Windsor Winged Lion old state apartments; St. George's arrested while part of the sugar is unChapel, where the Knights of the Garter changed a fruity wine is the result. If are installed, and the vaults of which the process, however, is completed, and contain the remains of Henry VI, Edward all the sugar converted into alcohol, a IV, Henry VIII, Charles I, George III, dry wine is obtained. When an effervesGeorge IV, and William IV; the Round cing wine, like champagne, is desired Tower or ancient keep; and the present the fermenting liquid is bottled, and the state apartments occupied by the sover- process of fermentation completed in the eign. bottle, where the carbonic acid gas reWindsor, a city of Essex Co., On- mains to give it a sparkling effervescent tario, Canada, one of the quality. When the wine is red in color Border Cities comprising Ford, Walker- it shows that the skins of the grape have ville, Windsor, Sandwich and Ojibway, remained in the vat during fermentation, located on the Detroit River opposite De- while in white wines the skins have been troit, Michigan, on Canadian Pacific and removed before that process is begun. other railroads. On the route of all Ca- The leading character of wine must be nadian steamships on the Great Lakes. referred to the alcohol which it conThere are over 200 operating industries, tains, and upon which its intoxicating manufacturing automobiles, machinery, powers principally depend. The amount brick, overalls, chemicals, pianos, textiles. of alcohol in the stronger ports and sherAt Ojibway the Canadian Steel Corpora- ries is from 16 to 25 per cent.; in hock, tion, a subsidiary of the U. S. Steel Co., claret, and other light wines from 7 to has a 2000-acre site, with great docks. 12 per cent. Wine containing more than Total pop. of municipalities, 52,500. 13 per cent. of alcohol may be assumed Windward Islands (wind'ward), to be fortified with brandy or other spirit. one of the di- The most celebrated ancient wines were visions of the Lesser Antilles in the West those of Lesbos and Chios among the Indies, so called in opposition to another Greeks, and the Falernian and Cecuban division of the same, called the Leeward among the Romans. The principal Islands. The term is vaguely used, but modern wines are Port, Sherry, Claret, generally includes Martinique, St. Lucia, Champagne, Madeira, Hock, Marsala, St. Vincent, Grenada, Barbados, and etc. The varieties of wine produced are Tobago. almost endless and differ in every conWine (win), the term specifically ap- stituent according to the locality, season, plied to the fermented juice of and age. The principal wine-producing the grape or fruit of the vine, though it countries are France, Germany, Spain, may also be applied to the fermented juice Portugal, Italy, Sicily, Greece, Cape of any fruit. (See Vine.) Wines are Colony, Australia, and the United States. distinguished practically by their color, Much the greater quantity of wine conhardness or softness on the palate, their sumed in the United States is the product flavor, and their being still or effervescing. of that country, chiefly of California. The differences in the quality of wines de- Wine-measure, an old English pend partly upon differences in the vines, measure by which but more on the differences of the wines and other spirits were sold. In soils in which they are planted, in the this measure the gallon contained 231 exposure of the vineyards, in the treat- cubic inches. ment of the grapes, and the mode of Winfield (win'feld), a city, county manufacturing the wines. When the grapes are fully ripe, they generally yield the most perfect wine as to strength and flavor. The juice is expressed from the grapes by means of presses of all varieties of construction, from the simple lever and wedge press to the machine with hydraulic power. It is usual to separate the juice as it is expressed into first, second, and third runs,' the first pressing being the best quality, and the amount of all the juice is usually about 70 per cent. of the weight of the grapes. The juice of the grape when newly expressed, and before it has begun to ferment, is of a sweet taste, and is talled must. The fermenting process requires much time and attention, and if it be seat of Cowley Co., Kansas, 50 miles s. S. E. of Wichita. Here are an institution for the feeble-minded, two colleges, a Chautauqua Assembly, four mills, produce plants, etc. Pon. 7933. Winged Bull, an architectural dec oration of frequent occurrence in ancient Assyrian temples, where winged human-headed bulls and lions of colossal size usually guarded the portals. They were evidently typical of the union of the greatest intellectual and physical powers. Winged Lion, the symbol of the evangelist St. Mark, which was adopted as the heraldic de vice of the Venetian Republic. A zelebrated bronze figure of the winged lion Wing-shell Winsey of St. Mark, surmounting a magnificent Canadian Pacific now gave it a great red granite column, is at Venice. Wing-shell. See Pinna. boom, wild land speculation setting in, Winnetka, a toba; length, about 250 miles; breadth, in 1886 it had 20,238 population. Being from 5 to 70 miles. It receives the sur- on the eastern edge of the prairie replus waters of lakes Winnipegoos and gion, which extends for a thousand miles Manitoba, besides the river Winnipeg, to the Rocky Mountains, and lying westbut its chief tributaries are the Saskatch- ward of the great Laurentian formation ewan and the Red River. Its surplus extending to Montreal, it is admirably water is discharged