the spring, but little grain, fruit, hay, or other products of farmers is ever on the assessment rolls. There are 893.63 miles of railroad in the Territory, owned by the following companies: Oregon Short Line, 550 33 miles; Utah and Northern, 206-49 miles; Idaho Central, 19.5 miles; Oregon Railway and Navigation Company, 3 miles; Northern Pacific, 88 miles; Coeur d'Alene, 13:33; Spokane and Idalio, 135 miles. The grain-crop for 1887 is reported at 2,374,325 bushels, a considerable increase over former years. The hay-crop was 342,914 tons. There were 132,922 horses, 442,363 cattle, 312,248 sheep, and 60,411 hogs, reported by the county officers as assessed for this year. Education. The Territory supports a system of common schools designed to give all children a knowledge of the elementary branches. The school officers consist of a Territorial Superintendent of Public Instruction, a county superintendent of schools in each county, and a board of three trustees in each district. The following table gives a summary of the reports of the county superintendents for 1887: School districts School-houses. School libraries Volumes in libraries. Children of school age.. Received in 1886 Expended in 1886 Estimated expenditures for 1887 Estimated receipts for 1887 Estimated value of property 813 216 da counties, there are school districts in which there are no Gentiles eligible either for election or appointment as trustees. The entire community is Mormon. No Mormon can take the official oath. Hence but two trustees remain in office in such districts. Next year there will be but one trustee, and where there is but one trustee the schools can not be carried on. The school superintendents of the above-named counties (except of Bear Lake), have, in the discretion given them by law, held that a person who belongs to an organization that teaches things defined by the statutes to be crimes, is not a law-abiding citizen or a person of good moral character, and therefore they refuse to license any member of that organization to teach in the public schools. The Mormon leaders, on the other hand, have given notice that, where Gentile teachers are employed, they will not permit their children to attend the public school. Charities and Prisons.-The Territory has recently erected a large three-story building as an asylum for the insane in the town of Blackfoot, Bingham County, and has brought thither the patients it formerly supported at the Oregon Insane Asylum. The asylum opened July 822 2, 1886, with 26 male and 10 female patients. 10,607 During the year there were admitted 19 male and 12 female patients. The whole number of patients under treatment during the year was 45 males and 22 females. The daily average was 44. The sum of $34,904 was expended during the first year in furnishing and maintaining the institution. 10 1.221 18,506 $147,253 45 8279,500 00 In the past five years the school population has nearly doubled. In addition to the common-school districts, there have been created by special enactment, at Boisé City, Lewiston, and Emmettsburg, independent school-districts, in which graded schools with advanced courses are supported. Several of the larger common schools are also graded. There are 7 sectarian schools, holding property valued at $55,000, and numerous private schools. By an act of the last Legislature, every parent or guardian is required to send his child to school for at least twelve weeks in each school year, eight weeks of which must be consecutive. The act applies only to children between eight and fourteen years of age, who reside within two miles of a school-house. A penalty of not less than $5, or more than $50, is imposed for violation of this law. There are some exceptions, and the board of trustees for each school district is permitted to excuse any parent upon sufficient cause. Much trouble has been experienced, and more is apprehended, from the attitude of the Mormons toward the school laws of the Territory. These laws require that one of the school trustees of each district shall be elected or appointed in September of each year, and that he shall take the official oath against polygamy before discharging his duties. In portions of Bear Lake, Bingham, Cassia, and Onei The prisoners of the Territory are kept at the United States Penitentiary, and about $18,000 annually is paid for their support. There are 64 convicts so supported, of whom 6 are sentenced for life and 19 for periods of from ten to twenty years. The accommodations at this prison are very inadequate. Capitol. The Capitol building at Boisé City, for which the Legislature of 1885 appropriated $80,000, was completed and occupied this year. It stands in the center of a large block of land given by the city, and is equipped with the most modern furnishings. Offices are provided not only for the Territorial officials, but for the Governor, Secretary, United States Attorney, United States Marshal, Clerk of the Supreme Court, and United States SurveyorGeneral and other Federal officials. Mining. The product of Idaho's numerous and extensive mines is one of the great reasons of her present growth and prosperity. The production of gold, silver, and lead for the year ending Sept. 30, 1887, is estimated as follows: Gold, $2.417,429; silver, $4,633,160; lead, $2,195,000; making a total of $9,245.589. The production of the same metals for 1886 was $5,755,602, and for 1885 $5.486,Regarding the effect upon this industry of the alien land law passed by Congress, the Governor says: "The mines in this Territory are mostly undeveloped, and are in the hands 000. of poor men who are not able to make the necessary improvements and work their valuable mines successfully, consequently they are anxious to