by the Nelson River situated as an important railway center. into Hudson Bay. The river of the same The first railway to reach it was the name, which flows into Lake Winnipeg, Pembina branch of the Canadian Pacific, rises in the Lake of the Woods, and has in 1878. This branch connects with the a length of about 250 miles. Its navi- railway system of the United States. The Canadian Pacific main line soon gation is interrupted by falls. the city and several Winnipeg, nitoba, Canada, stands branches radiated from this center. These capital of the province of after traversed at the confluence of the Assiniboine and advantages and its location on navithe Red rivers, 40 miles s. of Lake Win- gable rivers made it the commercial focus nipeg. It occupies a central position on of the vast agricultural territory of the the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1424 miles Canadian Northwest, a fact to which it by rail w. N. w. of Montreal, and 512 is largely owing its rapid development. miles N. N. w. of Minneapolis. The In 1891 it had a population of 25,642, The locality of the city is that of the old Red and in 1901 of 42,340, but since the River colony of Lord Selkirk, founded in latter date, the settlement of the wheat1812. In fact, five fur traders' forts have growing territory of the Northwest has stood within the city limits: Fort Rouge, given it a phenomenal growth, its popua French outpost (1736); Fort Gibraltar, lation reaching 198,500 in 1920. built by Montreal traders (1804-15); city is handsomely laid out, with numer Fort Douglas, the Lord Selkirk strong- ous interesting edifices, including the city hold (1813-15); Old Fort Garry, of the hall, the parliament buildings, the grain Hudson Bay Company (1821-35), and exchange, governor's residence, courtNew Fort Garry (1835-82). The trans- house, University of Manitoba (a well fer of Rupert's Land to Canada in 1870 endowed institution with four affiliated led to the founding of the Manitoba prov- colleges), St. John's Episcopal College, ince, and at that date Winnipeg began Manitoba Medical College and St. Bonias a village, half a mile north of Fort face (Roman Catholic) College. Among Garry. It owes its sudden expansion the business interests of the city, the into an important city largely to its vast bazaar known as the Hudson Bay stores stands preeminent. position on the Canadian Pacific, while Company's it is also benefited by railway connec- There are also great flour mills and grain tion with the United States and by sev- elevators, the repair shops of the Canaeral other railways which radiate from dian Pacific Railway, and manufactures it. The site of the city is on a prairie, of agricultural implements, cottons, sewpart of it being originally swampy, though ing silk and dairy implements. it is now well drained. It extends on Winona (wi-no'nå), a city county both sides of the Assiniboine, and on seat of Winona Co., Minnethe west side of the Red River, the sota, situated on the west bank of the east side of which is occupied by its Mississippi. It is one of the largest suburb of St. Boniface, settled in 1817 grain-shipping points in the United by Lord Selkirk's German De Meuron States, and an active manufacturing city, soldiers. The growth of Winnipeg has producing agricultural implements, carbeen remarkably rapid. In 1871, the pop- riages and wagons, flour, patent medicines, ulation of the village was only 241, but malt liquors, etc. Here is a State normal it grew so rapidly that in 1873 it was school and other educational institutions. incorporated as a city, in the face of Pop. (1910) 18,583; (1920) 19,143. vigorous opposition by the Hudson Bay Winsey, ing of woolen warp and cotCompany. Canadian immigration now became rapid, and in 1881 it had 7985 ton weft, or of wool mixed with a por inhabitants. Its central position on the tion of cotton. Heavy winseys are used or WINCEY, a cloth consist Winslow shirts. It Winter for skirtings, light winseys for men's Winsted (win'sted), one of the county seats of Litchfield Co Winslow (winz'lo), EDWARD, gov- Conn., on the Mad and Still rivers. ernor of Plymouth col- has water power and extensive manufacony, Massachusetts, was born in 1595 at tures of silk goods, hosiery, clocks, cutlery, Droitwich, England, sailed in the May- edge tools, machinery, chairs, etc. It is flower, was governor or assistant governor included in the town of Winchester. Pop. after 1624, and returned on three occa- of Winsted (1920) 8248. sions to England to further the interests Winston (win'ston), JOHN CLARK of the colony. In doing this he published (1856-1920), an American Good News From New England (1624), publisher, political reformer and public Hyprocrisie Unmasked (1646), and New official, born at Darlington, Indiana; England's Salamander (1647), all these graduated from Haverford College in being valuable descriptions of the young 1881. He entered the publishing business colony. He was appointed by Cromwell in Philadelphia and in 1884 organized the chief commissioner of an expedition John C. Winston Co., publishers of textagainst the West Indies and died at sea books, miscellaneous works, Bibles, and in 1655.-JOSIAH, his son, born in 1629; the Winston Cumulative Loose-Leaf Endied in 1680; was assistant governor from cyclopedia. He was deeply interested in 1657 to 1673, and afterwards governor good government, chairman for many years until his death. He was appointed gen- of the Committee of Seventy, and was eral-in-chief of the United Colonies in largely responsible for the new charter for 1675, and in the same year the first pub- Philadelphia granted by the State legislalic school was founded under his auspices. ture in 1919. He was appointed Director -JOHN, Josiah's grandson, born in 1702; of the Department of Public Works, Phildied in 1774; carried out, under orders adelphia, beginning his duties January 1, from the British authorities, the removal 1920, but died a few months later, May 6, of the Acadians. 1920. Winslow, FORBES BENIGNUS. physi- Winston-Salem, a city, county seat cian, born at London in of Forsyth Co., 1810; died in 1874. He was educated North Carolina, the largest city of the in Scotland and Manchester; studied State, 110 miles w. of Raleigh, the medicine at New York and London Uni- State capital; on the Winston-Salem versities passed the College of Surgeons Southbound, the Southern, and the Norin 1835; and in 1849 was graduated folk & Western railroads. It is in a noted M.D. from Aberdeen. He devoted him- agricultural region and has many tobacco self chiefly to the investigation of men- factories. Other great industrial estabtal disease, and published Anatomy of lishments include textile mills, furniture Suicide (1840), Insanity in Criminal and rubber tire factories, flour mills, brick Cases (1843), Obscure Diseases of the works, farm-implement factories, Brain (1860), etc. Winston and Salem were consolidated in Winslow, at Wilmington, North Car- 48.395. JOHN, naval officer, born 1913. Pop. (1910) 22,700; (1920) olina, in 1811; died in 1873. He en- Wint, tered the navy about 1827, and in 1862 served under Captain Foote on the England, in 1784; died in 1849. Among Mississippi River. In 1863 was put in his celebrated pictures are The Cricketers, command of the Kearsage, a 7-gun Lincoln Cathedral, The Hay Harvest, steamer, and sent to the coast of Europe Richmond Hill, Cows in Winter. Winsor, etc. PETER DE, an English painter, born at Stone, Staffordshire, See Stan to watch the Confederate cruisers. Here Winter (win'ter), the coldest season on June 19, 1864, he met the privateer of the year, in the northern Alabama, and sunk it after a short fight, hemisphere comprising the months of its crew being rescued. He was ap- December, January and February. The pointed commodore in 1865 and rear- astronomical winter begins on the shortadmiral in 1870. est day (December 22) and ends with JUSTIN, historian, born at the vernal equinox (March 21). Boston, Massachusetts, in JOHN STRANGO. Winter, tendent of the Boston Public Library, He was superinnard, Mrs. Arthur. WILLIAM, author and draand librarian of Harvard University. was born at He was the highest authority on the Gloucester, Massachusetts, in 1836. He early history of North America. His studied law, but soon forsook it for a works are Memorial History of Boston, career in literature, which he had begun and The Narrative and Critical History in early life. In 1854 appeared his first of America. dramatic criticism, a field in which he Winter, WILLIAMCritic. Winter-cress long continued, gaining high reputation as a stylist as well as a constructive critic. He wrote a number of charming books of reminiscences under the titles of Old Wire-glass northeast of Zürich. The principal industries are cotton spinning, silk weaving, iron foundries, machine making, etc, Pop. 22,335. Friends, Vagrant Memories, etc., also a Winthrop, book of Poems, and biographies of Irving, Winter-cress, a town (township) of Suffolk Co., Massachu setts, 5 miles N. E. of Boston. It forms a peninsula in Massachusetts Bay, and is a favorite summer resort. Pop. 15,455. two cruciferous plants Winton, a borough of Lackawanna of the genus Barbarea. Barbarea vul- to the taste, and is sometimes used as a salad. N. E. of district. Wire, any metallic substance drawn to an even thread or slender rod of uniform diameter by being passed holes in a plate of steel, etc. Wire is between grooved rollers or drawn through usually cylindrical, but it is also made of various other forms. The metals most commonly drawn into wire are gold, laceæ, having short stems, broad evergreen leaves, and asually racemose white or pink flowers. P. rotundifolia possesses astringent properties and was formerly used in medicine. Winter-moth, a moth (Cheimono silver, copper, aluminum, iron and steel; but the finest wire is made from platinum, Copper and iron wire is extensively used for telegraph and telephone. For fences great quantities of plain and barbed wire are produced. During the European war barbed wire was extensively employed as a protection against infantry attack by the enemy. Wiredrawing is the name for the process of making wire. An impor tant use of wire in engineering is for the manufacture of wire rope. This is composed of strands of metal wire twisted together. These wire ropes have displaced fiberropes in many branches of industry. They are employed for suspension bridges, for hoisting machines. telegraph cables, ship's hawsers, etc. Endless wire ropes or cables are employed on traction railways bia brumāta), the larvæ of which are exceedingly injurious to apple, pear, cherry, and plum trees. The moths appear in their perfect state in the beginning of winter. Winter's-bark (Drimys Winteri), a plant of the nat. order Magnoliaceæ, a native of South America. It is an evergreen shrub, the bark of which has an agreeable, pungent, aromatic taste, and tonic properties. Winter Solstice. See Solstice. Winterthur (vin'tér-tör), busy in some instances. town of Switzerland, Wire-glass, window glass in which a eanton of Zürich, on the Eulach, 12 miles a screen of woven wire |