lease or sell portions of them to capitalists. For this purpose resort must be had to those places where capital is abundant and seeking investment, and rates of interest are low. Several large and important mining transactions were about being consummated by mine-owners in Idaho with foreign capitalists when the act to restrict the ownership of real estate in the Territories to American citizens became a law. I would therefore earnestly recommend that this act may be so amended by Congress as to exclude from its operation mineral lands in this Territory." Indians. The Indians in Idaho are peaceable and probably in as prosperous condition as any in the United States. There have been no murderous outbreaks for several years past; increasing immigration and settlement of the Territory have had their beneficial effect upon them. There are five reservations, supporting 4,200 Indians, as follow: Acres. 598,500 746,651 105,960 181,300 perature, 100·3° above zero (July 6); lowest temperature, 6.1° above zero (February 25). Average temperature during the year, 50-8° above zero. ILLINOIS. State Government.-The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, Richard J. Oglesby, Republican; Lieutenant Governor, John C. Smith; Secretary of State, Henry D. Dement; Auditor, Charles P. Swigert; Treasurer, John R. Tanner; Attorney-General, George Hunt; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Richard Edwards; Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners, John J. Rinaker, B. F. Marsh, and W. T. Johnson; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John M. Scott; Associate Justices, Alfred M. Craig, Benjamin R. Sheldon, Simeon P. Shope, Benjamin D. Magruder, John Scholfield, and John H. Mulkey. Legislative Session.-The Thirty-fifth General Assembly was in session 172 days, adjourning on June 16. Its first duty was to fill a vacancy in the office of United States Senator, caused by the death of Gen. John A. Logan. The Republican caucus nominated Hon. Charles B. Farwell; the Democrats, Congressman William R. Morrison. Farwell was elected on the first ballot, receiving 78 votes to 61 for Mor1,202,380 rison and 8 for Benjamin W. Goodhue, the nominee of the United Labor party, this being a strict party vote. A large amount of useful legislation was secured. Not the least important act was the passage of a bill providing for the organization of savings-banks, and prescribing their management and supervision. Although these institutions at which small deposits may be received have long been a business feature of nearly all the other States, this is the first time that they have been legalized in Illinois. The following stringent act was framed to cover cases similar to those of the Chicago Anarchists: On the Coeur d'Alene reservation valuable mineral discoveries were made late in 1886 and early in 1887, and 300 locations have already been made and recorded. Annexation.-On this subject the Governor speaks as follows in his annual report: "The desire for annexation to Washington Territory is by no means unanimous in northern Idaho, as is evinced by the protest presented to the last Congress. The inhabitants of the Coeur d'Alene section, in Shoshone County, do not desire to be annexed to Washington at all, but would prefer, if Idaho is to be divided, to be annexed to Montana. It is conceded that the bulk of residents of Kootenai and Idaho counties prefer to remain in Idaho. The principal resource of northern Idaho is mining, and the greater extent of its area is mineral land. Washington is practically non-mineral, and it is very apparent to mining men that mining interests suffer in a State or Territory where the majority of the people are interested in agricultural pursuits. Now that the railroads have connected the two sections of Idaho, one of the standing arguments of annexationists has fallen to the ground." Climate. The following meteorological data are furnished by the United States Signal Office at Boisé City, covering the year ending August 31: Amount of rain-fall, 13:18 inches; average monthly rain-fall, 1.10 inches. There was one inch more of rain-fall during the year above named than during the corresponding period of the previous year. Highest tem If any person shall, by speaking to any public or private assemblage of people or in any public place, or shall, by writing, printing, or publishing, or by causing to be written, printed, published, or circulated any written or printed matter, advise, encourage, aid, abet, or incite a local revolution, or the overthrowing or destruction of the existing order of society by force or violence, or the resistance to, and destruction of, the lawful power and authority of the legal authorities of this State, or of any of the towns, cities, or counties of this State, or by any of the means aforesaid shall advise, abet, encourage, or incite the disturbance of the public peace, and by such disturbance [an] attempt at revolution or destruction of public order or resistance to such authorities shall therefore jured or property destroyed,... every person so ensue, and human life is taken, or any person is inaiding, etc., shall be deemed as having conspired with the person or persons who actually commit the crime, and shall be deemed a principal in the perpely, and it shall not be necessary for the prosecution to tration of the same, and shall be punished accordingshow that the speaking was heard, or the written or printed matter was read or communicated to the person or persons actually committing the crime, if such speaking, writing, printing, or publishing is shown to have been done in a public manner. If two or more persons conspire to overthrow the existing order of society by force and violence . . . |